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Nortlj  (Earnltna  S>tatF 
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This  book  was  presented  by 


Mr.   Kenneth  W.   Winston,    Sr. 


L- 


WORKS 

tacher  in  want  of  a  book  for  any  par- 
l)ur  catalogue.  No  other  series  eveB 
HdicJously  selected.    Among  so  many 

f  never  to  permit  our  imprint  npon  a 
for  a  class  or  sect,  but  for  the  -naole 
ling  the  great  principles  of  political 
I  are  agreed.  Hence,  and.  from  their 
iiong  the  principal  volumes  are 
series,  each  complete  in  itself.  Uie 
volumes,  adequate  for  every  want  of 
ependent  Headers^  in  smaller 
jier  respect  inferior  to  the  companion 

*a,   Geometry,   Sttrvetfing, 

3rld-renowned.  Milliens  have  hecn 
nes  are  constantly  published  to  take 
tamitie  the  neio  Series. 
9  History  ;  and  others  to  fonoir. 
Dg  that  -which  is  usually  forgotten, 
nted  by  a  system  of  grouping  about 
i. 

live,  Political,  Physical,— 
culation  than  any  other  series.    Fiom 
may  select  just  the  book  he  wants. 
—  SooJcs     in    Philosophy, 
Otense,  popular  beyond  all  precedent; 

h  Grammar,  by  object  lessons  and 

Ties  in  the   Ge^'^man,  French, 

ed  by  preceding  authors,  with  signal 


>Yiiu  i>oie8,  ijciiuous,  i«aps,  iiiusiraiions,  <sc.- 


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exd's  Series  of  Speakers— Zachos'  Elocution,  &c. 

History. — Monteith's  Child's  U.  S.— Mrs.  Willard's  Series;  U.  S.  and  Universal— Berard'3 
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Ifatural  Science. —Somoj^  A  Porter's  First  Book— Peck's  Ganot's  Philosophy— Porter's 
Chemistry— McIntyre's  Astronomy— Page's  Geology— Jarvis'  Physiology— Woods  Botany— 
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The  T:.cher's  Xifrra**?/ consists  of  over  30  roh^mes  of  strictly  professional  literature,  asPAGE's 
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II     HPAHY, 

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THE  f  ORMAN  SERIES  IN  MODERN  LANGUAGE. 

k  Complete  Course  in  German. 

By  JAMES  H.  WOKMAN,  A.M. 

EMBKACrNG 

G-ERMIAN    COFY-BOOKS.  OERTvX^N"    ECHO. 

TS  PREPAKATION, 

HISTORY    OF  ~      ' 

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THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  DATE 
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OR, 


OBJECT    LESSONS 


IN 


BOTANY. 


The  Mexican  Sajre,— the  Pink,— Phlox,— Bell-flower,— Sweet  Pea,— Lily,— Morning-glory, 
— Heather,— Hose,— Ear-drop, — Monk's-hood,  &c.,— illustrating  the  several  classes  of  corolla 
forms.    See  Lesson  XY. 


MM^  mti  gimar, 


OB, 


OBJECT  LESSONS  M  BOTANY 


A  FLORA 


PREPARED   FOR  BEGINNERS   IN   ACADEMIES  AND  PURLIC   SCHOOia 


BY  ALPHONSO  WOOD,  A.M., 

AUTHOR    OF    THE    CLASS-BOOK    OP    BOTANY,    ETC. 


WITH    685    ILLUSTRATIONS. 


NEW    YORK: 

A.  S.  BAKNES   &   CO.,  Ill    &    113  WILLIAM  STREET, 

TROY:    MOORE    &    NIMS. 

18  74. 


WOOD'S    BOTANY. 


I.   OBJECT   LESSONS   IN    BOTANY, $l.SO 

Pleasing  lessons  for  young  learners. 

II.    BOTANIST   AND    FLORIST, 2.50 

A  thorough  text-book,  corsprehensive  and  practical. 

IIL   THE   NEW   CLASS-BOOK, S.SO 

A  superb  and  exhaustive  compilation  and  encyclopedia  of  the  science. 

IV.   BOTANICAL  APPARATUS, 8.00 

A  complete  field  outfit,  consisting  of  Portable  Trunk,  Drying  Press, 
Trowel,  Lens,  Tweezers,  Etc.,  prepared  under  the  supervision  of 
Prof.  Wood. 

V.  THE  STUDENT'S  PLANT  RECORD,   ....   0.7S 

A  book  of  blank  forms,  facilitating  the"  analysis  of  plants,  and  recording 
the  results  of  such  analysis,  and  the  progress  of  the  student. 


***  The  Publishers  will  send  either  of  above,  postage  or  freight  prepaid,  on  receipt 
of  price. 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  j^ear  1S60,  by 

A.     S.     BARNES    &     BUER, 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for  the 

Southevn  District  of  New  York. 


PREFACE 


Among  the  happiest  days  of  our  childhood  were  those  devoted  to  the 
study  of  Botany.  Pure  sunshine  rests  upon  the  memory  of  those  rambles 
in  the  fields  and  woods,  amid  the  opening  flowers  of  Spring,  and  then  in 
the  gay  profusion  of  advancing  Summer,  in  which  we  made  acquaintance 
with  many  a  floral  gem  before  unknown.  We  love  to  think  of  that  wild 
woodland  lake  where  first  we  saw  the  sparkling  Sundew,  the  quaint 
Sarracenia,  and  the  fair  Nymphsea,  resting  on  the  bosom  of  the  waters ; 
or  of  that  lowly  dell  by  the  brookside,  where  the  Yellow  Violet,  the 
Ilepatica,  and  the  Bloodroot  bloomed ;  or  of  that  craggy  mountain, 
where,  among  the  rocks,  the  Columbine  hung  out  its  scarlet  flowers. 
Then  returning  home  with  our  gathered  treasures,  how  we  entered  with  a 
will  upon  the  work  of  Analysis,  toUing  for  hours  as  no  schoolmaster  could 
have  compelled  us  to  do,  being  attracted  to  the  task  by  the  very  love  of  it 
alone.  Here,  then,  we  have  at  least  one  department  in  learning  whose 
earnest  pursuit  is  so  congenial  to  the  aflfections  and  tastes  of  the  mind  as 
to  be  no  irksome  task,  but  a  pastime, — a  perpetual  feast;  and  this  not 
only  to  maturer  mi-nds,  but  to  the  season  of  early  youth  even  in  a  higher 
degree,  since  then  the  objects  of  nature  are  especially  invested  with  the 
charms  of  novelty. 

Let  it  not  be  said,  however,  that  Botany  attracts  such  willing  vota,rics 
because  it  requires  no  labor,  no  persevering  effort.  No  science  is  more 
intricate  or  profound.  It  cannot  be  understood  except  by  vigorous  and 
persevering  effort.  Consequently,  in  its  successful  pursuit  there  is  disci- 
pline for  the  mind  as  well  as  for  the  body;  and  since  the  subject  itself  is 
replete  with  refinement  and  beauty,  and  fresh  from  the  hand  of  God,  its 
pursuit  must  also  conduce  to  the  invigoration  of  the  moral  nature. 

If,  then,  it  be  desirable  to  preoccupy  the  minds  of  our  children  with 
controlling  ideas  of  purity,  refinement,  and  moral  beauty, — witli  exalted 


0  PREFACR 


thouglits  of  God,  habits  of  mental  activity,  strength  of  judgment,  and 
decision  of  character ;  and,  moreover,  to  do  all  this  by  means  of  a  study 
whose  path,  in  a  double  sense,  is  strown  with  flowers,  then  is  the  study 
of  Botany  desirable;  and  that  labor  is  not  in  vain  which  is  bestowed 
upon  the  preparation  of  a  work  designed,  like  the  present,  for  primary 
classes,  from  the  ages  of  ten  to  fourteen. 

As  the  title  implies,  we  have  aimed  to  represent  to  the  eye  nearly  every 
subject  or  form  treated  of,  or  described  in  these  Lessons.  But,  notwith- 
standing the  copiousness  of  these  illustrations,  neither  the  teacher  nor  the 
pupil  will  be  satisfied  to  rely  upon  their  aid  alone.  Nature  alone  can 
afford  the  proper  illustrations  in  the  study  of  Nature's  works,  and  it  is 
only  by  comparison  with  the  living  specimen  that  eithjr  the  picture  or 
the  description  becomes  intelligible.  Therefore  let  specimens  in  unlimited 
number  accompany  every  botanical  recitation. 

Most  of  the  figures  are  original.  Others  have  been  derived  from  Maout, 
Payer,  Richard,  Balfour,  Lindley,  and  a  few,  by  permission,  from  Darl- 
ington's "  Weeds  and  Useful  Plants." 

Finally,  to  the  children  and  youth  of  our  country,  gathered  in  schools 
of  eveiy  name,  this  humble  volume  is  dedicated,  with  confident  belief  that 
it  will  prove  to  many  of  them  a  sonrce  of  intellectual  and  moral  culture 
as  well  as  of  pure  and  rational  delight. 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  February  23,  1863. 


BOTANICAL    APPARATUS. 

The  Publisbers  have  recentl7  provided  and  have  on  sale  a  set  of  aj^jaraius  of  the  most 
approved  form  for  the  use  of  the  student  in  botanical  pui'suits,  and  as  described  in  the  Class- 
Book,  page  15.  It  consists  of  a  knife-trowel  for  digp'ing  and  cutting  specimens,  a  microscoj^e- 
and  ticeezers  for  analysis,  a  tin-box  for  preserving  them  fresh,  and  a  press  for  drying  them. 
The  Set,  securely  packed,  will  be  sent  by  Express  to  order,  at  a  moderate  price. 

The  Plant  Eecord. 

"7%e  Bofanical  Index^''  a  work  for  Schools  and  Seminaries,  altogether  wew?  and  juecw- 
liar.  It  gives  blank  forms,  by  which  an  analytical  record  can  be  made  of  the  plants  and 
flora,  the  student  may  examine. 


Also,  in  the  domain  of  Science,  the  Publishers  offer 
Steele's  14  Weeks"  Coarse  in  Astronomy. 

"  "  "  Chemistry  (with  App>aratu8). 

"  "  "  Philosophy  (mth  xVpparatus). 

"  "  "•  Geology  (with  Cabinets). 

'■'■  "•  "  Physiology  (with  Models)^ 


CONTENTS 


FiGB 

Peeface ^ 

Lesson  1.  Tlie  Leaf  and  its  parts 9 

2.  Veins  and  Venation  of  tlie  Leaf 11 

3.  Forms  and  Figures  of  Leaves 15 

4.  Forms  and  Figures  of  Leaves 19 

5.  Other  Forms  and  Figures 22 

6.  Margin  and  Apex 2G 

f^< .  uompouna  Leaves .T7. 2^I> 

^8.  Sessile  Leaves. — Forms  of  Stipules^^ '^'^ 

Ij.  Arrangeme'STof  Leaves  and  Buds .777. rr~. .......  .-r 

10.  Appendages,  &c 38 

11.  Organs  of  the  Flower 41 

12.  More  about  the  Calyx  and  Corolla 43 

13.  About  Adhesions 48 

. 14.  Forms  of  the  Perianth 50 

15.  Concerning  the  Stamens 54 

16.  More  about  the  Stamens 59 

17.  The  Plan  of  the  Flower 62 

18.  Of  the  Pistils ...  67 

19.  How  the  Leaves  are  folded  in  the  Bud 71 

20.  How  the  Flowers  are  arranged  on  the  Plant 75 

21.  The  Inflorescence  continued 78 

. 22.  Concerning  the  Fruit 83 

23.  Fruits  continued 88 

. 24.  Concerning  the  Seeds 92 

25.  The  Seed  becoming  a  Plant 95 

. 26.  Life  of  the  Plant,  or  its  Biography 100 

27.  Of  the  Axis  of  the  Plant 103 

'28.  Of  the  Stem  or  Ascending  Axis 106 

29.  Plants  to  be  arranged  in  Classes 113 


8  CONTENTS. 

PAGB 

Lesson  30.  The  Natural  System 115 

31.  More  about  the  Natural  System 119 

32.  Of  the  Analysis  of  Plants 122 

33.  How  to  Analyze  a  Plant  by  the  Tables 125 

34.  Various  Suggestions  and  Cautions 128 

Abbreviations  and  Signs 131 

Analysis  of  the  Natural  Orders 132 

The  Flora. — Cohort  1.  The  Polypetalous  Exogens 143 

Cohort  2.  The  Gamopetalous  Exogens 215 

Cohort  3.  The  Apetalous  Exogens 275 

Cohort  4.  The  Conoids  (omitted). 

Cohort  5.  The  Spadicillor* 282 

Cohort  6.  The  Floridi* 284 

Glossary  of  Botanical  Terms .• 302 

Index  to  the  Names  of  Species,  Genera,  Orders,  &c 309 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


LESSON   I. 

THE  LEAP.  AND  ITS  PARTS. 


blad€. 


Fig.  1.  Leaf  of  the  Quince. 

1.  We  have  before  us  the  picture  of  a  Quince  leaf,  care- 
fully drawn  and  colored.  It  is  of  a  rich  green  color,  very 
pleasant  to  the  eye.  Its  outlines  are  full,  even,  and  grace- 
fully curved,  and  its  upper  surface  is  smooth  aiid  naked 
Although  it  is  indeed  but  one  leaf,  yet  it  seems  to  be  made 
lip  of  three  parts — J,  p,  ss. 

2.  The  upper  part,  b,  is  broad  and  thin,  and  is  called  the 


10  OBJECT   LESSONS   IN  BOTANY. 


BLADE.  The  upper  end  of  tlie  blade  is  the  aj^ex^  and  the 
lower  end  is  the  hase.  Yon  see  at  once  that  the  outline  of 
this  blade  represents  a  certain  form  or  figure,  with  an  even 
margin,  rounded,  and  broader  at  the  base  than  at  the  apex, 
like  the  figure  of  an  ^gg.  So  it  is  called  an  egg-shaped  leaf: 
or,  to  use  a  softer  word,  ovate. 

3.  ISTow  see  how  this  blade  is  supported.  At  the  base  it  is 
suddenly  narrowed  to  a  foot-stalk,  which  is  properly  called 
the  PETIOLE.  You  see  that  this  part  of  the  leaf  is  narrow  and 
slender,  and  in  this  leaf  terete^  or  cylindrical^  in  form.  But  in 
some  kinds  of  leaves  it  is  flattened.  Remember  its  name, — 
petiole. 

4.  Lastly,  at  the  base  of  the  petiole  you  notice  a  pair  of 
little  leaf-like  bodies,  one  on  this  side  and  one  on  that.  These 
we  call  the  stipules.  Stipules,  then,  are  always  in  pairs,  and 
placed  at  the  base  of  the  petiole.  Their  shape  is  quite 
various. 

5.  Thus,  when  a  leaf  is  complete,  it  consists  of  a  blade,  a 
petiole,  and  a  pair  of  stipules.  But  you  will  not  find  every 
kind  of  leaf  complete.  Many  sorts  have  no  stipules  at  all. 
Can  you  find  stipules  on  the  leaves  of  the  Lilac?  Some 
leaves,  moreover,  have  not  even  a  petiole.  See  the  leaves  of 
Phlox.     Such  leaves  are  said  to  be  sessile^  that  is,  sitting. 

1.  What  is  the  color  of  the  leaf  cf  the  Quince  bush  ?  What  is  the  color 
of  leaves  generally  ?  Ans.  Green,  of  lighter  or  darker  shade.  What  of  the 
outline  of  this  leaf? — its  upper  surface? 

2.  What  is  the  Uade  f — the  apex  ? — the  base  ?  What  is  the  figure  of  the 
blade? 

8.  How  is  the  blade  supported?  Describe  the  foot-stalk.  Tell  its  real 
name. 

4.  Describe  the  stipules. 

5.  NoHv  state  the  three  parts  of  a  complete  leaf.  Do  all  kinds  of  leaves 
have  stipules  ?    Do  the  leaves  of  the  Lilac? — of  St.  Johnswort,  &:c.  ? — of  the 


VEINS   OF   THE   LEAF. 


11 


LESSON    II. 

VEINS  AND  VENATION  OF  THE  LEAF. 

6.  The  blade  of  the  Quince  leaf  (Fig.  2)  shows  many  veins 
running  through  it,  and  branching  all  over  it.     Examine 


Fig.  2.  Leaf  of  the  Quince,  showing  the  veiiivS. 

them.  First,  the  petiole  seems  to  be  extended  and  continued 
right  through,  from  the  base  to  the  apex,  forming  the  largest 
vein  in  the  leaf.     This  is  the  midvein. 

7.  Next  observe  several  large  branches  sent  off  from  this 
midvein  on  both  sides,  right  and  left.  These  are  the  veinlets. 
Now,  looking  at  these  veins,  their  arrangement  reminds  us  of 
a  feather,  and  we  call  such  \Q2iYe^  feather-veined.     Therefore, 

Violet'?  Do  all  kinds  of  leaves  have  petioles? — of  Phlox,  for  example? 
What  do  you  understand  by  sessile  leaves  ? 

C.  Describe  the  midvein  of  the  Quince  leaf. 

7.  Doscril>e  the  veinlets.    What  is  the  feather-veined  venation  ? 


12 


OBJECT   LESSONS   IN  BOTANY. 


we  may  say  that  the  feather  veined  venation  consists  of  one 
7nidvein  hranchlng  into  veinlets.     This  is  very  common. 

8.  Thirdly,  the  veinlets  themselves  send  off  little  branches 
(branchlets)  on  their  right  and  left,  and  we  call  these  the 
veinulets.  These  again  and  again  may  divide,  and  finally,  all 
the  little  divisions  unite  again,  forming  a  complete  net-work 
all  over  the  leaf.     Thus  we  learn  what  a  net-veined  leaf  is. 


Fig.  8.  The  Willow  leaf.    Some  of  the  veinulets  are  shown. 

9.  Here  is  a  picture  of  the  Willow  leaf  (Fig.  3).     You  can 
point  out  all  its  parts,  and  the  three  kinds  of  veins  in  it.     In 


Fig.  4.  Leaf  of  the  Eed-bud  (Cercis). 


8.  What  are  the  veinulets?    When  is  a  leaf  said  to  be  netTeincylT 


VENATION   OF  THE   LEAF. 


13 


the  next  cut  (Fig.  4),  representing  the  Judas-tree  or  Red- 
bud  leaf,  you  see  a  different  venation. 

10.  At  the  base  of  the  blade  the  petiole  seems  to  divide 
all  at  once  into  five  large  veins,  each  running  tlirough,  one 
to  the  apex,  and  four  to  the  margin.  In  tliis  case  the  vein- 
ing  (that  is,  the  venation)  is  compared  to  the  division  of  the 
hand  (or  jpalm  of  the  hand)  into  fingers,  and  so  named  ^a^ 


Fig.  4  a.  Leaf  of  Sweet-gnm  {Liquidambar). 

mate  venation.  Therefore,  you  may  say  that  the  palmate 
venation  consists  of  about  five  veins  starting  together  at  the 
base  of  the  blade,  each  one  branching  into  veinlets  and 
veinulets.     Fig.  4  a  is  a  loled  leaf  of  the  Liquidambar  tree, 


9.  Note  the  parts  of  tMs  Willow  leaf.    Point  out  its  midvein.    Its  veinlets 
— veinulets. 

10.  Define  the  palmate  venation.    What  are  the  veins  ? 


14 


OBJECT   LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


with  palmate  venation.     Maple  leaves  are  very  familiar  ex 
amples  of  the  same. 

11.  Our  next  figure  (5)  represents  the  leaf  of 
the  Tulip.  How  very  diflferent  is  its  venation ! 
How  smooth,  even,  and  polished  its  surface !  The 
veins  all  run  side  by  side,  from  base  to  apex,  in 
graceful  and  regular  curves.  They  are  so  nearly 
parallel,  that  this  kind  of  venation  is  called  the 
parallel  venation.  Look  at  the  grass  leaves,  the 
Corn  leaves,  and  the  Palm  leaves,  and  see  the 
\\l '*T^\\      same  kind  of  venation. 


Fig.  5.  Leaf  of  Tulip. 


Fig.  6.  Leaf  of  the  Climbing  Fern. 


12.  Let  us  examine  one  other  kind  of  venation,  and  the 
list  will  be  complete.      Here  is  a  cut  showing  the  leaf  of 


11.  Define  tlie  parallel  venation.     Mention  examples. 

12.  The  forked  venation.     Examples. 

Now  repeat  the  names  of  the  five  or  six  kinds  of  venatir")n. 


FORMS  AND  FIGURES  OF  LEAVES. 


15 


Climbing  Fern  (Fig.  6).  To  say  nothing  of  the  live  veins 
(which  are  palmate,  as  in  the  leaves  of  Sweet-gum,  Fig.  4  a), 
you  may  notice  the  veinlets,  how  they  fork  and  run  to  the 
margin,  without  uniting  again  to  form  a  net-work.  This  is 
the  forked  venation.  You  will  lind  this  sort  in  nearly  all 
tlie  Ferns. 


LESSON    IJI. 

FORMS  AND  FIGURES  OF  LEAVES. 

13.  You  have  already  noticed  that  the  form  of  the  Quince 
leaf,  and  of  most  others,  is  a  thin,  flat  expansion,  presenting 
a  large  surface  to  the  air.  A  few  plants  have  thick,  solid 
leaves,   as   the   leaves  of  the  Live-forevers   and  Ice-plants. 


Fig.  7.  Represents  a  branch  of  Juniper,  with  awl-sliaped  leaves  (subulate). 
Fig.  8.  Leaves  of  the  Fleur-de-lis  (Iris) ;  they  are  sword-shaped  (ensiform). 
Fig.  9.  Leaves  of  the  Scotch  Pine;  they  are  needle-shaped  (acerose). 

Other  plants  have  slender  leaves,  as  the  Pines.     See  Figs. 
T,  8,  and  9. 


13.  What  is  the  general  form  of  leaves  ?    What  plants  have  thick  and 
solid  leaves?    What  form  of  leaves  has  the  Pine?  the  Iris?  the  Juniper? 


16 


OBJECT   LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


14.  We  also  spoke  of  the  figure  of  tlie  outline  of  the 
Quince  leaf,  which  is  ovaU.  But  you  must  have  observed 
that  there  is  a  very  great  variety  in  the  figure  of  leaves,  af- 
fording a  very  interesting  study.  First,  we  will  examine,  one 
by  one,  the  figures  of  the  feather-veined  leaves  (Figs.  10-21.) 


Fig.  10.  Ovate  leaf  of  the  Pear-tree. 
Fig.  11.  Lanceolate  leaf  of  the  Flowering  Almond. 
Fig.  12.  Narrow  lanceolate  leaf  of  the  Weeping  Willow. 
Fig.  13.  Deltoid  leaf  of  the  White  Birch. 

15.  The  leaf  of  the  Flowering  Almond  (Fig.  11)  is  lanceo- 
late. It  is  narrower  than  ovate,  shaped  like  a  lance,  ha^sdng 
the  lower  half  wider  than  the  upper.  This  Willow  leaf  (Fig. 
12)  is  narrowly  lanceolate.  The  leaf  of  the  Lombardy  Pop- 
lar, or  of  the  White  Birch  (Fig.  13),  is  so  broad  at  the  base 
as  to  form  a  three  sided  figure,  like  the  Greek  letter  (A)  delta. 
Hence  it  is  a  deltoid  leaf. 


1 4.  What  is  the  figure  of  the  Quince  leaf? 

15.  Describe  the  figure  of  the  leaf  of  Flowering  Almond ;  of  the  Weeping 
Willow ;  of  the  Lombardy  Poplar,  &c. 


LEAF-FORMS  AND  FIGURES. 


17 


16.  In  the  next  four  kinds  of  leaves  you  will  notice  that 
the  broadest  place  is  midway  between  the  base  and  apex. 
Thus  the  orbicular  (Fig.  14),  or  rounded,  leaf  is  about  as 
broad  as  it  is  long.  The  oval  leaf  (Fig.  15)  is  about  one-third 
longer  than  broad.  This  Plum  leaf  is  an  example.  The  el- 
liptical (Fig.  16)  is  about  twice  longer  than  broad,  and  the 
oUong  (Fig.  17)  is  three  or  four  times  longer  than  broad. 
Here  are  examples. 


Fig.  14.  Orbicular  leaf  of  Winter-green  {Pyrola). 
Fig.  15.  Oval  leaf  of  the  Plum-tree. 
Fig.  16.  Elliptical  leaf  of  Black  Haw. 
Fig.  17.  Oblong  leaf  of  a  Willow. 

17.  We  next  have  four  varieties  of  forms  which  are  broader 
towards  the  apex  than  base.  First,  the  obovate  (Fig.  18), 
like  this  leaf  of  the  Smoke-tree.     Its  outline  is  like  tliat  of 


16.  Wlien  is  the  figure  of  a  leaf  called  orbicular?  Will  you  show  mo 
specimens  ?  Describe  an  oval  leaf,  and  give  specimens.  Describe  an  ellip 
tical  leaf,  and  give  examples.     Describe  an  oblong  leaf,  and  give  examples. 

17.  When  will  the  figure  of  a  leaf  become  obovate  ?    Give  examples  of 


18 


OBJECT   LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


the  62:2:  inverted.  A  similar  form,  but  narrower,  is  the  6b- 
lanceolate;  that  is,  the  inverted  lance-shaped,  like  the  leaf 
of  Papaw,  or  Fig.  19.  Next,  still  narrower,  is  the  sjpatulate^ 
a  iigure  compared  to  the  surgeon's  spatula  (Fig.  21);  and 
lastly,  the  wedge-shaped,  or  cimeate^  tapering  from  a  broad 
apex  to  a  slender  base,  as  in  Fig.  20. 


Fig.  18.  Obovate  leaf  of  the  Smoke-tree  {Rhus  Coti'nus). 
Fig.  19.  Oblanceolate  leaf  of  Muhlenburg's  Willow. 
Fig.  20.  Cuueate  leaf  of  a  Sundew  (Drosera  longifoUa), 
Fig.  21.  Spatulate  leaf  of  a  Sundew  (variety  of  i>.  longifolia). 


18.  Thus  we  have  arranged  these  twelve  forms  of  feather- 
veined  leaves  into  three  classes. 


such  leaves.    Oblanceolate?    Sliow  us  examples.    Spatulate?    Show  us  ex- 
ampies.     Wedge-shaped,  or  cuneate  ?    Give  examples. 

18.  Repeat  the  names  of  the  four  leaf-forms  broadest  at  base ;— the  four 
broadest  in  the  middle ; — the  four  broadest  towards  apex. 


LEAF-FORMS  AND  FIGURES. 


19 


LESSON    IV. 

FORMS  AND  FIGURES  OF  LEAVES. 

19.  In  many  kinds  of  leaves  we  find  the  parts  at  the  base 
more  or  less  enlarged  backwards,  as  you  see  in  this  picture 


Fiff.  22.  The  Morning-glory. 


of  the   Morning-glory  leaf  (Fig.  22).      This   is   the  lieart- 
shapedj  or,  more  properly,  the  cordate  leaf.     It  is  truly  an 


20 


OBJECT   LESSONS  IN   BOTANY. 


elegant  figure  in  tliis  and  in  the  Lilac,  &c.  But  sometimes 
tliis  peculiar  enlargement  at  base  becomes  excessive,  and  the 
figures  more  curious  than  elegant.  Such  is  the  arrow-shaped 
figure,  called  sagittate^  having  long-pointed  base  lobes,  as 
seen  in  the  Arrow-head  (Fig.  47),  the  Scratch  Knot-grass,  &c. 
(Fig.  20.) 

26  29  25  84 


i^^.  23.  Eeniform  leaf  of  Wild  Ginger.      Fig.    28.    Fraser's    Magnolia:    obovatc- 


Fig.  24.  Eeniform  leaf  of  Pennywort. 
Fig.  25.  Peltate  leaf  of  Pennywort. 
Fig.  26.  Arrow-sliaped   leaf  of   Scratch 

Knot-grass. 
Fig.  27.  Spatulateleafof  SileneVirginica. 


fipatulate,  auriculate  at  base. 
Fig.   29.    Oblong  leaf  of  the  Toothed 

Arabis. 
Fig.  SO.  Three-lobed  leaf  of  Liverwort. 


20.  In  the  common  Sorrel  leaf,  and  in  Fraser's  Magnolia 
leaf  (Fig.  28),  these  base  lobes  remind  one  of  ears'^  and  such 
leaves  are  said  to  be  auriculate  (from  the  Latin  auricula^  an 


19.  Describe  the  cordate  leaf,  and  give  examples.     The  sagittate,  and  ex 
amples. 

20.  Describe  the  auriculate  form,  and  give  examples.    The  reniform. 
Examples. 


LEAF-FORMS  AND  FIGURES. 


21 


ear).  In  some  leaves  these  lobes  are  very  broad  and  round- 
ed, giving  to  them  a  kidney-shaped  form,  that  is,  remform^ 
as  you  see  in  this  Wild  Ginger  leaf  (Fig.  23),  and  in  the 
Pennywort  (Fig.  24).  The^^Z^^^^^,  or  shield-shaped  leaf  (Fig. 
25 — another  Pennywort)  has  its  base  lobes  united,  and  its  pet- 
iole lixed  to  the  under  side.     See,  also,  Nasturtion  leaves. 

21.  We  will  next  study  a  class  of  forms  with  deeply  lobed 
or   cleft  blades,  not   well   filled   up  between   the  veinlets. 


Fig.  31.  Bi-pinnatifid  leaf  of  Pipf-weed. 

Fig.  32.  Sinuate-lobed  leaf  of  White  Oak. 

Fig.  83.  Undnlate-lobedleaf  of  Jack  Oak. 

Fig.  34.  Lyrate  leaf  of  Moss-cnp  Oak. 

Fig.  35.  Lobed  leaf  of  Mulgedium  (Blue  Milkweed). 


First,  look  at  this  Liverwort  leaf  (Fig.  30).  It  is  cleft  id 
two  places,  rendering  it  three-lobed.  The  Sweet-gum  leaf 
(Fig.  4  a)  is  five-lobed  Oak  leaves  are  lobed  in  many  pat- 
terns, according  to  the  kind.     The  White  Oak  has  a  sinuate- 

21.  What  is  tlie  figure  of  tlie  Liverwort  leaf?  What  the  figure  of  the 
Maple  leaf?  What  kind  of  venation  have  these  last  two?  Define  the  fig. 
ure  of  the  White  Oak  leaf.    Of  the  Mossjr-cup  Oak. 


22 


OBJECT   LESSONS  IN  BOTimY. 


loled  leaf  (Fig.  32),  the  Mossy-cup  Oak  has  a  hjraU  leaf, 

having  its  terminal  lobe  larger  than  any  other  (Fig.  34). 
22.  Fig.  35  is  the  leaf  of  a  kind  of  Milkweed,  called  Mxd- 

gedium^  with  sharp  lobes  pro- 
jecting at  right  angles  to  the 
midvein ;  and  Fig.  36  is  of  the 
Wild  Lettuce,  with  lobes  point- 
ing or  hooking  backwards. 
Such  leaves  are  called  run- 
cinate.  The  Dandelion  has 
also  runcinate  leaves.  When 
a  leaf  has  only  shallow  lobes, 
as  you  see  in  Fig.  33,  it  ap- 
pears  with    a  wavy  outline, 

called  undulate.     It  is  a  leaf  of  that  beautiful  tree  called  at 

the  West,  Jack  Oak. 


Leaf  of  Lactuca  elongata^  or 
Wild  Lettuce. 


LESSON    V. 

OTHER  FORMS  AND  FIGURES. 

23.  It  is  now  time  to  learn  the  difference  between  a  sim- 
ple and  a  compound  leaf.  The  simple  leaf  has  but  one 
blade,  as  the  Quince  leaf,  and  all  the  leaves  which  we  have 
hitherto  noticed.  We  have  now  before  us  a  compound  leaf, 
one  plucked  from  a  Rose-bush  (Fig.  39),  consisting  of  several 
distinct  blades  on  one  petiole.     It  has  also  one  pair  of  stip- 


22.  What  of  tlie  figure  called  runcinate?    Describe  tlie  undulate  lea£ 
What  example  ?    Wliat  kind  of  venation  have  the  last  four  formB  ? 
33   What  is  a  simple  leaf?    A  compound  leaf ? 


leaf-for'ms  and  figures. 


Fig.  87.  Compound  leaf  of  Red  Clover. 

Fig.  38.  Simple  leaf  of  Willow  {Salin  lucida). 

Fig.  39.  Compound  leaf  of  Rose. 


"iiles,  like  a  simple  leaf.  This  Clover  leaf  is  also  compound 
(Fig.  37),  having  stipules  (5),  as  well  as  this  simple  leaf  of 
the  Shining  Willow  (Fig.  38). 

24.  But  here  is  a  leaf,  the  Celandine  (Fig.  40),  which  is 
almost,  but  not  quite,  compound.  The  blade  is  feather- 
veined,  and  deeply  divided  into  several  parts,  called  segments. 
Such  a  leaf  is  called  innnatifid.  In  Fig.  31,  the  leaf  of  a 
garden  weed  (A.mbrosia),  you  observe  that  the  segments  are 
themselves  pinnatifid,  so  that  the  leaf  is  twice  or  hi-pinnatifid. 


24.  Please  define  tlie  pinnatifid  leaf.    The  bi  pinnatifid. 


24 


OBJECT  LESSONS  m  BOTANY. 


25.  But  what  form  of 
leaf  is  this  (Fig.  41)  of 
the  Fennel-flower,  with 
such  a  multitude  of  nar- 
row segments  ?  You  may 
call  it 2nn'nai-i-sect, a  long 
word  which  signifies  dis- 
sected in  a  j^innatijid 
manner.  The  Thistle  leaf 
is  also  pinnatisect,  al- 
though quite  different  in 
form. 

26.  Fig.  42  represents 
a  jpedate  leaf  of  a  Pas- 
sion-flower. Observe  its 
palmate  venation,  each  of 
its  veins  bearing  a  seg- 
ment,   and    each     lower 


Fig.  40.  Pinnatifid  leaf  of  Celandine. 
Fig.  41.  Pinnatisect  leaf  of  Fennel-flower. 


segment  double,  so  resembling  a  bird's  foot.     Pedate  means 
foot-shaped. 


tig.  ^2.  Pedate  leaf  of  Passion-flower.  Fig.  ^Z.  Laciniate  leaf  of  Monk's-hoc d. 


25.  What  do  you  call  sucli  leaves  as  those  of  the  Fennel- flower  ? 


LEAF-FORMS  AND  FIGURES. 


25 


27.  The  singular  leaf  of  Monk's-hood  ap- 
pears as  if  gashed  with  scissors,  and  may 
be  called  laciniate^  or  gashed  (Fig.  43). 

28.  The  parallel-veined  leaves  may  have 
figures  similar  to  tlie  net- veined,  as  lanceo- 
late (Fig.  44),  orbicular  (Fig.  45),  cordate 
(Fig.  46),  sagittate  (Fig.  47),  &c.;  but  the 
most  nsnal  form  is  the  linear^  like  the  Grass 

leaf  (Fig.  48),  which  is  long 
and  narrow,  with  sides  nearly 
parallel.  Tlie  sword-shaped 
leaf,  or  ensiform^  diflers  from 
the  linear  in  having  its  edges 
vertical,  not  horizontal  as 
other  leaves.     See  the  Iris.  8. 


26,27.  Pedate?  Laciniate?  State 
tlie  venation  of  the  above  forms. 

28.  What  is  a  linear  leaf?  an  en- 
siform  ?    Define  the  word  vertical. 


/iy.  44.  Lanceolate,— Lily  of  the  Valley.        Fig.^G.  Cordate  leaf  of  Pond-\Yeed. 
fig.  45.  Orbicular,— Kdund-leaved  Orchis.     Fig.  47.  Sagittate  leaf  of  Arrow-head. 
Fig.  48.  Linear  leaves  of  BUie-eyed  Grass  {Sisi/rinchi'um). 


26 


OBJECT   LESSONS   IN   BOTANY. 


LESSON    VI. 

MARGIN    AND    APEX. 


29.  Iisr  describing  a  leaf  we  are  to  consider  the  patterns 
of  its  border,  or  margin,  which  are  quite  various,  and  often 
elegant.     Some  of  the  leaves  heretofore  noticed  have  the 


Fig.  49.  Serrate  leaf  of  Chestnut. 
Fig.  50.  Doubly  serrate  leaf  of  Elm. 
Fig,  51.  Dentate  leaf  of  Arrow- wood 

{Viburnum  dentatum). 
Fig.  52.,  Crenate  leaf  of  Catmint. 


Fig.  53.  Eepand  leaf  of  Enclianter'a 
Ni-glit-shade  {Circcea  Lutetiana). 

Fig.  54.  Undulate  leaf  of  Shingle  Oak 
{Q.  imbricaria). 

Fig.  55.  Lobcd  leaf  of  CJirysanthemum. 


margins  entire  and  even,  as  in  the  Qnince  leaf,  or  tlie  Lily. 

But  most  leaves  are  notched  in  various  ways.     For  example, 

30.  This  Willow  leaf  (Fig.  3)  is  notched  in  the  margin 


29.  WLen  is  the  margin  said  to  be  entire? 


MARGIN   AND  APEX. 


27 


like  a  saw,  with  the  teeth  projecting  forward.  Such  a  mar- 
gin is  said  to  be  serrate^  or,  if  the  teeth  are  quite  small,  ser- 
rulate. When  the  teeth  point  neither  forward  nor  back- 
ward, but  outward^  we  call  the  margin  dentate,  or  toothed ; 
and  if  the  teeth  are  quite  small,  denticulate.  See  Figs.  49, 
50,  51,  &c. 

31.  Some  leaves  are  maro^ined  with  rounded  and  blunt 
teeth,  and  we  call  them  crenate  (Fig.  52) ;  or,  if  such  teeth 
are  very  small,  cremdate. 

32.  In  Figs.  13  and  50,  you  see  that  the  teeth  themselves 
are  again  toothed,  an  arrangement  called  doid)ly  serrate. 
So  we  may  find  leaves  doubly  dentate  or  doubly  crenate. 
Thus  we  have  described  seven  modes  or  styles  of  border- 
ing.    Several  other  modes  are  found  described  in  the  larger 

botanies. 

APEX. 


56 


57 


Fig.  56.  Apex  of  leaves :  a,  obcordatc ;  J,  emarginate  ;  c,  retuse  ;  d,  truncate  ; 
#,  obtuse  ;  /,  acute ;  g,  mucronate ;  ^,  cuspidate  ;  !•,  acuraiuate. 

Fig.  57.  Bases  of  leavcis:  l^  hastate;  m,  w,  sagittate;  o,  auriculate ;  /),  cordate; 
.7,  rcniform. 


30.  When  is  tlie  margin  serrate  ?    When  serrulate  ?    How  ioes  the  den 
tate  differ  from  the  serrate  ? 

31.  What  sort  of  teeth  does  the  crenate  imply?    Crenulate  ? 

32.  Explain  doubly  dentate,  &c. 


28  OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


33.  It  is  also  necessary  to  be  acquainted  with  the  vari- 
ous forms  of  the  apex  of  leaves.  This  diagram  (Fig.  56) 
will  assist  tlie  memory.  The  apex  may  be  acuminate^  end- 
ing in  a  long,  tapering  point;  or  cusjpidate^  suddenly  con- 
tracted to  a  sharp,  slender  point;  mucronate^  tipped  with 
a  sj)iny  point ;  acute^  simply  ending  with  an  angle ;  obtuse^ 
blunt. 

34.  Or  the  leaf  may  end  without  a  point,  being  truncate^ 
as  if  cut  square  off;  retuse^  with  a  rounded  and  slightly  de- 
pressed end  w^here  the  point  should  be ;  emarginate^  having 
a  small  notch  at  the  end ;  obcordate^  having  a  deep  inden- 
tation at  the  end.  See  also,  and  explain,  the  diagram  of 
the  bases  of  leaves  (Fig.  57). 


LESSON    VII. 

COMPOUND    LEAVES. 

35.  A  COMPOUND  leaf  consists  of  several  distinct  blades 
borne  on  one  petiole.  (See  Lesson  Y.,  first  paragraph.) 
These  separate  blades  are  called  leaflets.  You  notice  that  in 
Fig.  39  each  of  the  five  leaflets  has  its  own  foot-stalk,  called 
petiolule^  and  its  own  mid  vein,  &c. 

36.  The  Eose  leaf  (Fig.  58)  is  pinnately  compound,  or  sim- 

33.  Wliat  does  the  term  acuminate  imply?  What  sort  of  apex  is  cuspi- 
date ?  mucronate  ?  acute  ?  obtuse  ? 

34.  Wlien  may  we  call  the  apex  truncate  ?  retuse  ?  emarginate  V  obcor 
date  ?    Please  name  these  several  forms  of  the  bases  of  leaves. 

35.  Define  a  compound  leaf.  What  is  a  leaflet  ?  What  do  you  call  the 
foot-stalk  of  the  leaflet  ? 


COMPOUND  LEAVES. 


29 


ply  finnate^  having  several  leaflets 
arrano^ed  alons:  both  sides  of  the  com- 
mon  stalk.  This  common  stalk,  an- 
swering to  the  mid  vein  of  a  simple 
leaf,  is  called  the  rachis. 

37.  Among  pinnate  leaves,  there 
are,  at  least,  three  important  distinc- 
tions. Observe  the  Figs.  59,  60,  and 
61.  One  of  them  ends  with  an  odd 
leaflet,  and  is  called  odd-jpinnate. 
Another  ends  with  a  pair  of  leaflets, 
and  is  equally  pinnate.  Another  still 
has  its  alternate  leaflets  smaller,  and  is  interruptedly  pinnate. 


Fig.  58.  Leaf  of  the  Kose. 


Fig.  59.  Odd-piunate  \eaf  {Tephrosia).    Fig.  61.  Literruptedly  pinnate  (Agrimony^ 
Fig.  60.  Equally  pinnate  leaf  (Cassi'a).     Fig.  62.  Pinnately  ternate  {Desmodivm). 
Fig.  63.  Palmately  ternate  (Clover). 


36.  Define  tlie  pinnate  leaf.    What  is  the  rachis  ? 

37.  Give  the  distinction  between  odd-pinnate  and  equally  pinnate.    What 
leaf  is  interruptedly  pinnate  ? 


30 


OBJECT  LESSONS    IN  BOTANY. 


88.  Every  one  knows  that  the  number  of  leaflets  in  the 
Clover  is  three;  also  in  the  Bean,  and  in  this  figure  (62)  of 
the  Desmodiiim  leaf.  Such  leaves  are  called  ternate.  But 
here  the  pupil  will  notice  another  important  distinction.  In 
this  Desmodium  leaf,  the  odd  leaflet  is  stalked,  and  is  said 
fco  be  pinnately  ternate  ;  in  Clover,  the 
odd  leaflet  is  nearly  sessile,  like  the 
other  leaflets  ;  this  \^  ])almately  ternate. 


Fig.  64.  Honey  Locust. 


Fig.  65.  roi.sDii  Ileuilock 


89.  Fig.  64  represents  a  hi-jpinnate  (that  is,  twice  pinnate) 
leaf  of  Honey  Locust.  The  simple  leaflets  seem  to  have 
each  become  itself  a  pinnate  leaf.  And  still  more  compound 
is  this  Poison  Hemlock  leaf,  being  tri-pinnate,  or  thrice  pin- 
nate (Fig.  65).  In  the  same  manner,  we  have  hi-ternate  and 
tri-ternate. 

38.  How  many  leaflets  in  a  ternate  leaf?  Difference  between  tlie  pin- 
nately and  the  palmately  ternate  ? 

39.  Can  you  define  a  bi-pinnate  leaf?  Tri-pinnate  1  What  is  abi-ternato 
leaf  ?    A  tri-ternate  ? 


FORMS   AKD   FIGURES  OF  LEAVES. 


31 


40.  All  the  above  forms  of  com- 
pound leaves,  except  the  Clover, 
are  founded  on  the  pinnate  vena- 
tion ;  but  the  palmate  venation 
gives  us  the  palmately  tern  ate 
(Clover,  already  described) ;  the 
quinate^  with  five  leaflets  ;  the  sep- 
tinate^  with  seven  leaflets,  &c. 
See  the  leaves  of  Horse-chestnut, 
of  Hemp,  and  of  this  Lupine  (Fig. 

m). 


Fig.  66.  A  leaf  of : 
72 


Fig.  67.  Eose-bay  {Rhododendron). 

Fig.  68.  Alder  {Alnvs  glauca). 

Fig.  69.  Knot-grass  {Folygonun  sagitta- 

tum). 
Fig.  70.  Papaw  {Asimina  triloba). 
Fig.  71.  Touch-me-not  (Impati-ens/'uli^a). 


Fig.  72.  Sugar-berry  {Celtis  Am^encana). 
Fig.  73.  Enchanter's  Night-shade  (Cir- 

civa  lutetiana). 
Fig.  74:.  Catmint  {Nepeta  Gleckoma). 
Fig.  75.  Goldenrod   {Solldago   Canaden,- 

sis),  a  triple-veiu-ed  leaf. 


The  pupils  should  be  required  to  describe  the  leaves  in 
this  cut,  as  to  venation,  figure,  margin,  apex,  and  base. 


S2 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANT. 


F%g.  76.  Potentilla  anserina ;  leaf  with  five  cut  lobes,  almost  quinate. 
Fig.  77.  Potentilla  tridentata;  ternate,  with  palmate,  three-toothed  leaflets 
Fig.  78.  Jefi'ersonia  diphylla ;  a  binate  leaf. 
Fig.  79.  Lemon  ;  a  simple  leaf  jointed  to  the  petiole. 


LESSON    VIII. 

SESSILE  LEAVES— FORMS  OF  STIPULES. 

41.  We  have  already  stated  (Lesson  I.,  §  5)  that  many 
leaves  are  without  petioles  (foot-stalks),  or,  in  other  words,  are 
sessile.  The  figures  presented  on  page  33  exhibit  some  of  the 
modes  of  attachment  peculiar  to  sessile  leaves.  In  Fig.  80 
(an  Aster)  you  see  leaves  of  the  form  called  spatulate  (Lesson 
m.,  §  5),  having  large  base  lobes  nearly  clasping  the  stem 
at  the  point  of  attachment.  Such  leaves  are  said  to  be  am- 
'plexicaul  (stem -clasping). 

42.  In  the  next  figure  (81,  Bellwort)  the  leaves  are  ellipti- 
cal, parallel-veined,  and  not  only  clasp  the  stem  at  base,  but 
the  lobes  there  grow  together  on  the  opposite  side,  appearing 
as  if  the  stem  passed  through  the  leaf ;  tliat  is,  perfoliate. 

40.  What  kind  of  venation  have  all  these  forms  ?  On  th.e  palmate  vena^ 
tion  what  forms  are  founded  ? 

41.  Wlien  are  leaves  said  to  be  sessile?    Define  an  amplexicaul  leaf. 

43.  Can  you  define  a  perfoliate  leaf? 


FORMS   OF   THE   PETIOLE. 


33 


Fig.  80.  Amplexicaul  leaves  of  Aster  laevis. 

Fig.  81.  Perfoliate  leaves  of  Belhvort  {Uvularia perfoliata). 

Fig.  82.  Connate  leaves  of  Honeysuckle  {Loaicera  sempervirens). 

43.  In  Fig.  82  (Trumpet  Honeysuckle)  the  leaves  placed 
opposite  are  joined  together  by  pairs,  base  to  base.  Sucli 
are  connate  leaves. 

44.  The  forms  of  the  petiole,  when  the  petiole  exists,  are 
also  various.  Generally,  it  is  merely  a  rounded,  slender 
stem,  but  you  will  often  find  it  flattened.  Have  you  ever 
noticed  the  structure  of  the  Aspen  (Poplar)  leaf,  which  so 
easily  flutters  in  the  gentlest  breeze  ?  Its  petiole  is  flattened 
vertically,  so  that  its  edges  turn  sky-ward  and  earth- ward. 
Snch  a  form  of  leaf-stalk  is  called  comjpressed^  and  it  must  be 
very  nicely  balanced  in  order  to  hold  the  blade  at  rest. 

48.  Wlien  are  leaves  said  to  be  connate  ? 

44.  What  is  tlie  usual  form  of  the  petiole  ?    Carefully  describe  the  petiole 
of  the  Aspen. 

2* 


34 


OBJECT  LESSONS   IN  BOTANY. 


45.  A  winged  petiole  is  flattened  horizontally.  A  sheath- 
ing  petiole  embraces  the  stem  with  its  winged  edges  like  a 
sheath.     You  can  find  plenty  of  examples  of  these  forms. 


Fig.  83.  Eose,— stipules  adnate.        Fig.  84.  Violet  (  V.  tricolor), — gashed  Mipnlcs. 

46.  Let  ns  now  study  more  particularly  the  varying  forms 
of  the  stipules.  We  have  already  defined  them.  (See  Les- 
son L,  §  4.)  Here  is  seen  the  leaf  of  a  Kose  and  of  a  Pansy 
(Figs.  83,  84),  both  with  quite  showy  stipules.     The  former 


Fig.  85.  Leaf  of  Conioselinum,— tri-pinnate,  with  sheathing  petiole. 
Fig.  86.  Leaf  of  Polygonum  Pennsylvanienm,  with  its  (s)  oehrea. 
Fig.  87.  Stem  of  Grass,  with  joint  {j),  leaf  (Z),  ligule  (s). 
Fig.  88.  Leaf  of  Pear-tree,  with  slender  stipules. 

45.  What  difference  between  a  winged  and  compressed  petiole  ?    Can  you 
describe  a  sheathing  petiole?    Give  examples  of  these  three  forms. 


ARRANGEMENT  OF  THE  LEAVES.      '    35 


has  its  stipules  adnate  ;  that  is,  growing  ta  the  petiole.     Tiie 
Pansy  has  large  stipules  deeply  cleft  into  many  segments. 

47.  Figs.  85-88  are  very  instructive.  Fig.  88  is  a 
Pear  leaf,  with  an  ovate  blade,  a  slender,  cylindric  petiole, 
and  a  pair  of  small,  narrow  stipules  {s).  Fig.  86  is  a  Knot- 
grass leaf,  with  an  ochr-ea  {s) ;  that  is,  a  pair  of  stipules  so 
joined  at  the  edges  as  to  form  a  sheath  around  the  stem 
Fig.  87  is  a  Grass  leaf,  linear,  with  a  U^iile  (s)  supposed  to 
be  the  top  of  a  doubled  stipule.  Fig.  85  is  a  very  compound 
leaf  of  Conioselinum,  having  a  broadly  winged,  sh-eathing 
petiole. 


LESSOlSr    IX. 

ARRANGEMENT  OF  LEAVES  AND  BUDS. 

48.  If  you  carefully  notice  how  the  leaves  are  distributed 
over  any  plant, — the  Corn  plant,  for  example, — you  will  soon 
admire  their  order  and  exactness  in  this  respect.  At  first 
view,  we  might  suppose  their  positions  all  accidental ;  but  it 
is  not  so,  and  much  of  the  peculiar  aspect  of  the  plant  de- 
pends upon  this  circumstance. 

49.  In  the  Corn  plant,  or  in  this  figure  of  Lady's-slipper 
(89),  we  find  the  leaves  alternate^ — that  is,  one  on  this  side, 
the  next  one  higher  and  on  that  side,  and  so  on.     So  it  is  in 

46.  Stipules ;  can  you  repeat  tlie  definition  ?    Describe  the  stipules  of  the 
Rose.    Describe  the  stipules  of  the  Pansy. 

47.  Describe  the  stipules  of  the  Pear.     Stipules  of  Knot-grass — what 
CfiUed  ?     Stipules  of  Grass — what  called  ? 

48.  Are  the  positions  of  the  leaves  on  the  plant  accidental  ? 

49.  Can  you  describe  the  alternate  arrangement  ?    How  is  this  arran^ 
ment  more  accurately  do««"ribed  ? 


36  OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


the  Elm,  Cherry,  "Willow,  and  many  other  plants.  But  it 
would  be  more  accurate  to  say  that  the  arrangement,  in  all 
these  cases,  is  spiral.     (See  Class  Book,  §  224.) 


90  91 

Fig.  89.  Lady's-slipper  {Oi/pripedmm), — leaves  alternate. 
Fig.  90.  Synandra, — leaves  opposite. 
Fig.  91.  Larch  {Larix  Americana), — leaves  foscicnlate. 
Fig.  92.  Indian  Cucumber  {Medeola), — leaves  whorled. 

50.  In  the  Maple,  Lilac,  Phlox,  and  in  this  figure  of  the 
Synandra  (90),  a  wild  western  plant,  the  leaves  are  opposite ; 
that  is,  two  opposite  ones  stand  at  each  joint.  The  Meadow 
Lily,  and  this  Medeola  (Fig.  92)  of  the  ISTew  England  woods, 
have  whorled  or  verticillate  leaves  ;  that  is,  several  in  a  circle 
at  each  joint.  Again,  look  at  this  Larch  (Fig.  91),  the  Pines, 
&c.,  whose  leaves,  gathered  in  little  tufts  or  bundles,  are 
fasciculate. 

50.  Define  the  opposite  arrangement.     The  whorled ;  fasciculate. 


VERNATION.— LEAF-BUD. 


37 


51.  In  early  spring,  before  the  leaves  are  expanded,  wo 
find  them  folded  up  in  the  bnds.  This  is  called  the  verna- 
tion of  the  leaves  (from  the  Latin  vermis^  spring).  In  this 
condition  the  yonng  leaves  are  closely  packed  in  many  curi- 
ous modes,  which  are  described  in  the  Class 
Book,  §§  209-214. 

52.  If  w^e  dissect  and  carefully  examine  a 
.welling  leaf-bud  in  early  spring,  we  observe 
in  the  midst  of  it  a  tender  point  of  a  growing 
pith,  bearing  and  covered  by  many  circles  of 
little  leaves  and  scales,  packed  as  close  as 
possible.  Fig.  94  shows  a  twig  with  two 
buds  as  if  split  through  the  axis,  exhibiting 
the  pith,  growing  point,  young  leaves,  and 
scales. 

53.  According  to  this  figure  and  the  next 
(9-1),  buds  are  either  terminal  (^),  situated  at 
the  end  of  the  stem  or  twig,  or  lateral  (a), 
situated  on  the  side.  But  we  must  more  care- 
fully define  the  position  of  the  lateral  buds, 
you  that  they  are  amllary^  or  located  in  the  axil  of  a  leaf, 
you  would  not  understand,  until  knowing  that  the  axil  of  a 
leaf  is  the  upper  angle  between  the  leaf-stalk  and  the  stem. 
(See  5,  Fig.  90.)  IS^ow,  remember  this  rule,  which  you  may 
Boon  confirm  by  your  own  observation,  that  there  is  a  hud  at 
the  termination  of  every  stem  or  hranch^  and  in  the  axil  of 
emery  leaf. 


Fig.  93.  A  twig, 
with  two  lateral 
and  one  terminal 
bud. 

Fig.  94,  Same, 
split  through  the 
two  buds. 

Should  we  tell 


51.  Wliat  is  the  meaning  of  the  term  'cernation? 

52.  Give  a  careful  definition  of  a  leaf-bud. 

53.  What  is  a  terminal  bud  ?    "What  an  axillary  ?    Where  are  buds  al- 
ways found  ? 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


LESSON  X. 

APPENDAGES,  ETC. 

54.  The  tendril  is  a  very  common  appendage.  You  liavo 
Been  it  in  the  Grape-vine,  the  Pea-vine,  the  Greenbrier,  &c 
It  is  like  a  stout,  green  thread,  reaching  out  its  curved  point 
like  a  finger,  until  it  touches  some  object;  then  it  quickly 
entwines  itself  around  it,  and  soon  acquires  a  firm  hold.  We 
do  not  find  tendrils  on  any  plants  except  such  as,  like  vines, 
are  too  weak  to  stand  without  support. 


Fig.  95.  Leaf  of  Greenbrier,  with  tendrils  in  place  of  stipules. 
Fig.  96.  Leaf  of  Everlasting  Pea, — tendrils  at  end  of  rachis.- 
Fig.  97.  Leaf  of  Gloriosa,— apex  ends  in  a  tendril. 
Fig.  98.  Air-bladder  of  Horn-pondweed. 

55.  But  tendrils  are  quite  various  in  habit.  Those  of  the 
Pea  (Fig.  96)  grow  from  the  extremity  of  the  rachis.  Those 
of  the  Greenbrier  (Fig.  95),  from  the  base  of  the  leaf- stalk,  in 
the  place  of  stipules ;  those  of  the  Grape-Vines  are  opposite  the 
leaves,  in  the  place  of  clusters. 

56.  Many  plants  are  armed  with  sharp  thorns,  spines,  or 


54.  What  is  tlie  first  appendage  mentioned  ?    Please  describe  the  fori 
and  use  of  the  tendriL 

55.  State  the  habit  of  the  tendril  of  the  Pea  •  Greenbrier  ;  Grape-vine. 


APPENDAGES. 


89 


prickles,  as  if  in  self  defence.  See  the  Thorn-bush  (Fig.  99), 
where  the  long  straight  thorns  come  from  the  axils  of  the 
leaves,  and  are  woody.  The 
terrible  thorns  of  the  Honey 
Locust  (Fig.  100)  are  branched. 
Those  of  tlie  common  Locnst 
are  in  the  place  of  stipules. 
Those  last  mentioned,  and  all 
others  which  originate  with 
the  leaves  (as  in  Berberis, 
Thistle,  &c.),  are  more  prop- 
erly called  spmes, 

57.  As  for  the  Rose  and 
Bramble,  they  are  armed  with 
j)rieMes,  which  are  horny  in 

substance,  connected  with  the        Thorns.— i^/<7.  99.  Cratsegns  parvifolia 

bark  onlv,  not  with  the  wood.   ^'^'''''''  ^^^^'^^'y)-    Fig.  100.  Honey  Lo- 

*"  cast  (brunched  tliorns). 

(See  Fig.  101.)  ^  ^ 

58.  Glands  are  little  wart-like  bodies  which  secrete  the 
peculiar  fluids  of  the  plant,  sometimes  imbedded  in  the  leaf 
or  the  rind  of  the  fruit,  as  in  the  Lemon,  where  it  is  filled 
with  a  fragrant  volatile  oil ;  sometimes  raised  on  a  hair 
(Figs.  102,  103),  as  in  Sundew,  exuding  a  clammy  liquid*. 

59.  Stings  are  piercing  hairs,  having  a  bag  at  the  base 
filled  with  an  acrid  fluid.  "When  touched  the  tip  breaks  ofi", 
the  hair  penetrates  the  skin,  and  the  poison  is  injected  into 
the  wound.     (See  Fig.  106.) 


56.  Wliat  is  the  habit  of  the  thorns  of  the  Thorn-bush  ?  of  the  Honey 
Locust  ?  of  the  common  Locust  ?    What  of  the  habit  of  spines  ? 

57.  What  of  prickles? 

58.  Describe  glands,  the  two  kinds. 

59.  What  is  the  structure  and  action  of  stings? 


40 


OBJECT  LESSONS   IN  BOTANY 


What  do  tJiese  figures  represent  ? — Fig.  105  represents  a  branched  hair  as  it  appears 
under  a  strong  magnifier;  Fig.  104,  an  unbranched  or  simple  hair;  Fig.  102  is  a 
hair  with  a  gland  on  it;  Fig.  103,  also,  is  a  gland  on  the  top  of  a  hair;  Fig.  101 
represents  the  hooked  prickles  of  a  Kose-bush,  not  magnified;  Fig.  106  represents 
a  sting  of  a  Nettle,  much  magnified. 

60.  Hairs  of  various  kinds  (Figs.  104,  105)  are  found  on 
the  leaves  and  other  parts  of  plants.  By  this  clothing  pecu- 
liar qualities  are  given  to  the  surface,  named  and  described 
as  follows. 

61.  A  dense  coat  of  hairs  will  make  the  surface  jpubescent 
when  the  hairs  are  short  and  soft ;  villous.,  when  rather  long 
and  weak;  sericious,  or  silky;  tomentous.^  when  matted  like- 
felt,  &c. 

62.  But  thinly  scattered  hairs  make  the  surface  hirsute 
when  they  are  long ;  pilous^  when  short  and  soft ;  hispid^ 
when  short  and  stiff,  (fee. 


60.  How  are  plants  clothed.  ? 

61.  Define  the  term  pubescent;  villous,  &c. 
63.  Define  the  term  hirsute ;  hispid,  &c. 


ORGANS  OP   THE  FLOWER. 


41 


LESSON    XI. 

ORGANS  OF  THE  FLOWER. 

63.  To-day,  we  commence  the  study  of  the  beautiful  flower. 
We  have  before  us  the  Meadow  Lily  (Fig.  107),  whose  or- 
gans are  large  and  perfectly 
distinct.  Observe,  in  the  first 
place,  that  its  brighter  colors 
form  a  striking  contrast  with 
the  soft  green  of  the  leaves. 
The   coloring,   the   structure. 


Fig.  107.  Meadow  Lily  {Lilium  Canadensis). 

Fig.  108,  Wake-robin  {Trillinm  erectum). 

Fig.  109.  Stamens  {s,  s)  and  pistil  {p)  of  the  Lily. 

Fig.  110.  Stamens  {s^  s)  and  pii<tils  {p)  of  the  Trillium. 


42  OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


and  the  fragrance  of  the  flower  are  all  worthy  of  its  Infinite 
Creator,  and  remind  ns  of  his  wisdom  and  goodness. 

64.  As  to  the  structure  of  the  flower,  it  is  always  com- 
pound, being  composed  of  several  or  many  pieces  nicely 
adapted  to  each  otlier.  In  this  Lily,  for  example,  yon  may 
count  thirteen  pieces,  or  organs,  attached  in  a  close  order  to 
the  summit  of  the  flower-stalk  (Fig.  113,  a).  You  may  call 
the  flower-stalk  \hQ  peduncle^  and  the  point  of  attachment  {r) 
the  ioTus^  or  receptacle.     The  former  is  the  better  name. 

65.  Two  circles  of  leaf-like  organs  form  the  envelopes  of 
this  flower,  and  each  circle  consists  of  three  pieces.  The 
outer  circle  is  the  calyx^  and  the  three  pieces  which  compose 
it  are  called  sepals  {s,  s,  s).  The  inner  circle  is  the  corolla^ 
and  the  three  pieces  which  compose  it  are  called  petals 
{p^p)^P)'  I^  t^^^  -L^^y  ^^^  some  other  flowers  the  calyx  is 
colored  like  the  corolla.  But  it  is  not  so  generally.  In  the 
Kose,  Strawberry,  Pink,  and  in  this  Trillium  (Fig.  108),  the 
calyx  is  green,  wliile  the  corolla  is  almost  always  distiur 
guished  by  some  brighter  color. 

QQ.  Now,  taking  both  calyx  and  corolla  together  as  a 
whole,  we  call  them  the  j^man^/i-  (a  Greek  word,  meaning 
around  the  flower).  This  name  is  very  convenient  when  we 
speak  of  such  flowers  as  this,  where  the  calyx  and  corolla  are 
not  much  difl'erent. 

63.  What  is  tlie  subject  of  to-day's  lesson  ?  What  do  you  notice  as  to  the 
color  of  the  flower  ? 

64.  What  is  said  of  the  compound  nature  of  the  flower?  Of  how  many 
pieces  is  the  flower  of  the  Lily  composed?  What  is  the  peduncle?  What 
is  the  torus;  ? 

65.  Will  you  point  out  and  define  the  calyx  ?  sepals  ?  Will  you  point 
out  and  define  the  corolla  ?  petals  ?    What  of  the  colors  of  these  organs  ? 

68.  What  is  the  use  of  the  word  perianth  ?  Will  you  point  out  and  define 
the  stamens?    What  of  their  number?    What  is  the  pistil?    How  many  ? 


OF  THE  CALYX  AND  COROLLA.  43 


67.  l^ext  within  the  perianth  of  the  Lily  we  find  six  long, 
slender  organs  of  peculiar  form  and  color,  called  stamens. 
In  the  Rose  you  find  a  larger  number  (perhaps  one  hundred) 
of  stamens,  while  in  the  Speedwell  you  find  but  two.  But 
the  most  common  number  is  five.  Count  them  in  the  Morn- 
ing-glory, the  Belhvort,  Primrose,  &c. 

68.  Lastly,  this  central,  club-shaped  body  (^),  here  as  long 
as  the  stamens,  but  of  totally  difi'erent  structure,  is  \\\q pistil. 
Other  flowers  have  more  than  one  pistil,  as  the  Pink,  which 
has  two  ;  the  Rose,  which  has  many. 

69.  Thus,  we  have  learned  that  the  flower — at  least  this 
flower — is  compounded  of  four  kinds  of  organs,  those  of 
each  kind  being  arranged  in  a  circle  by  themselves.  The 
outer  circle,  of  sepals,  constituting  the  calyx ;  the  second 
circle,  of  petals,  constituting  the  corolla ;  the  third  circle, 
the  stamens ;  the  fourth  circle,  the  pistils. 


LESSON    XII. 

MORE  ABOUT   THE   C^VLYX  AND   COROLLA. 

TO.  Let  us  examine  the  flower  of  the  Pink.  (Fig.  112),  the 
Strawberry  (Fig.  Ill),  the  Crowfoot,  the  Single  Rose.  In 
either  you  observe  five  green  sepals,  and  the  same  number 
of  colored  petals.  Notice  also  the  positions  of  those  organs, 
— how  the  petals  stand  alternating  with  the  sepals,  and  that 
they  are  all  distinct  and  separate.  This  is  the  general  rule, 
but  there  are  many  exceptions. 

07.  Lastly,  review  the  whole  arrangement. 

70.  What  is  the  rule  as  to  the  number  of  petals  and  sepals  ?  What  is  the 
r'lle  as  to  their  relative  position,  &c.  ? 


u 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


Fig.  111.  Flower  of  the  Strawberry.  Fig.  112.  Flower  of  the  Pink. 

Fig.  113.  Flower  of  the  Lily. 

71.  Often  in  tlie  petal,  and  sometimes  in  the  sepal,  yon 
can  distingnish  two  parts, — namely,  the  broad,  expanded 
part  above,  called  the  lamina^  and  the  narrow  part  at  bas6 
by  which  it  is  attached  to  the  torns ;  this  is  the  claw  (Fig. 
116,  c).  The  petal  of  the  Pink  has  a  long  claw;  of  the  Kose 
or  Buttercup  (Fig.  119),  a  short  one. 


72.  The  forms  of  the  petal  are  almost  infinite  in  variety, 
like  the  leaf;    as  ovate,  orbicular,  oblong,  &c.,  and  some- 

71,  Will  you  define  tlie  lamina  ?  tlieclaw? 

72.  Please  mention  some  of  tlie  forms  of  petals. 


OF   THE   CALYX  AND  COROLLA. 


45 


times  very  singular.  See  these  figures.  Fig.  114  is  tlie 
form  of  the  bifid  petal  of  a  Cerastiiuii;  Fig.  115,  the  flower 
of  Mitella,  with  five  pinnatifid  petals;  Fig.  117,  the  flower 
of  Sweet  Cicely,  wnth  five  petals  inflected  at  the  point ;  Fig. 
116,  fringed,  long-clawed  petal  of  Silene  stellata  ;  Fig.  118, 
many-cleft  petal  of  Mignonette;  Fig.  119,  rounded,  short- 
clawed  petal  of  Crowfoot,  showing  its  honey  scale,  or  nec- 
tary, at  base. 


122 
Fiff.  120.  Larkspur,  its  petals  and  sepals  separated:   s,  «,  s,  s,  s,  sepals;  a,  tne 

upper  sepal  spurred  ;  c,  the  petals  all  united  into  one,  and  produced  backwards  into 

a  spur  which  is  sheathed  in  the  spur  of  the  calyx. 
Fiff.  121.  Touch-me-not.    Fiff.  122.  Its  petals  and  sepals  displayed:  p^p,  the  two 

double  petals ;  5,  s,  s,  y,  the  four  sepals,  y  being  in  the  form  of  a  sack,  with  a  spur. 


73.  A  nectary  is  found  also  in  the  petals  of  Columbine 
(Fig.  361),  Larkspur  (Fig.  120),  Touch-me-not  (Fig.  121),  &c., 
distorting  them  into  grotesque  shapes,  called  spurs. 

74.  'Before  us  now  is  the  flower  of  Pink  (Fig.  123).  The 
calyx  (c)  appears  as  a  green  tube,  with  five  notches  or  teeth 
at  the  top.     It  is  evident  that  this  is  made  up  of  five  sepals 

73   What  is  a  nectary?    Wliat  is  a  spur ?    Examples. 


46 


OBJECT   LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


cohering  (united)  by  tlieir  edges.  The  Convolvnhis  (Figs. 
128,  144),  tlie  Phlox  (Fig.  126),  the  Pink-root  (Fig.  127), 
&c.,  show  a  similar  cohesion  (union)  of  their  petals  into  a 
tube  more  or  less  com]3lete. 


Fig:\2Z.  Pink:  a,  the  five  petals ; 
h,  the  calyx,  composed  of  five  united 
sepals,  c,  a  bract;  d,  several  bract- 
lets. 


Fig.  124.  Flower  of  Tecuma  radicans 
(the  Trumpet-creeper) :  c  is  the  calyx, 
composed  of  five  united  sepals ;  ^,  the 
tube ;  s,  the  segments  of  the  corolla  or 
the  petals,  forming  the  horde?'. 


75.  The  calyx  with  united  sepals  is  called  monosepaloiis^ 
and  the  corolla  of  united  petals  monojpetaloiLs  (from  the  Greek 
monos^  one),  from  the  mistaken  idea  that  this  cal^^x  consisted 
of  only  one  sepal,  &c.  Garnopetalous  and  gamosejxdous  are 
lar  words,  used  in  the  same  sense.     Opposed  to  these 


Bimi 


terms  2^x^  jpolysejpalous  2a\(}i  polypetalous  {Greek  polys,  many). 
76.  The  gamosepalous  calyx  or  gamopetalous  corolla,  al- 
though composed  of  several  pieces,  is  described  as  a  single 
organ,  and  its  lower  part,  formed  by  the  united  claws, 
whether  long  or  short,  is  the  tuhe  (Fig.  124,  t) ;  the  upper 


74.  Describe  the  calyx  of  Pink  ;  corolla  of  Phlox, 

75.  Meaning  of  the  terms  monopetalons,  &c.  ? 

76.  Define  the  limb  of  a  monopetalons  corolla  ;  the  tube 


the  throat. 


GAJMOPETALOUS  COROLLAS. 


47 


part,  composed  of.  the  united  laminae,  is  the  liml  (Fig.  128,  s)x 
the  opening  of  the  tnbe  above  is  the  throat. 


Fig.  125.  Flower  of  Saponaria  (Bouncing-Bet)  ;  petals  and  claws  quite  distinct. 
Fig.  126.  Phlox ;  claws  united,  with  laniinse  distinct. 
Fig.  127.  Spigella  (Pink-root;;  petals  still  farther  united. 
Fig.  128.  Quamoclit  coccinea;  petals  united  throughout. 

77.  In  the  Figs.  125-128,  you  may  see  how  the  petals  in 
different  flowers  are  distinct,  or  in  various  degrees  united. 
In  the  Bouncing-Bet,  the  petals,  with  their  long  claws,  are 
entirely  distinct.  In  Phlox,  the  claws  unite  in  a  tube,  while 
the  laminae  are  distinct.  In  Pink-root,  only  the  narrow  tips 
of  the  laminae  are  distinct ;  and  in  Quamoclit,  the  laminae 
also  are  wholly  united. 

77.  What  is  the  condition  of  the  petals  in  Pink  Soapwort  ?  "What  their 
condition  in  Phlox  ?  What  their  degree  of  cohesion  in  Pink-root  ?  What 
in  Quamoclit? 


48 


OBJECT   LESSONS  IN  BOTiV^^Y. 


LESSON    XIII. 

ABOUT  ADHESIONS. 


T8.  The  pupil  will  here  find  discussions  more  important 
and  intricate.  But  if  lie  bring  to  tlie  task  etjes  determined  to 
Bee,  and  a  mind  determined  to  understand,  the  difficultiea 
will  soon  vanish. 

79.  Cohesion^  as  taught  in  the  last  lesson,  implies  the  union 
of  organs  of  the  same  kind,  as  sepals  with  sepals,  petals  with 
petals ;  but  adhesion  implies  the  union  of  one  kind  of  organ 
with  another  kind. 


Fig.  129.  Section  of  the  flower  of  the  Golden  Currant,  showing  its  parts. 

Fig.  130.  Section  of  the  flower  of  Fuchsia.  Fig.  131.  Of  Early  Saxifrage. 

80.  For  example,  split  a  flower  of  Phlox,  and  you  will  see 
the  five  stamens  adhering  to  the  inner  side  of  the  corolla 
tube,  appearing  as  if  inserted  into  it. 


79.  Can  you  state  liow  adhesion  cliflfers  from  cohesion  ? 


CO^K^ERNING   ADHESIONS. 


49 


81.  Now  we  take  it  for  granted  that  all  the  organs  of  the 
flower  have  their  starting-point  or  origin  at  the  same  one 
point,  namely,  at  the  torus  {t^  Fig.  129),  hence  in  this  figure 
of  the  Golden  Currant,  it  is  understood  that  from  t  to  w  the 
calyx,  corolla,  stamens,  and  pistil,  adhere  together;  from  it, 
to  -y,  the  calyx,  corolla,  and  stamens,  adhere ;  and  at  -y,  all 
the  organs  are  separate,  that  is,  free.  Observe  the  same 
structure  in  the  Ear-drop  (Fig.  130). 

82.  In  this  and  like  cases,  the  calyx  is  said  to  be  S'uperio7\ 
because  it  seems  to  stand  upon  the  pistil  (ovary)  and  fruit, 
but  the  more  correct  term  is,  calyx  adherent. 


V  133. 

Fig.  132.  Section  of  the  flower  of  Yellow  Violet:  t,  the  torus.  The  stamens  aro 
hypogynous. 

Fig.  133.  Section  of  the  flower  of  Pear:  c,  c,  sepals ;  ^,  jd,  petals ;  «,  s,  stamens, 
— perigynous ;  o,  ovary, — inferior  or  adherent. 

83.  There  are  two  other  terms  used  in  similar  cases,  wdiich, 
although  hard  to  pronounce,  you  may  as  well  become  ac- 
quainted with  now.     When  the  stamens  adhere  to  the  calyx 

81.  What  do  we  take  for  granted  ?  Please  show  the  adhesions  in  the 
Golden  Currant. 

82.  Wlien  is  the  calyx  adherent  ?    When  superior  ? 

3 


50  OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


or  corolla  they  are  said  to  be  perigynoiis  (a  Greek  word, 
meaning  "  around  the  pistil").  Otherwise,  when  free,  they 
are  said  to  be  hypSgynous,  meaning  ''  under  the  pistil." 

84:.  ]N"ow  study  attentively  these  figures,  or  rather,  the 
^lowers  themselves.  The  figures  are  sections,  i.  e.,  show  the 
flowers  as  if  split.  Fig.  132  (the  Yiolet)  shows  the  stamens 
hypogynous  and  the  organs  all  free.  Fig.  133  (the  Pear) 
shows  the  stamens  perigynous,  adhering  to  the  calyx.  Fig. 
131  (the  Saxifrage)  shows  the  stamens  perigynous  and  the 
calyx  half  adherent.  Do  not  fail  to  examine  many  flowers 
until  these  troublesome  terms  become  familiar,  for  these 
distinctions  are  very  important. 


LESSON   XIV. 

FORMS    OF    PERIANTH. 

85.  While  all  flowers  agree  in  certain  general  characterig- 
tics,  so  that  you  are  never  at  a  loss  to  recognize  any  one  of 
them  as  a  flower,  yet  in  form  and  fashion  they  appear  in 
inflnite  variety,  each  form  endowed  with  its  own  peculiar 
grace.  It  is  impossible  to  describe  or  name  every  form,  but 
we  will  endeavor  to  reduce  them  to  a  few  classes  of  forms. 

86.  ITotice  first  that  all  forms  are  either  polypetalous  or 
gamopetalous,  as  already  described  (§  75).  Again,  they  are 
either  regular  or  irregular.     Compare  the  flower  of  Flax 


83.  When  are  tlie  stamens  said  to  be  perigynous  ?    WHien  hypogynous  ? 

84.  How  are  they  in  Saxifrage  ?  in  Pear  ?  in  the  Rose  ?  the  Violet  ? 

86.  "Wliat  is  the  first  division  of  the  corolla  forms  ?    What  is  the  second 
division  ?    When  is  a  flower  said  to  he  regular  ?  irregular  ? 


FORMS  OF  PERIANTH. 


51 


186l 


186. 


Polypetalous  corollas.— /Vp-.  134.  Wild  Apple  {Pyrus  coronaria), —roi^accouf. 
Fig.  no.  Wall-flower,— cruciform.  Fiff.  136.  Scarlet  Catchfly,— caryophyllaceous. 
Fig.  137.  Atamasco  Lily, — liliaceous. 

and  Pea.  The  former  is  equally  and  similarly  developed  all 
around,  and  each  petal  is  like  all  the  other  petals.  It  is  a 
regular  flower.  The  Pea  flower  (Fig.  138)  is  unequally 
developed,  some  of  the  petals  differing  in  form  and  size  from 
the  others,  as  shown  in  Fig.  139  ;  therefore  it  is  irregular. 

87.  The  figures  at  the  head  of  this  page  represent  four 
different  styles  of  corollas  which  are  polypetalous  and  regu- 
lar. Fig.  134  (Wild  Apple)  is  a  rosaceous  corolla,  that  is, 
rose-like,  having  five  short-clawed  petals.  Fig.  135  (Wall- 
flower) is  a  cruciform  (cross-shaped)  corolla,  with  four  long 
clawed  petals. 

88.  Fig.  136  (Scarlet  Catchfly)  is  a  caryoj^hyllaceous  corolla, 


S7.  Name  the  four  forms  of  polypetalous,  regular  flowers.  Can  you  de 
H'-ribe  the  rosaceous  corolla?  What  sort  of  corolla  is  the  Wall- flower 
describe  it. 

88.  Please  describe  the  Caichfly  or  Pink.  What  sort  is  it  ?  The  Lily 
please  describe.     What  sort  of  corolla  is  it  ? 


52 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


pink -like ;  a  form  witli  five  long-clawed  petals.  Fig.  137 
(Ataniasco  Lily)  is  a  liliaceous  corolla,  having  a  six-leaved 
perianth,  made  up  of  three  sepals  and  three  petals,  all  colored 
alike. 


Fig.  138.  Pea, — an  irregular  flower.     Fig.  139.  Its  five  petals  shown  separate,  vie.., 
f ,  the  banner ;  a,  a,  the  wings ;  c,  c,  the  keel-petals. 
Fig.  140.  Flax  {Linum  grandijiorum)^ — a  regular  flower, 

89.  Fig.  138  is  the  flower  of  Sweet  Pea,  an  irregular 
corolla,  called  papilionaceous.,  or  butterfly-shaped,  consisting 
of  five  petals,  as  displayed  in  Fig.  139,  mz.^  one  odd  petal 
above,  very  large,  called  the  banner^  two  smaller  petals 
below  (^),  called  tlie  keel^  and  two  lateral  petals  (a,  a),  called 
the  wings. 

90.  We  next  propose  to  examine  the  principal  forms  of 
gamopetalous  corollas.  Here  we  have  a  beautiful  array  of 
them.  Among  the  regular  forms  is,  first,  the  Rotate^  wheel- 
shaped  or  star-shaped,  having  a  very  short  tube,  and  a  flat, 
spreading  border ;  as  Fig.  141  (Campanula  Americana). 

91.  Campamilate^  bell-shaped,  having  a   wide  tube   and 


89.  Can  you  describe  the  papilionaceous  corolla  ? 

90.  Of  monopetalous  corollas,  describe  the  rotate.      91.  The  campan  iilate 


FORMS  OF  PERIANTH 


53 


144  148  142  141 

Gamopetalous  corollas. — Fig.  141.  Campanula  Americana, — wheel-shaped.  Mg. 
142.  Campanula  divaricata, — campanulate,  or  bell-shaped.  Fig.  143.  Andromeda,— 
urceolate.    Fig.  144.  Field  Bindweed  {Convolvulus)^ — a  funnel-form  corolla. 

narrow  border,  as  in  the  Bell-flower  (Fig.  142),  and  in  Canter- 
bury Bells. 

92.  Urceolate^  urn-shaped,  an  oblong  or  globular  corolla 
with  a  narrow  opening,  as  the  Whortleberry,  Heath  (Fig. 
143). 

93.  Funnel-form^  narrowly  tubular  below,  gradually  en- 
larging to  the  border,  as  Morning-glory  (Figs.  22,  144). 


148  147  146  145  149 

Fig.  145.  Petunia, — salver-form.  Fig.  147.  Dandelion, — bVulatc. 

Fig,  146.  Honeysuckle,— tubular.  Fig.  148.  Synandra, — labiate. 

Fig.  149.  Toad-flax, — labiate-personate. 


92.  The  urceolate. 


93.  The  funnel-form. 


54  OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


94.  Salver-form^  the  tube  suddenly  spreading  out  in  a 
horizontal  bordei*,  as  in  Phlox,  Petunia  (Figs.  126,  145). 

95.  Tubular^  when  the  coi'olla  is  nearly  all  a  slender  tube 
with  a  small  border  or  none  at  all,  as  in  the  Trumj^et  Bonej- 
Buckle  (Fig.  146). 

96.  Ligulate  (from  the  Latin  ligiila^  tongue),  as  if  formed 
by  splitting  the  tubular  on  one  side.  The  notches  at  the  end 
plainly  indicate  the  number  of  united  petals  which  compose 
it,  as  also  do  the  parallel  seams.  See  the  flowers  of  the  Dan 
delion  (Fig.  147),  also  of  Cichory. 

97.  Labiate  (Latin  lahium^  lip),  resembles  the  mouth  of  an 
animal.  It  is  a  very  irregular  corolla,  having  the  petals  of 
dissimilar  shape  and  dissimilarly  united.  See  (Fig.  148)  a 
flower  of  Synandi-a,  or  Catmint,  or  Catalpa.  In  Fig.  149 
(Snap-dragon),  the  mouth  is  closed  and  said  to  be  personate, 
which  means  masked. 


LESSON    XV. 

CONCERNING  THE  STAMENS. 

98.  Safely  infolded  within  the  perianth,  we  find  a  number 
of  delicate,  thread-shaped  organs,  quite  unlike  the  sepals  and 
petals.  They  are  arranged  in  one  or  more  circles,  and  called 
the  essential  organs.,  because  they  are  absolutely  necessary  to 
the  perfection  of  the  seed. 


94.  Describe  the  salver-form.  95.  The  tubular.  96.  Ligulate. 

97.  Labiate.     Now  repeat  the  regular  forms.     Repeat  the  names  ot  the 
irregular  forms. 

98.  Where  do  we  find  the  essential  organs  ?    How  arranged  ?    Why  are 
the>  so  called  ? 


OF  THE  STAMENS. 


55 


Fig.  150.  Tiger  Lily. 
Fig.\5\.  Flower  (enlarged)  of  Dodecatheon :  a,  pistil;  5,  anthers  ;  c,  filaments; 
^,  petals. 

^9.  Let  us  look  at  tMs  picture  of  the  Lily  (Fig.  150),  or  at 
some  real  flower.  The  slender  organs  marked  a,  h,  c,  are 
the  essential  organs  of  which  we  are  speaking ;  and  you  see 
at  once  that  there  are  two  kinds  of  them.  Those  which 
stand  in  the  outer  row  next  to  the  petals  are  the  stamens. 


K«  158  154 

Fig.  152.  Khododendron  ;  only  the  torus  {t),  the  five  stamens  («),  and  th-e  pistil  (/>). 
Fig.  153.  Buckeye,  whole  flower;  7  stamens,  1  pistil,  3  petals. 
Fig.  154.  Hydrastis,  split  through  the  centre  (a  section),  showing  the  torus,  2  se- 
pals («),  many  hypogyuous  stamens  (<^),  and  several  pistils  in  the  midst. 


56 


OBJECT   LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


156  157  158         159 

A  leaf  (Fig.  155),  a  sepal  (Fig.  156),  a  petal 
(Fig.  157),  a  stamen  (Fig.  158),  and  a  pod  (pis- 
til, Fig.  159)  of  Draba  arabizans,  placed  side 
by  side  for  comparison. 


The  central  organ  (or  organs)  is  the  pistil.     We  now  propose 
to  notice  the  form  of  the  stamens. 

100.  The  stamen  may 
be  compared  to  the  leaf. 
Its  slender,  thread-like 
stalk  is  the  filament,  an- 
swering to  the  petiole  of 
the  leaf  {f^ip).  Its  head 
{a)  is  the  anther^  answer- 
ing to  the  blade.  More- 
over, the  anther  contains 
within  its  cells  many  dust- 
like particles  called  j9oZ- 
len.  When  the  cells  burst  the  pollen  escapes.  Thus  it  ap- 
pears that  the  stamen  consists  of  three  members.  See  them 
illustrated  in  this  figure  (161)  of  a  stamen  of  the  Morning- 
Glory. 

101.  The  filament  is  nsnally  of  a  thread-like  form  (as  its 
name,  from  the  Latin  jllum^  a  thread,  implies),  longer  than 
the  anther,  and  more  or  less  elastic.  But  the  filament  is  no 
more  necessary  than  the  stem  of  a  leaf,  and  is  often  wanting. 

102.  Tlie  anther  is  an  oblong  body  at  the  top  of  the  fila- 
ment, consisting  of  two  hollow  lobes  joined  to  each  other 
and  to  the  filament  by  the  co7inectile  (c),  which  answers  to  the 
midvein  of  the  leaf.  The  two  lobes  are  usually  marked  along 
their  outer  edge  by  a  sea77i,  which  at  length  opens  into  the 
cells.  This  opening,  however  it  takes  place,  is  called  the 
dehiscence.     If  there  be  no  filament,  the  anther  is  sessile. 


99.  How  many  kinds  ?     Situations  of  the  two  kinds  respectively  t 

100.  How  does  the  stamen  compare  with  the  leaf?     Specify  the  three  mem 
bers  of  the  stamen. 

101.  Describe  ihe  filament.  102.  The  anther;  the  dehiscenc«. 


OF  THE   STAMENS. 


57 


Fig.  160.  Frankenia,  showing  the  five  stamens  (around  the  one  style,  which  haa 
three  stigmas  at  top). 

Fig.  161.   Stamen  (adnate)  of  Morning-glory. 

Fig.  162.  Same,  enlarged,  with  pollen-grains  discharged:/,  filament;  a,  anther, 
— two-lobed  ;  c,  top  of  connectile. 

Fig.  163.  Buttercup.     Fig.  164.  Same,  cut  across. 

Fig.  165.  Iris,  cut  across  (extrorse). 

Fig.  166.  Amaryllis,— versatile.    Figs.  167,  168.  Larkspur,— innate. 

103.  But  dehiscence  takes  place  very  variously.  When  all 
regular,  it  is  a  chink  running  lengthwise  along  the  outer  edge, 
as  you  see  in  this  stamen  of  a  Buttercup  (Fig.  163).  But 
here,  in  this  stamen  of  Iris  (Fig.  165),  it  appears  on  the  back 
of  the  anther  (looking  towards  the  petals),  and  we  say  that 
the  anthers  are  extrorse^  that  is,  turned  outwards.  A  term 
of  opposite  meaning  is  introrse^  denoting  that  the  lines  of 
dehiscence  turn  inwards  towards  the  pistil,  or  at  least  do  not 
turn  outw^ards.  For  example,  the  antliers  of  the  Yiolet 
(Fig.  173). 

104.  Moreover,  other  modes  of  dehiscence  besides  chinks 
are  occasionally  found.  The  anthers  of  Berberis,  Sassafras, 
&c.  (see  Figs.  ITl,  172),  open  by  lids  hinged  at  the  top.    The 


103.  When  is  the  anther  said  to  be  extrorse  ?  introrse  ? 
10k  Can  you  distinguish  the  opercular  and  iiorous  dehiscence? 

3* 


\rt 


58 


OBJECT   LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


169 


174  ITO  176 


177  178         175 


Peculiar  forms  of  stamens. — Fig.  169.  A  stamen  of  Pyrola  rotundifolia :  p,  two 
openings  (pores)  at  top  where  the  pollen  escapes.  Fig.  170.  Stamen  of  Bilberry 
(  Vaccininium  uliginosum) :  p,  its  pores  at  the  top  of  two  horns ;  it  has  also  two 
spurs.  Fig.  171.  Berberis  aquifolium,  anther  closed.  Fig.  172.  Anther  open  by 
two  lids  upwards.  Fig.  173.  Anther  of  Violet  with  an  appendage  at  top.  Fig.  174. 
Oleander, — an  arrow-shaped  anther  appendaged  at  top.  Fig.  175.  Catalpa, — lobes 
of  anther  separated.  Fig.  176.  Sage, — lobes  of  anther  widely  separated  on  stipes; 
h,  barren  lobe  without  pollen.  Fig.  177.  Mallows, — anther  one-celled.  Fig.  178. 
Ephedra, — anther  four-celled. 

anthers  of  Huckleberry,  Blueberry,  Wintergreen,  and  others 
of  the  Heath  family,  open  through  two  little  tubes  at  the  top. 
Tlie  former  is  opercular  dehiscence,  the  latter  porous.  (See 
Figs.  169,  iro.) 

105.  It  is  also  interesting  to  notice  how  the  anther  is  at- 
tached to  the  filament  in  various  ways.  Generally,  it  is 
innate^  that  is,  seeming  to  stand  erect  on  the  top  of  the  fila- 
ment. Again,  it  is  adnatey  which  means,  attached  by  its 
back  to  the  side  of  the  filament,  as  in  Buttercups.  And 
thirdly,  it  is  joined  by  a  single  point  in  its  back  to  the  slender 
tip  of  the  filament,  as  if  lightly  balanced  upon  it.  This  is  the 
versatile  anther,  common  in  the  Grasses  (Figs.  150,  166). 


105.  Wliat  tliree  distinctions  in  the  attachment  of  the  anther  ?    Describe 
tliat  of  the  stamen's  of  the  Pink ;  tlie  stamens  of  Buttercups ;  of  tlie  Grasses. 


OF  THE   STAMENS. 


59 


LESSON    XVI. 

MORE  ABOUT  THE  STAMENS. 

106.  The  careful  student  will  find  a  great  and  interesting 
variety  in  the  number,  arrangement,  and  form  of  the  stamens. 
In  regard  to  number,  as  we  have  already  seen,  the  Lily  has 
six  stamens,  the  Pink  has  ten,  the  Speedwell  two,  the  Indian 
Shot  only  one.  Some  flowers  have  numerous  stamens,  as  the 
Bose  with  forty,  fifty,  or  one  hundred,  and  the  Cactus  with 


179  i«o 

Fig.  179.  Stamens  and  pistils  of  Mallow;  th€!  filaments  (/)  are  united  into  a  tutnj 
sheathing  the  styles. 

Fig.  180.  Floret  of  Dandelion,— anthers  (a)  united  into  a  tube. 

Fig.  181.  Corolla  of  Lop hospennuni, split  open  to  show  the  four  stamens  (didyn'a- 
noas)  and  the  one  style. 

Fig.  182.  Cardamine, — stamens  six,  tetradyn'amous. 

106.  What  number  of  stamens  in  Pink?  Speedwell?  Indian  Shot? 
Wliat  in  the  Rose  ?  Cactus  ?  Apple  ?  or  in  these  flowers  ?  Define  "  sLaniena 
definite  ;"  "  stamens  indefinite," 


60 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


-M. 


two  Imndred.  Let  us  learn  liow  to  dlstinguisli  between 
flowers  with  definite  and  witli  indefinite  stamens.  Definite, 
when  thev  are  not  more  than  ten,  indefinite,  when  more  than 
ten,  or  not  readily  counted. 

107.  The  stamens  are  usually  sepai'ate  and  distinct,  as  m 
the  Lily,  Ehododendron,  &c.  (Figs.  150,  152),  while  in  the 
MalloAV  (Fig.  179),  Pea,  and  other  flowers,  they  grow  together, 
forming  a  tube  around  the  pistil ;  in  other  words,  they  are 
monadelphous  (Greek,  nionos,  one,  adeljyhos^  brotherhood). 
The  Pea,  or  Dielytra,  is  diadelphoiis, — the  stamens  in  two 
sets ;  and  the  St.  J ohnswort, poli/adel^/ious, — in  three  or  more 
sets.  Another  mode  of  cohesion  is  seen  in  the  floret  of  Dan- 
delion (Fig.  180),  where  the  cmihers  cohere  while  the  fila- 
ments are  distinct,  i.  6.,  syngenecioiis. 

108.  In  two  cases  we  may  definitely  mark  the  relative 
length  of  the  stamens.  Didyn'amous  stamens  (as  seen  in  the 
Mint  tribe,  and  in  the  Figworts,  Fig.  181)  are  four  in  num- 


Fig.  183.  Pistillate  flower  of  Balm  of  Gilead. 

Fig.  184.  Staminate  flower  of  the  same. 

Fig.  185.  Begonia:  a,  staminate  flower;  &,  pistillate  flower. 


107.  Define  "stamens  monadelplious."  Give  examples.  Diadelphous. 
Give  examples.  Polyadelphous.  Example.  Define  "  stamens  syngenecious.'' 
Mention  examples 


IMPERFECT   FLOWERS. 


61 


ber,  two  long  and  two  short.  Tetradyn! amous  stamens  are 
six  in  number,  four  long  and  two  short  (as  in  the  Mustard 
tribe,  Fig.  182).  Again,  hypogynoics  stamens  may  be  seen 
in  the  Crowfoot  tribe  and  in  Fig.  132 ;  and  perigynous  sta- 
mens in  the  Rose  tribe  and  Fig.  133.  "What  is  the  differ- 
ence? You  need  not  be  told  the  meaning  of  these  words 
(§§  83,  84). 

109.  Some  plants  have  their  essential  organs  separated,  so 
that  the  stamens  are  all  found  in  one  sort  of  flowers,  the 
sterile^  and  the  pistils  are  all  in  another  sort,  i\\Q  fertile.     So 


189  ISS  18T  1S6 

Fig.  186.  Flower  of  Lizard-tail  (Saururus) ;  it  is  perfect,  but  naked,  i.  c,  with  nc 
floral  envelopes  ;  stamens  seven,  pistils  three. 
Fig.  187,  Flower  of  Ash  (Fraxinus), — naked,  with  two  stamens  and  one  pistil. 
Fig.  IBS.  Stiiminate  flower  of  Willow, — made  up  of  two  stamens  and  a  bract. 
Fig.  189.  Pistillate  flower  of  the  same, — merely  one  pistil  and  a  bract. 

it  is  in  the  Begonias  (Fig.  185),  and  in  the  Willows  (Figs.  188, 
189).  All  such  flowers  are  called  imperfect,  and  only  the  fer- 
tile bear  fruit. 

110.  A  perfect  flower  is  one  that  has  both  stamens  and 

108.  In  what  two  cases  do  we  mark  the  length  of  stamens  ?  Define  "  sta- 
jiens  didynamous  ;"  "  stamens  tetradynamous  ;"  "  stamens  hypogynous  ;'' 
"  stamens  perigynous." 

109.  What  do  you  understand  by  "  sterile  flowers  ?"  by  "  fertile  flowers  T 

110.  What  is  a  porf\.^ct  flower?  complete?  imperfect? 


62 


OBJECT   LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


pistils.  A  complete  flower  has  all  tlie  organs,  viz.^  sepals, 
petals,  stamens,  pistils.  A  naked  flower  lacks  both  the  calyx 
and  corolla. 

111.  A. symmetrical ^ow- 
cr  has  each  of  these  several 
organs  in  an  equal  number 
or,  at  least,  the  same  num- 
ber of  pieces  in  each  circle 
of  organs.  For  example, 
the  Flax  flower  is  symmet- 

Fig.  190.  A  symmetrical,  regular  flower  of    rical,     having    SCpals    five, 


petals   five,  stamens  five, 
and  pistils  five.     The  Lily 


Icelmid  MoSvS (,Se'(iMm  acre)'^  it  has  five  sepals, 
five  petals,  twice  five  (ten)  stamens,  and  five 
pistils, — all  separate  and  distinct. 

Fig.  191.  House-leek  {Sedum  s€mpe?-vivum),   is  also  Symmetrical,  having 

-twelve-parted.  ^^^^.^^   ^^^^^^^   ^^^^^    p^^^jg^ 

six  stamens  (in  two  equal  circles),  and  three  pistils  (which 
are  combined  in  one). 


LESSON    XVII. 

THE  PLAN  OF  THE  FLOWER. 

112.  It  is  very  instructive  and  delightful  to  study  the 
symmetry  of  flowers  in  the  way  mentioned  in  the  last  lesson. 
We  are  thus  led  to  the  discovery  of  a  truth  in  the  science  of 
botany  at  once  beautiful  and  sublime, — worthy  of  the  wis- 
dom of  the  Infinite  Creator.  That  truth  or  principle  is,  that 
all  flowers^  though  infinitely  various  in  form  and  fashion^ 


111.  What  a  symmetrical  flower?    How  is  tlie  Lily  symmetrical ? 
113.  Please  state  tlie  principle  learned  from  studying  the  symmetry  of  the 
flower. 


PLAN   OF  THE  FLOWER.  63" 


are  huilt  upon  one  only  jplan^  and  that  plan  founded  in  the 


science 


of  Qiumhers. 


Fig.  192.  Flower  of  Hippuris, — one-parted. 

Fig.  193.  Circsea  Lutetiana;  flower  two- parted. 

Fig.  194.  Yellow-eyed  Grass  {Xyris) ;  flower  three-parted. 

113.  Let  US,  then,  examine  tlie  Flax.  Here  all  the  organs 
are  in  lives.  The  Circe  has  them  all  in  twos;  the  Iris,  in 
threes.  And  every  plant  is  distinguished  in  this  way  by 
some  number  which  we  call  the  radical  number^  according 
to  which  its  organs  are  parted.  Now  in  the  Mock  Orange, 
or  Philadelphus,  although  the  stamens  seem  to  be  indefinite, 
still  the  radical  number  is  four.  The  stamens  occur  in  many 
circles,  with  four  in  each  circle,  so  that  these  are  also  in  fours. 
As  for  the  pistils,  they  are  evidently  four,  but  so  united  as 
to  form  apparently  but  one.  Examine  also  the  Bloodroot. 
Its  stamens  will  be  found  in  fours,  the  radical  number,  and 
the  stamens  of  the  Apple  will  be  found  in  fives.  So  the 
petals  of  Bloodroot  are  twice  four  (8),  and  of  the  Magnolia 
twice  three  (6),  or  three  times  three  (9). 

114.  It  is  therefore  a  general  law,  that  when  any  organ  is 

113.  Can  you  define  the  radical  number  of  the  flower?    What  is  it  in 
Circe  ?    Iris  ?    Flax  ?    How  is  it  in  Philadelphus  ?    How  in  Bloodroot  ? 

114.  State  the  law  of  multiplied  organs. 


64 


OBJECT  LESSONS   IN  BOTANY. 


multiplied,  its  new  number  is  only  a  repetition  of  the  radical 
number. 

115.  Also,  when  any  organ  is  diminished  in  number,  we 
find  generally  that  the  deficiency  is  only  apparent,  and  does 
not  interfere  with  the  law  of  the  radical  number.  Thus  in 
Philadelphus,  the  one  pistil  proves  to  be  four  growing  to- 
gether. In  the  Lady's-slipper,  the  radical  number  is  three, 
and  the  sepals  are  three,  although  the  two  lower  ones  are 
united  almost  to  the  tip  into  what  seems  but  one.  Thus  the 
true  number  is  often  curiously  disguised  hy  cohesions. 


195  s  196  197 

Fig.  195.  Flower  of  Aconitum  Napellus  displayed  ;  s,  s,  s,  «,  «,  tho  five  sepals,  the 

upper  one  hooded  ;  p,  p^  p,  the  five  petals,  of  which  the  two  upper  are  nectaries 

covered  by  the  hood,  and  the  three  lower  very  minute. 
Fiff.  196.  Flower  of  Catalpa,— two-lipped,  five-lobed. 
Fig.  197.  Corolla  laid  open,  showing  the  perfect  stamens  and  rudimentary. 

116.  Again,  the  five  petals  of  Monk's-hood  (Fig.  195)  are 
apparently  but  two,  while  three  of  them  are  so  very  small  as 
to  be  overlooked.     In  the  Mint  tribe,  as  Peppermint,  Cat- 

115.  How  docs  coliesion  interfere  with  the  radical  number  in  Philadelphus 
How  in  the  sepals  of  the  Moccasin  flower  ? 

110.  How  does  suppression  interfere  in  Monk's-hood?  In  the  Mint  tribe 
Catalpa  ?    Mustard  ?    What  tendency  do  you  see  in  all  these  cases  ? 


PLAN   OF   THE  FLOWER. 


65 


mint,  while  five-parted,  tlie  flowers  have  generally  but  four 
stamens;  but  on  close  observation  we  often  find  a  small 
rudiment  of  the  fifth  stamen  in  its  proper  place,  as  if  its 
(jrov)th  had  been  early  stopped.  And  in  Monarda  and  Catal- 
pa,  only  t^vo  stamens  grow  up  to  maturity,  while  three  are 
inere  rudiinents  (Fig.  202).  Nevertheless,  such  flowers  are 
said  to  be  unsymmetrical.  So  the  flowers  of  the  Mustard 
tribe.  The  stamens  are  in  two  rows  of  four  in  each  ;  but  ot 
the  outer  row  (or  circle)  two  were  checked  in  growth  (or 
suppressed^  as  the  botanists  say)  at  the  outset.  (See  Fig.  97.) 
The  tendency  to  symmetry  is  manifest  in  all  these  cases. 
117.   We  must  carefull}^  distinguish  between   the  terms 


unsyimnetrical  and  irregidar. 


The  former  refers  to  number 
only,  the  latter  to  form  and  size 
(Less.  XIY.).  The  Mustard 
flower  is  unsymmetrical,  but 
not  irregular.  The  Orchis  is 
irregular,  but  not  nnsymmet- 
rical.  Snap-dragon  is  both 
irregular  and  unsymmetrical. 


\, 


k  h     g   f     e        do 
Fig.  198.  Nymphsea  odorata. 
Fig.  199.  Petals  gradually  passing  into  stamens. 


118.    Here   is   a   figure   of  the  Water  Lily  (198),  and  a 
separate  view  of  its  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens.     Observe 


117.  What  diflference  between  unsymmetrical  and  irregular  ?    Examples 


66 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


how  the  form  of  the  slender  stamen  gradually  changes  to 
the  broad  petal,  the  anther  becoming  smaller  and  smaller. 
One  can  scarcely  say  where  it  ceases  to  be  a  stamen  and 
begins  to  be  a  petal.  So,  also,  the  petals  gradually  pass  into 
sepals,  and  in  other  plants,  Peony  for  instance,  the  sepals 
just  as  gradually  pass 
into  leaves.  (See  Class 
Book  of  Botany,  §  113.) 

119.  This  transforma- 
tion of  one  sort  of  organ 
into  another  (always 
from  stamen  hack  to- 
wards the  leaf)  is  quite 
common  among  culti- 
vated plants.  It  is  in 
this  manner  that  the 
Hose,  Carnation,  Peony, 
&c.,  become  double,  viz., 
by  the  stamens,  and  oft- 
en the  pistils  too,  becom- 
ing petals:  for  in  the 
wild  state  these  flowers  201  200 

have  but  five  petals.  Fig.  200.  Flower  of  Crowfoot. 

120.  From   these   ex-      -^^'  201.  Double  flower  of  the  same ;  the  sta- 
,  1       ,1  Ti        mens  and  pistils  have  become  petals. 

amples  and  others  like 

them,  we  conclude  that  the  different  organs  of  the  flower,  and 
the  leaf  also,  although  commonly  very  different,  have  all  one 
comtnon  naUire  and  origin  •  or,  in  other  words,  the  organs  of 
the  flower  may  all  be  considered  as  transformed  leaves. 

118.  Show  tlie  graduation  of  organs  in  Water  Lily. 

119.  How  do  the  Rose,  Peony,  &c.,  become  double  ? 

120.  What  great  principle  is  derived  from  these  facts  ? 


OF  THE  PISTILS. 


67 


LESSON    XVIII 

OF  THE  PISTILS. 


Fig.  202.  Section  of  flower  of  Strawberry, — ovaries  many,  on  a  raised  torue. 
Fig.  203.  Section  of  a  Kose, — ovaries  sunk  into  a  hollow  torus. 

121.  The  pistils  occupy  the  centre  of  the  flower,  at  the  end 
or  centre  of  the  torus.  Their  number  varies  in  different 
plants  from  one  to  one  hundred,  or  more.  When  they  are 
several  they  stand  arranged  in  a  circle  like  the  other  organs. 
When  they  are  many  they  are  commonly  heaped  together  in 
a  spiral  manner,  and  raised  on  the  conical  torus,  as  in  Butter- 
cup, Strawberry,  or  sunk  into  the  cavity  of  a  hollow  one,  as 
in  Rose.     (See  Figs.  202,  203.) 

122.  The  pistil  consists,  plainly,  of  three  parts,  as  may  be 
seen  in  Fig.  204.  At  the  top  is  the  stigma  (5),  at  base  is  tlie 
ova7'y  (0),  and  between  them  is  the  style  {sty).    The  style 

121.  In  what  part  of  the  flower  are  the  pistils  situated?  What  is  their 
number  ?  their  arrangement  ?     How  situated  in  the  Rose  ? 

133.  Please  describe  the  pistil  and  each  of  its  parts.  In  -what  case  is  the 
stiffma  sessile  ? 


68 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


O. 


being  a  mere  stalk,  like  the  filament  of  a  stamen  or 
the  petiole  of  a  leaf,  may,  like  them  also,  be  wanting, 
without  loss  to  the  pistil.  In  this  case  the  stigma  is 
sessile  (sitting)  upon  the  ovary,  as  in  the  pistils  of 
Anemone  (Fig.  207),  and  of  Trillium  (Fig.  206). 


205 


206 


207 


Fig.  204.  Pistil  of  Tobacco. 

Fig.  205.  Pistil,  stamens,  and  calyx  of  Azalea. 

Fig.  206.  Trillium, — stigmas  {d)  and  anthers  (s)  nearly  sessile. 

Fig.  207.  Pistils  of  Eue  Anemone  {A.  tMlict7'oides) ^—sti^maa  sessile. 

123.  The- ovary  is  a  kind  of  sac  or  case,  enclosing  the 
ovules  (see  Fig.  215,  where  there  is  but  one,  or  in  Fig.  209, 
where  there  are  five,  and  Fig.  202,  where  there  are  many 
ovaries.)  When  full  grown,  the  ovary  becomes  the  fruit,  and 
the  ovules  the  seeds. 

124.  It  is  very  important  to  distinguish  between  the  simple 
and  the  compound  pistil,  for  when  there  are  several  in  the 
same  flower  they  often  grow  together,  forming  a  single  body 
with  members  more  or  less  distinct.     As  the  petals   grow 


123.  Describe  the  ovary  and  the  ovules. 

124.  Name  an  important  distinction  in  ovaries.    When  is  the  ovary  or 
pistil  compound  ? 


OF   THE   PISTILS. 


69 


Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
nited 
Fig. 
Fig. 


209  210 

208.  Simple  pistil  of  Larkspur. 

209.  The  five  simple  pistils  of  Columbine,  all  distinct. 

210.  The  three  pistils  of  a  St.  Johnswort, — ovaries  united  but  styles  distinct. 

211.  Compound  pistil  of  another  St.  Johnswort,  the  three  pistils  entirely 

212.  Flax, — the  five  ovaries  united  but  the  styles  distinct. 

213.  Pink, — the  two  ovaries  united,  styles  distinct. 

214.  Saxifrage, — the  two  pistils  slightly  united. 


together,  forming  a  inoiiopetalons  corolla,  so  the  pistils  may 
combine  into  a  compound  joistil.  The  parts  of  such  a  pistil 
are  conveniently  called  carpels. 

125.  As  to  the  extent  of  this  union  of  the  pistils,  it  is  found 
in  all  possible  degrees,  always  beginning  at  base  and  pro- 
ceeding upwards.  For  example,  in  Columbine  (Fig.  209), 
the  five  carpels  (pistils)  are  entirely  distinct ;  in  Early  Saxi- 
frage (Fig.  214),  the  two  carpels  are  united  at  the  base;  in 
Pink  (Fig.  213),  the  tw^o  unite  to  the  top  of  the  ovary,  leav- 
ing the  styles  distinct ;  so  also  in  Flax  (Fig.  212) ;  in  Even- 
ing Primrose,  the  four  pistils  cohere  to  the  top  of  the  style, 
leaving  the  stigmas  distinct ;  and  finally,  in  the  Lily,  the 
three  carpels  are  united  throughout.     (See  Figs.  209-214.) 

126.  We  may  know  the  number  of  carj^els  in  a  compound 


125.  As  to  the  cohesion  or  union  of  pistils, — how  is  it  in  Columbine?  \\\ 
Pink?  in  Early  Saxifrage?  Evening  Primrose?  Lily? 


'0  OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


pistil  by  tlie  number  of  separate  styles,  or  by  tlie  separate 
stigmas,  or  by  the  lobes  of  the  stigma  or  ovary,  or  by  the 
number  of  cells  in  the  ovary,  or  (when  only  one  cell)  by  the 
number  of  seed-rows.  Thus  the  three-lobed  stigma  or  ovary 
of  the  Lily  indicates  a  triple  pistil,  also  the  three  stigmas  ol 
the  Spring  Beauty,  and  the  three  seed-rows  in  the  Violet. 
(See  Fig.  229.) 


215  216 

Fig.  215.  Section  of  the  flower  of  Alcliemilla,  showing  the  stamens  perigynous, 
tlie  style  single,  simple,  and  lateral. 

Fig.  216.  Section  of  flower  of  Jefi'ersonia, — stamens  hypogynous,  pistil  single, 
tsimple,  with  one  seed-row. 

127.  But  when  the  pistils  remain  separate  and  distinct  w€i 
call  each  one  a  simple  pistil.  Thus  in  Columbine  (Fig.  209) 
there  are  five  simple  pistils ;  in  Anemone  (Fig.  207),  and  in 
Buttercups,  many  ;  while  in  Cherry,  Peach,  Bean,  Alchemilla, 
and  JefFersonia,  there  is  just  one  simple  pistil  in  each  flower. 
Such  a  pistil  is  usually  of  an  irregular  form,  with  its  style 
lateral  (on  one  side),  and  only  one  seed  or  seed-row.  (See  Figs. 
215,  216.) 

126.  Please  tell  us  how  you  detect  tlie  number  of  carpels  in  tlie  compound 
ovary  of  Spring  Beauty  ;  of  Lily ;  of  Violet. 

127.  What  peculiarity  in  the  form  of  a  simple  pistil? 


TWO  KINDS  OF  BUDS. 


ri 


LESSON    XIX. 

HOW  THE  LEAVES  ARE  FOLDED  IN  THE  BUD 


^Estivation.— i^i^.  217.  Valvate  calyx,  as  of  Mallow.  Fig.  218.  Sepals  of  Holly- 
hock,— valvate-reduplicate.  Fig.  219.  Sepals  of  Clematis,— valvate-induplicate. 
Ftg.  220.  Petals  of  Flax,— contorted.  Fig.  221.  Petals  of  Wild  Rose,— qnincuntial. 
Fig.  222.  Petals  and  sepals  of  Lily  or  Tulip.  Fig.  223.  Petals  of  Wall-flower,— 
convolute.     Fig.  22^.  Petals  of  Pea, — vexillary. 

128.  There  is  the  leaf-hud^  consisting  of  many  scales  and 
young  leaves,  folded  up  in  such  a  manner  as  to  occupy  as 
little  space  as  possible ;  and  the  fiower-hud.,  consisting  of  the 
organs  of  the  flower  in  their  early  state,  also  closely  packed. 
Now  if  you  study  the  arrangement  of  the  pieces  composing 
the  bud  of  either  sort,  you  will  be  surprised  and  delighted 
with  its  variety  and  elegance.  As  each  species  of  plant  has 
the  same  invariable  mode  of  folding  in  all  its  buds,  this  study 
well  becomes  a  matter  of  science. 


Less.  XIX. — What  is  the  subject  of  this  Lesson? 
138.  Two  kinds  of  buds ;  please  describe  each. 


72  OBJECT   LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


129.  With  a  sharp  knife  let  iis  make  a  cross-section  (that 
is,  a  cut  square  across)  of  a  flower-bud  just  ready  to  open  ; 
we  may  thus  obtain  some  such  views  as  are  here  drawn. 
For  example,  in  Fig.  217,  we  have  the  valvate  arrangement. 
Here  the  pieces  comjDOsing  the  circle  barely  touch  each  other 
b}'  the  edges,  as  in  the  sepals  of  Mallows,  petals  of  Lilac, 
valves  of  a  seed-vessel.     (See,  also.  Figs.  218,  219.) 

130.  In  the  Phlox,  Flax,  Oleander,  we  find  a  tw^isted  or 
contorted  arrangement  of  the  petals  (Fig.  220),  where  each 
piece  overlaps  the  next,  all  in  one  direction. 

131.  The  bud  is  said  to  be  imbricated^  when  some  of  the 
pieces  are  wdiolly  outside,  covering  by  the  two  edges  others 
which  are  wholly  inside.  But  this  may  take  place  in  various 
ways.  See  how  it  is  in  the  petals  of  the  Eglantine,  or  Apple 
(Fig.  221).  Here  two  petals  are  outside,  two  inside,  and  one 
partly  both.  In  the  Tulip,  one  sepal  is  outside,  07ie  inside, 
and  one  partly  both.  And  just  so  with  its  three  petals 
(Fig.  222). 

132.  The  bud  is  convolute  when  each  leaf  wholly  involves 
all  that  are  within  it,  as  do  the  petals  of  Magnolia  and  Wall- 
flower (Fig.  223) ;  and  it  is  vexillary  in  the  Pea  tribe,  where 
only  the  outside  petal,  larger  than  the  rest,  infolds  them  all 
(Fig.  22i). 

133.  The  plicate  arrangement  is  found  in  monopetalous 
flowers,  as  in  Thornapple,  Potato,  where  the  corolla  is  folded 
in  a  manner  somewhat  like  a  fan. 

129.  How  do  we  prepare  a  bud  for  examination  ?  Wliat  do  you  under- 
stand bj  a  cross-section  ?    Define  the  valvate  arrangement,  with  examples. 

130.  What  aestivation  do  we  find  in  Flax,  Phlox,  &c.  ? 

131.  What  is  the  imbricated  aestivation?  Describe  it  in  the  petoJs  oj 
Tulip  ;  Apple  ;  Eglantine. 

133.  How  are  the  petals  arranged  in  the  bud  of  Wall-flower  ? 
133.  How  in  the  flower  of  Thornapple  ?  or  Potato  ? 


VERNATION. 


73 


134.  The  pupil  should  make  himself  well  acquainted  with 
these  seven  modes  of  (Bstivaiion  (so  the  botanists  call  it). 
Other  modes  are  described  in  larger  works.  (Class  Book  of 
Botany,  p.  79.) 

135.  Also  in  the  leaf-bud  we  find  similar  modes  of  leaf- 
folding  (here  called  vernation^  from  the  Latin  veimus,  spring, 
as  CBstivatlon  is  from  cestivus^  summer).  The  figures  follow- 
ing represent  cross-sections  of  various  sorts  of  leaf-buds.  In 
the  bud  of  Sycamore  the  infolding  scales  are  imbricate,  but 
the  young  leaves  within  are  somewhat  plicate. 

136.  In  the  leaf-bud  of  Cherry  (Fig.  230)  we  find  the  con- 
volute vernation,  similar  to  the  (Estivation  of  Wall-flower. 
The  leaf-bud  of  Lilac  (Fig.  231)  gives  us  another  form  of 
imbricate. 


Vernation. — Fig.  225.  Unfolding  leaf-bud  of  Tulip-tree,— reclinate.  Fig.  22G. 
Fern  leaf-bud,— circinute.  Fig.  227.  Sedge, — equitant.  Fig.  228.  Sage, — obvolute. 
Fig.  229.  Iris,— equitant. 

137.  Fig.  229  represents  the  vernation  of  Iris,  and  Fig.  227, 
of  a  Sedge-grass.     Both  are  equitant  (which  means,  in  Latin, 


134.  What  is  the  meaning  of  the  word  cestivation? 

135.  What  is  the  meaning  of  the  word  vernation  ? 
vernation  in  Sycamore  leaf-bud. 

136.  In  the  leaf-bud  of  Cherry  ;  Lilac. 

137.  What  of  the  equitant  vernation  t 


Please  describe  the 


74 


OBJECT   LESSONS   IN  BOTANY. 


riding  horseback).     Each  leaf,  first  on  this  corner,  then  on 
that,  infolds  or  overlays  all  that  is  within  it. 

138.  Ohvolute  vernation  appears  in  the  leaf-bud  of  Sage 
(Fig.  228),  where  each  leaf  infolds  onl}^  half  of  the  blade  of 
its  opposite  leaf. 


234 

Vernation.— i^/^.  280.  Cherry  leaf-bnd,— convolute.  Fig.  231.  Lilac,— imbricate. 
Fig.  232.  Birch  leaf,— plicate.  Fig.  233.  Dock,— revolute.  Fig.  234.  Balm-of-Gil- 
ead, — involute. 

139.  In  the  bnd  of  Dock  (Fig.  233)  we  find  the  yonng 
leaves  revolute^  or  rolled  backwards  from  both  edges ;  but  in 
the  bud  of  Balm-of-Gilead  (Fig.  234)  they  are  involute^  or 
rolled  inwards  from  both  edges.  This  is  best  seen  under  a 
microscope  of  one  lens,  i.  ^.,  a  single  microscope. 

140.  In  the  bud  of  Tulip-tree  (Fig.  225)  each  leaf  is  recli- 
nate^  being  bent  over  forward  and  infolding  all  within  it; 
and  in  the  Fern  (Fig.  226)  it  is  ch^cinate,  or  coiled  from  the 
top  downwards,  like  a  watch-spring. 


138.  Tlieobvohite? 

139.  What  tlie  vernation  of  Dock  ?  of  Balm-of-Gilead  ? 

140.  Please  describe  the  reclinate ;  the  clrcinate. 


INFLORESCENCE. 


75 


LESSON    XX. 

HOW   THE  FLOWERS  ARE  ARRANGED  ON   THE  PLANT. 

0.41.  We  may  uovr  devote  one  or  two  lessons  to  the  arrange 
iiient  and  position  of  tlie  flowers  upon  the  plant,  a  subject  to 
which  botanists  give  the  name  of  inflorescence. 


Fig.  235.  Staphylea  trifolia;  a  pendulous,  paniculate  cyme. 
Fig.  236.  Catalpa;  a  panicle. 

142.  Every  one  has  observed  such  facts  as  the  follow- 
ing, namely,  that  flowers  are  sometimes  alone,  and  often  ii» 
clusters ;  that  they  are  sometimes  raised  on  stalks,  and  some 

141,  What  is  tlie  meaning  of  tlie  word  injlore&cence? 

142.  What  common  facts  in  inflorescence  does  everybody  notice? 


76  OBJECT   LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


times  sessile  (or  without  stalks) ;  and  that  they  may  arise 
from  terminal  buds,  or  from  axillary.  With  the  meaning  of 
the  words  terminal  and  axillary  you  were  made  acquainted 
in  Lesson  IX. 

143.  The  stalk  which  supports  the  flower,  or  the  cluster  of 
flowers,  w^e  cslU  peduncle.  Now  the  peduncle  may  be  either 
simple,  bearing  a  single  flower,  or  divided  into  branches  and 
bearing  a  cluster  of  flowers.  In  the  latter  case,  the  branches 
or  branchlets  are  called  pedicels. 

144.  When  the  peduncle  arises  from  terminal  buds  it 
seems  like  a  continuation  of  the  main  stem,  as  in  Foxglove, 
Horse-chestnut ;  and  when  from  axillary  buds,  it  comes  out 
from  the  side  of  the  stem  just  above  a  leaf,  as  in  the  Cur- 
rant. Sometimes  it  arises  from  the  root  or  some  under- 
ground part  of  the  stem,  and  then  we  generally  call  it  a 
scape.  Thus  the  flower-stalk  of  Tulip  is  a  scape ;  also  of  the 
Dodecatheon. 

145.  The  flower  is  said  to  be  solitary,  not  only  when  alone 
on  the  plant,  but  also  when  alone  in  the  axil  of  a  leaf,  as  in 
Fuchsia,  Morning-glory,  Petunia. 

146.  Among  clustered  flowers,  you  w^ill  often  meet  with 
the  following  twelve  varieties  of  inflorescence,  which  we 
must  now  try  to  represent  and  describe.  We  begin  with  the 
spike,  such  a  cluster  as  we  see  in  the  Plantain,  Mullen,  &c. 
We  may  define  it  thus:  A  long  peduncle  (called  rachis), 
ha  vino;  sessile  flowers  arrano^ed  alons^  its  sides.  But  before 
we  go  further  with  inflorescence,  w^e  must  examine  the  bracts 
which  accompany  it. 

143.  Flesise  deRne  peduncle ;  tdso  pedicel. 

144.  When  are  the  flowers  terminal  ?  axillary  ?    Define  scape. 

145.  Why  is  the  flower  called  solitary  in  Fuchsia,  Petunia,  &c.  ? 

146.  Define  a  spike.    Explain  to  us  the  rachis. 


INFLORESCENCE. 


77 


237. 


Bracts  (b,  J,  b).  Fig.  237.  Cornus  Canadensis,  with  an  involucre  of  four  colored 
bracts.  Fiff.  238.  Hepatica  triloba,  with  an  involucre  of  three  green  bracts.  Fi^. 
23y.  Calla  palustris,  with  a  colored  spathe  of  one  bract,  inclosing  the  spadix. 

147.  Bracts  are  evidently  of  the  same  nature  as  leaves, 
differing  only  in  tlieir  diminished  size,  and  in  their  jDOsition 
on  the  flower-stalks,  or  near  the  flowers.  They  are  some- 
times colored  as  brightly  as  flov»xrs,  as  in  Painted-cup,  or  in 
Balm.  When  several  bracts  are  ari-ano^ed  in  a  whorl  at  the 
base  of  the  cluster  of  flowers,  an  involucre  is  formed,  such  as 
we  find  in  , Carrot,  and  most  of  the  Umbelworts  (Fig.  244). 
In  the  riowerins:  Doo:wood  the  laro^e  involucre  is  colored 
white. 

148.  Next  in  resemblance  to  the  spike  is  the  spadm%  an 
inflorescence  seen  in  the  Calla  (Fig.  237),  Golden-club  (Fig. 
241),  and  Cat-tail.  It  may  be  defined  as  a  thickened,  club- 
elia})ed  spike,  often  with  a  large  bract  (called  spathe)  at  base, 
as  in  Jack-in-the-pulpit,  or  without  a  spathe,  as  in  Fig.  241. 


147.  What  sort  of  leaves  grow  on  the  peduncles,  if  any  ?    Define  bracts 
What  is  an  involucre?    How  is  it  in  Cornus? 


78 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


Fig.  240.  Lady's-tresses  (Spiranthes), — flowers  in  a  twisted  spike. 

Fig.  241.  Golden-club  [Orontium)^ — flowers  in  a  spadix  with  no  ?pi.tilie. 

Fig.  242.  Birch  {Betula), —liower^  in  aments. 

149.  An  ament^  called  also  catldn^  is  a  more  slender  and 
delicate  spike,  tilled  witli  colored  scales  and  flowers,  and  all 
falling  together  without  separating,  such  as  adorn  the  Birches 
(Fig.  242),  Willows,  and  Poplars  in  early  spring.  The  Hop 
also  bears  aments. 


LESSON    XXI. 

THE   INFLORESCENCE,   CONTINUED. 

150.  The  flowers  of  the  Black  Cherry,  Currant,  Foxglove 
Locust,  and  Moth-mullen  are  in  racemes.  The  raceme,  then, 
is  a  rachis  bearing  its  flowers  on  distinct,  simple  pedicels 

148,  149.  Can  you  define  the  spike  ?  ament  ?  spadix  ?  and  spathe  ? 
150.  Please  name  and  describe  the  inflorescence  of  Black  Cherry. 


INFLORESCENCE.  70 


(not  sessile,  as  in  the  spike).     It  is  often  pendulous,  often 
erect. 


242a  243 

Fig.  242.  Secund  (one-sided)  raceme  of  Andromeda  racemosa. 
Fig.  243.  Pendulous  raceme  of  Currant. 

151.  The  corymh  differs  from  the  raceme  in  having  the 
lower  pedicels  lengthened  so  as  to  elevate  all  the  flowers  to 
about  the  same  level,  as  in  the  Yarrow  or  Wild  Thorn. 

152.  The  umhel  appears  in  Milkweed,  Onion,  Ginseng,  &c. 
It  consists  of  several  pedicels  of  similar  length,  all  arising 
from  the  same  point  at  top  of  the  peduncle.  But  in  Car- 
away, Carrot,  and  most  of  the  Umbelworts  (Fig,  244:),  the 
umbels  are  compound^  as  if  each  of  the  pedicels  had  become 


151.  How  does  a  corymb  differ  from  a  raceme  ? 

152.  Please  name  and  describe  tlie  inflorescence  of  the  Milkweed.     How 


80 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


itself  an  umbel.  These  secondary 
umbels  we  call  icmhellets.  At  the 
base  of  the  umbel  there  is  usually  a 
whorl  of  bracts  forming  an  involucre 
(«),  and  often  also  at  the  base  of 
each  umbellet  (Z>),  when  we  call  it  an 
hivohicel. 

153.  The  fine  flowers  of  tlie  Ca- 
talpa  are  in  jpanicles  (Fig.  235),  also 
the  flowers  of  Oats.  We  may  describe 
a  panicle  as  if  a  raceme  should  have 
its  pedicels  irregularly  branched. 

154.  A  cluster  resembling  a  pani- 
cle, but  more  compact,  such  as  j^ou 
see  in  Lilac,  is  called  a  thyrse. 

155.  A  head  of  flowers,  such  as  we 
see  in  Clover  or  the  Button-bush, 
hardly  needs  description.  We  might  say  that  the  head  is  a 
reduced  umbel,  having  its  flowers  all  sessile  at  the  top  of  the 
peduncle. 

156.  The  great  family  of  the  Asterworts  lias  all  its  flowers 
in  heads,  so  dense  and  so  nicely  arranged  as  to  be  easily  mis- 
taken for  a  single  flower.  But  if  you  carefully  examine  such 
a  head,  say  of  an  Aster,  or  especially  of  a  Sunflower,  you 
will  see  that  it  is  composed  of  many  little  flowers  or  florets. 
The  florets  of  the  outer  row  are  enlarged  and  open,  so  as  to 


Fig.  244.  Compound  umbel 
of  Sweet  Cicely  {Osmorhlza). 


does  that  of  Carrot  differ?  What  is  an  umbellet?  What  the  whorl  of 
bracts  at  the  base  of  the  umbellets  ? 

153.  Please  describe  the  panicle.     154.  The  thyrse.     155.  The  head. 

156.  What  the  inflorescence  of  the  Asterworts  ?  How  is  the  head  of  Aster 
made  to  resemble  a  single  flower  ?  What  the  florets  of  the  ray  ?  What  the 
florets  of  the  disk  ? 


INFLORESCENCE. 


81 


resemble  the  petals  of  one 
corolla,  and  the  involucre, 
formed  of  many  imbricated 
scales,  resembles  a  calyx.  This 
head  is  often  called  a  com- 
found  fioioer.  The  outer  flo- 
rets are  the  florets  of  the  ray^ 
the  interior  are  the  florets  of 
the  dish.  See  all  this  illus- 
trated in  Figs.  245-250. 

157.  The  forms  of  inflo- 
rescence heretofore  described 
result  from  axillary  buds ; 
but  the  three  following  come 
from  terminal  buds.  Cyme  is 
the  general  name  given  to  all 
the  forms  of  terminal  inflores- 
cence. You  may  recognize 
them  by  the  order  in  which 
the  flowers  open.  Thus,  in 
the  cyme,  the  terminal  and  central  flowers  open  flrst,  but  in 
the  forms  before  mentioned,  the  lower  and  outer  flowers  first. 

158.  When  the  cyme  is  spreading  and  level-topped,  we  call 
it  a  cymous  corymh^  as  in  the  common  Elder ;  and  when  not 
level  topped,  it  may  become  a  cymous  panicle^  as  in  Chick- 
weed  (Fig.  251),  Spergula,  and  Stafi*-tree  (Fig.  234). 

159.  The  scorpoid  cyme  is  a  very  remarkable  form  of  in- 

157.  Are  the  forms  hitherto  described  terminal  or  axillary  ?  Please  define 
ihe  cyme. 

158.  Cymose  corymb  ;  Cymose  panicle. 

159.  What  is  a  scorpoid  cyme?  Name  and  describe  the  inflorescence  of 
Baucli  Pink  ;  the  inflorescence  of  Catmint. 

4* 


Fig.  245.  Head  of  Blue  Milkweed 
{Mulgedlum) ;  all  its  florets  are  ligulate. 
Fig.  246.  A  view  of  one  of  them  remain- 
ing on  the  receptacle.  Fig.  247.  A  fruit 
crowned  with  its  pappus. 

Fig.  248.  Heads  of  Ironweed  {Verno- 
nia) ;  all  its  florets  are  tubular.  Fig.  249. 
One  of  them  remaining  on  the  receptacle. 
Fig.  250.  Fruit. 


82 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


Fig.  251.  Cyme  of  Chickweed  {Stellaria  media).  First,  the  terminal  flower  {a) 
opened;  secondly,  from  the  axils  of  its  highest  leaves  arose  two  branches,  and  ter- 
minated in  the  flowers  h,  h\  thirdly,  from  their  highest  axils  arose  the  flowers  c,  <j, 
c,  c,  from  whose  axils  a  fourth  set  is  seen  to  start,  and  so  on. 

Fig.  252.  Scorpoid  cyme  of  Forget-me-not  {Myosotis  palustris). 

florescence,  as  shown  in  Pink-root  and  Forget-me-not  (Fig. 
252).  Before  flowering  it  is  coiled  from  the  tip  down- 
wards, and  it  uncoils  as  it  blossoms.  In  its  nature  it  is  a 
half-cyme.     The  fascicle  is  a  densely  packed  cyme,  as  seen 


259 


260        25S 


257 


E-iagrams  of  the  forms  of  axillary  inflorescence,  showing  how  they  gradually  pas^i 
into  each  other.  Fig.  253.  Spike.  Fig.  254.  Eaceme.  Fig.  255.  Corymb.  Fig.  25fi. 
Umbel.  Fig.  257.  Panicle.  Fig.  258.  Compound  corymb.  Fig.  260.  Iload.  Fig. 
859.  Componnd  umbel. 


OF  THE   FRUIT. 


83 


in  Bunch  Pink  or  Pycnanthemum.  The  glomeride  is  a  small, 
dense  cyme  appearing  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  as  in  Cat- 
mint and  the  Mint  tribe  gererallj. 

160.  The  preceding  diagrams  may  be  carefully  studied. 
They  will  convey  a  general  idea  of  all  these  forms  of  inflo- 
rescence, and  how  they  are  related  to  each  other. 


LESSON   XXII. 

CONCERNING    THE    FRUIT. 

161.  The  flower  is  of  short  duration.     After  a  few  hours 
or  a  few  days  of  blooming  beautj^,  it  fades  and  disappears. 


Fig.  2G1.  Fruit  of  Currant,— a  berry. 


Fig.  262.  Fruit  of  Maple, — fcaman^ 


160.  Please  exx->lain  til©  diagrams  353-260. 


84 


OBJECT   LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


The  stamens  and  petals  have  accomplished  their  work,  and 
are  dead.  The  sepals  also,  when  colored  like  petals,  are 
dead.  But  the  pistil,  especially  the  ovary,  yet  remains  in  its 
place,  living  and  growing  until  the  seeds  which  it  contains 
are  perfect. 

162.  Thus  the  fruit  is  the  ovary  or  pistils  brought  to  per- 
fection. 

163.  During  the  growth  and  ripening  of  the  pistil,  great 
and  manifold  changes  occur,  so  that  at  last  the  fruit  is  very 
different  in  form,  size,  substance,  and  color.  The  little  pistil 
in  the  flower  of  the  Cherry  must  undergo  a  great  alteration 
in  becoming  a  plump  Ox-heart ! 


Fig.  263,  An  umbel  of  Cherry  blossoms, — namely,  a  bud,  an  entire  flower,  and  a 
BftCticn  showing  the  one  pistil  and  the  perigynous  stamens. 

Fig.  264.  The  drupe,  cut  through  to  show  the  stone  and  one  seed. 

Fig.  265.  A  corymb  of  Strawberry, — flower  and  fruit.  The  aehenia  are  seen  on  the 
surface  of  the  fruit,  which  is  only  the  overgrown  torus. 

161.  Can  you  tell  us  what  parts  of  the  flower  perish  ?  What  parts  remain 
in  place  and  still  grow  ? 

162.  How  do  you  Refine  the  fruit  ? 

163.  Mention  some  of  the  changes  occurring  from  ovary  to  fruit. 


OF  THE  FRUIT. 


85 


Fig.  267.    Tryma,- 
of  Red  Oak. 


164.  In  the  fruit  we  see  the  end  and 
aim  of  plant-life  accomplished,  accord- 
ing to  the  wise  and  good  design  of  the 
great  Creator.  While  it  serves  to  re- 
produce and  keep  alive  the  plants  upon 
the  earth,  it  also  serves  as  food  for  ani- 
mals and  for  man. 

165.  It  is  cnrions  to  observe  how  dif-  p^  gee. 
ferent  are  the  parts  of  the  fruit  which  Cherry. 
in  different  plants  become  food.  In  the 
Apple,  we  eat  the  calyx  which  liere 
adheres  to  the  ovary,  and  in  ripening  was  thickened  and  en- 
larged by  the  nutritious  substance.  In  the  Strawberry,  we 
eat  the  enlarged,  pulpy 
torus,  which  bears,  all 
over  its  surface,  the  little 
dry,  seed-like  fruit.  In 
Peach,  the  luscious  mor- 
sel is  the  outer  coats  of 
the  ovary  itself;  and  in 
the  Orange,  it  is  the  in- 


ner  coat.      In    the   J^ut, 


Fig.  26S.  Etserio,— a  Blackberry. 
Fig.  269.  Capsule  of  Violet,  open. 


Pea,   Wheat,    and    most 

plants,     the     nourishing 

matter  is  laid  up  in  the  seeds,  while  the  carpels  ripen  into 

a  dry  fruit. 

166.  The  fruit  consists  of  the  seeds  and  the  seed-vessels. 
The  word  pericarp  means  the  same  as  seed-vessel.     When 

164.  Mention  some  of  the  uses  of  the  fruit. 

1G5.  Can  you  tell  us  what  part  of  the  Apple  is  eaten?  What  part  of  the 
Strawberry  is  the  eatable  part  ?  What  part  of  the  Peach  ?  the  Orange  ?  In 
what  part  is  the  nutritious  matter  deposited  in  the  Pea?  Wheat  ?  Almond? 


86 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN   BOTANY. 


tlie  pericarp  is  ripe,  it  may  open  in  some  special  manner  of 
itself  and  discharge  tlie  seeds ;  or  it  may  have  no  prc\^ision 
for  opening,   and  remain  closed  until   it   grows  or  decays 


Fig.  270.  Achenia  of  Kue  Anemone,  in  a  head. 

Fig.  'ill.  Fruit  of  Carawa}',  consisting  of  two  achenia. 

Fig.  272.  Kernel  of  Wheat, — a  sort  of  acheiiinm  called  cariopsis. 

Fig.  273.  Fruit  of  Thistle, — another  sort  of  achenium,  crowned  with  a  pappus 
which  serves  as  wings. 

Fig.  274.  Fruit  of  Elm, — a  samara,  or  winged  achenium. 

lig.  21b.  Fruit  of  Beech, — two  nuts,  inclosed  in  the  burr. 

Fig.  276.  The  Peach  (a  drupe),— cut  open,  showing  the  seed  inclosed  in  its  stone, 
and  the  stone  in  the  thick  pulp. 

Fig.  277.  Fruit  of  Pigweed, — a  one-seeded  pericarp  called  ntricle. 

Fig.  278.  Fruit  of  India  Strawberry,— a  fleshy  torus  bearing  the  achenia  outside. 

Fruits  that  open  we  will  call  dehiscent  fruits,  and  those 
which  do  not  open,  indehiscent.  We  will  first  study  some  of 
the  forms  of  indehiscent  fruits,  arranged  as  follows : 

167.  First  Division  :  Fruits  indehiscent, 
namely,  Achenium,  Samaka,  Glans. 


one-seeded,  dry 


166.  Of  what  two  parts  does  the  fruit  consist  ?    What  is  a  deliiscent  fruit  t 
indeliiscent  ? 


OF  THE  FRUIT. 


87 


279 


Second  ^Division :  Fruits  indchiscent,  one-seeded,  fleshy  ; 
namely,  Drupe,  Tryma,  Et^rio. 

Third  Division  :  Fruits  indehiscent,  several-seeded  ;  name- 
ly, Bkrry,  Pkpo,  Pome. 

168.  The  achenium  is  such  a  fruit  as  we  find  in  Butter- 
cups, Anemone,  Sage.  Usually  there  are  several  produced 
together  from  one  flower.  We  must  not  mistake  them  for 
seeds.  They  are  pericarps,  each  inclosing  one  seed,  as  you 
see  in  the  figures.  The  grain  of  Wheat  or  Corn  (called  cariop- 
sis)  is  much  the  same,  but  the  one  seed  cannot  be  separated 
from  the  pericarp. 

169.  The  samara  is  mere- 
ly an  achenium  with  a  wing, 
as  in  Ash,  Elm,  Maple.  The 
latter  fruit  is  a  double  sa- 
mara. 

170.  A  glans  (or  nut)  is 
such  a  fruit  as  Acorn,  Chest- 
nut, Hazelnut,  much  like 
achenium,  but  larger,  and 
seated  in  a  cup  or  invo- 
lucre. 

171.  A  drupe  is  such  a 
fleshy  fruit  as  the  Cherry 
or  Peach.  It  is  well  called 
a  stone-fruit.     The  stone  in- 


F\g.  279.  Maple,— a  double  samara. 
Fig.  280.  Pear,— a  pepo. 
Fig.  281.  Gooseberry,  cut  across;  an  en- 
closes  the   one   seed,    and   is    larged  view,  showing  the  seeds  lying  in 

itself  inclosed    in    a    iuicy  ^  ^Jl"  o*  o    t?    •.    ^  u    , 

J        J        Ji'tg.  282.    Iruit    of   Henbane, — a    pyxis 
pulp.  with  its  lid  open. 


167.  Please  define  our  first  division  of  fruits.    Wliat  special  fruits  belong 
to  it  ?    the  second,  &c. ;  the  third,  &c. 


88  OBJECT   LESSONS   IN  BOTANY. 


172.  Tnjma  is  the  name  for  such  fruits  as  Walnut,  Cocoa- 
nitt.  Like  the  drupe,  it  has  a  stony  seed- shell,  but  its  outer 
coat  is  rather  woody  than  pulpy. 

173.  Such  fruit  as  the  Raspberry  or  Blackbeny  we  call 
etmrio.  It  consists  of  many  little  fleshy  drupes  growing  fast 
together  or  to  the  torus.  In  the  Blackberry  they  grow  to 
the  torus  (Fig.  268). 

174.  The  terry  is  a  thin-skinned,  pulpy  fruit,  holding  its 
several  seeds  loose  in  the  pulp,  as  Currant,  Grape  (Fig.  261). 
The  Orange,  &c.,  is  much  like  a  berry,  but  on  account  of  its 
thick  rind  has  been  called  by  another  name  (hesperidium). 

175.  Pej)0  is  such  a  fruit  as  Squash,  many-seeded,  with  a 
hard,  crusty  rind. 

176.  Pome^  the  Apple,  Pear,  Haw,  a  fleshy  fruit  with  sev- 
eral distinct  cells.  Here  the  fleshy  calyx  grows  fast  to  the 
ovaries ;  while  in  the  Hip^  or  Eose-fruit,  the  fleshy  calyx 
merely  incloses  the  ovaries,  as  seen  in  Fig.  203. 


LESSON    XXIII. 

FRUITS,  CONTINUED. 

177.  The  dehiscent  pericarp, — that  is,  those  which  open  to 
discharge  the  seeds, — are  generally  dry  fruits,  known  as  pods. 
The  various  forms  have  the  following  names :  Pyxis,  Folli- 
cle, Legume,  Silique,  Capsule. 

168-176.  Tlie  student  will  now  please  define  and  name  tlie  fruit  of  Butter- 
cups,  Corn,  Ash,  Maple,  Oak,  Hazel,  Plum,  Walnut,  Baspberry,  Grape, 
Orange,  Squash,  Pear,  Haw,  and  Rose. 

177.  Please  give  the  names  of  the  dehiscent  pericarps. 


FORMS  OF  FRUITS. 


89 


178.  Thepi/xts  is  the  most  curious  and  singular  of  all  pods. 

It  opens  crosswise  by  a  lid,  like  a  snuff-box.     Fig.  '2S4:  is  the 

likeness  of  the  pyxis  of  Kheumatism-root,  common  in  Ohio. 

It  is  formed  of  07ie  carpel  only.     Fig.  282  is  the  pyxis  of 

Henbane,  formed  of  two  carpels.     So  the  pyxis 


of  Poor-man's-weather-glass   (Anagallis,    F 
3tl:-i)  is  formed  of  several  carpels. 


Iff. 


288.  A  follicle  of  Milkweed  (Asdepias). 
Fig.  284.   A  pyxis, — fruit  of  Jeifersonia,  the  Kheumatism-root. 
Fig.  285.  A  pair  of  follicles, — the  fruit  of  the  Doo^bane  {Apocynum). 
Fig.  286.  A  legume,  open, — fruit  of  the  Pea-plant. 
Fig.  287.  A  jointed  leirume,  or  loment, — fruit  of  Desmodium. 
Fig.  288.  A  silicle,— fruit  of  Shepherd's-purse. 

179.  Follicle  is  the  name  of  such  pods  as  those  of  Colum- 
bine (Fig.  208),  Milkweed  (Fig.  283),  and  of  Dogbane  (Fig. 
285).  They  are  formed  of  a  single  carpel,  and  open  length- 
wise, on  one  side  only.  It  is  easy  to  see  the  resemblance 
between  the  follicle  and  a  leaf,  the  leaf  being  folded  so  as  to 
bring  its  tw^o  margins  together.     (See  Fig.  207.) 

180.  Legume  is  the  proper  name  of  the  Pea  pod,  Bean  pod, 
&c.,  of  one  carpel,  one  cell,  one  row  of  seeds,  and  commonly 

178.  Give  the  cliaracter  of  tlie  pyxis.  How  does  the  pyxis  of  Henbano 
differ  from  that  of  Jeffersonia  ? 

179.  Can  you  describe  and  name  the  fruit  of  Columbine  ?  How  is  its  leafy 
character  seen  ? 

180.  Describe  and  name  the  Pea  pod     Wliat  is  a  loment  ? 


90 


OBJECT   LESSONS   IN   BOTANY. 


Fig.  291.  A  silique,— 
fruit  of  Mustard. 


opening  by  two  valves  (Fig.  286).  Sucli  a  pod  is  sometimes 
divided  crosswise  by  joints  (as  in  Fig.  287,  Desmodium);  we 
then  call  it  a  loment. 

181.  Silique  is  a  two-carpeled  pod,  sncli 
as  w^e  iind  in  Mustard.  It  lias  two  cells, 
separated  by  a  thin  partition,  and  two 
rows  of  seeds  (Fig.  291).  A  short  silique,  or 
one  not  much  longer  than  wide,  such  as 
we  find  in  Pepper-grass  or  Shepherd's-purse 
(Fig.  288),  is  called  a  silide.    (See  Fig.  290). 

182.  Capsule  (the  word  means  casket). 

This  name  is  applied  to  all 
other  forms  of  dry,  compound 
fruits,  formed  of  several  unit- 
ed carpels.     In  opening,  they 
commonly  split  into  several  valves,  as  in  Iris ; 
or  divide  into  several  parts   (carpels)  like  so 
many  follicles,  as  in   St.  Johnswort;    or  they 
open. by  small  pores,  as  in  Poppy. 

Fig.  292.  A  capsule, — fruit  of 
Scrophularia  ;  it  is  two-celled, 
two-carpeled,  or  two-valved. 

Fig.  293.  A  three-celled  cap- 
sule of  Colehicnm ;  it  opens  6«- 
tween  the  carpels. 

Fig.  2!^4.  Capsule  of  Iris,  open- 
ing into  the  carpels. 

Fig.  295.  Cross-section  of  the 
same,  showing  how  it  opens. 

Fig.  296.  Fruit  of  Geranium ; 
its  five  carpels  separate,  and  are 
carried  up  on  the  curving  styles 
(called  a  regma). 


Fig.  290.  Silicic 
of  Draba  (en- 
larged). 


181.  Mustard  pod  ;  describe  its  structure  and  name.     Wliat  is  a  silicle? 

182.  What  is  a  capsule?    What  three  modes  of  opening  are  mentioned? 


COMPOUND  FRUITS. 


91 


183.  We  slioiild  not  omit  altogether  to  notice  the  aggre- 
gated fruits,  such  as  the  Pine-cone  (Fig.  300),  Pine-apple, 
&c.  These  fruits  are  composed  not  merely  of  the  pistil,  but 
of  the  entire  flower,  or  even  of  the  whole  inflorescence,  bracts 
and  all,  grown  thick,  and  consolidated  into  one  fleshy  mass. 
This  is  evidently  the  nature  of  the  Pine- apple  and  of  the 
Mulberry. 

29T 


Fig.  297.  Black  Mulberry, — an  aggregated  fruit. 
Figr.  298.  Fig,  cut  open,  showing  the  little  flowers  within. 
Fig.  299.  Hip  of  a  Eose,  cut  open,  showing  the  acheuia  within. 
Fig.  300.  Pine-cone,  composed  of  thick  scales. 

184.  As  for  the  Fig,  it  is  a  great  hollow  torus,  having  its 
innumerable  flowers  within  the  cavity,  growing  from  the 
walls,  and  all  together  become  a  sweet,  pulpy  mass. 


Fig.  301.  A  branclilet  of  the  Canada  Yew,  showing  the  fruit. 


183,  184.  Mention  some  examples  of  aggregated  fruitS:     Can  jou  describe 
a  Pineapple ?  a  Fig ? 


92  OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


185.  But  there  are  some  kinds  of  fruit  almost  or  quite  des- 
tirute  of  a  pericarp,  consisting  of  naked  seeds.  On  the  pre- 
ceding page  is  a  figure  (301)  of  the  Canada  Yew,  a  trailing 
sln-ub  of  New  England  and  Canada.  The  fruit  is  a  single 
naked  black  seed,  seated  in  a  fleshy,  coralline-red  cup.  The 
cone  (of  Pine,  Fir,  &c.)  is  made  up  of  thick  woody  bracts,  each 
covering  in  their  axils  two  or  more  winged  seeds  (Fig.  300). 


LESSON   XXIV. 

CONCERNING    THE    SEEDS. 

186.  Last  and  most  important  is  the  seed^  the  perfected 
ovule,  containing  the  germ  of  a  new  plant  like  its  parent 
plant.  The  seed  consists  of  a  kernel  and  its  shell.  Place  a 
bean  in  water,  and  soon  its  softened  shell  or  skin  is  easily 
separated  from  the  kernel. 

187.  The  shell  of  a  seed  may  be  of  any  color,  as  white, 
black,  yellow,  red,  &c. ;  may  be  polished  and  shining,  or  dull 
and  rough ;  may  be  of  any  shape,  as  round,  or  oval,  or  egg- 
shaped  ;  may  be  winged,  as  in  Catalpa,  or  may  be  clothed 
w^ith  long  hairs,  called  coma.  The  silk  of  Silk-grass  (Ascle- 
pias)  is  the  coma  of  the  seed,  and  cotton  is  the  coma  of 
Cotton  seed.  The  seed  of  Poplar  (cotton-wood)  or  Willow 
is  also  furnished  with  coma. 

185.  What  plants  have  no  pericarps  ?    Please  describe  a  cone  of  Pine 
fruit  of  Yew. 

186.  What  is  the  seed,  and  what  does  it  contain  ?  Of  what  two  parts 
does  it  consist  ? 

187.  What  do  you  remember  concerning  the  color  and  shape  ?  Describe 
the  coma  of  a  seed. 


CONCERNING   THE   PAPPUS. 


93 


302        303 


Fig  802.  A  seed  of  the  Cotton-plant,  with  its  tuft  of  coma,  or  cotton. 

Fig.  803.  A  seed  of  the  Cotton-tree  {Populus)^  with  its  silky  coma. 

Fig.  304.  A  winged  seed  of  the  Catalpa. 

Fig.  805.  Achenium  of  Eclipta;  it  has  no  pappus. 

Fig.  806.  Achenium  of  Horseweed ;  scarcely  any  pappus. 

Fig.  807.  Achenium  of  Sunflower;  has  two  awns  for  pappus. 

Fig.  308.  Achenium  of  Ageratum  ;  has  five  sepals  for  pappus. 

Fig.  309.  Achenium  of  Blue  Milkweed;  has  abundant  pappus. 

Fig.  310.  Achenium  of  Wild  Lettuce  ;  with  pappus  raised  on  a  beak 


188.  The  learner  must  distinguish  between  the  coma  of  a 
seed  and  the  pappus  of  a  fruit.  Tlie  down  of  Thistle  or  Dan- 
delion hpa^us^  for  the  little  fruit  on  which  it  grows  is  not 
merely  a  seed,  but  a  pericarp  (achenium),  also  containing  one 
Beed.  In  a  word,  the  seed  may  be  fledged  with  a  coma,  but 
%\\Q  fruit  is  fledged  with  a  pappus,  both  intended  as  wins^s 


.0  bear  away  the  seed  to  distant  places. 
Dotany,  §  485.) 


(See  Class  Book  of 


188.  What  is  the  distinction  between  coma  and  pappus? 


94 


OBJECT  LESSONS   IN  BOTANY. 


189.  As  to  the  seed-kernel, 
it  may  consist  of  two  parts, 
namely,  the  germ  and  albu- 
num,  or  it  may  be  all  germ. 

190.  In  the  Bean  (Fig.  311) 
it  is  all  germ.  A  better  name 
for  the  germ  is  emhryo.  Now 
in  all  seeds,  the  embryo  is,  in 
fact,  a  miniatm-e  plant,  consist- 
ing of  three  parts,  viz.,  radi- 

d^lo     ^-^l,,n^..l^       .411  T         ^^9-   Sll-    Seed  of  Beau,   without  its 

Cie,   plumule,^    cotyledons.      In  .tell:  c,  c  are  the  two  cotyledons;  .,  the 

this  Bean,  r  is  the  radicle,  2^  radicle;  ^,  the  plumule. 

is    tlie    plumule,    C,   C,    are    the      ^^^-'^^2.  Seedof  Wheat.cutopen:  ais 
,     ^     ^  the   albumen;    c,  the  one  cotvledon ;    v-> 

cotyledons.  pkmaule;  r,  radicle. 


Fig.  313.  Seed  of  Four- o'clock;  embryo  two-cotyledoned,  coiled;  a,  albumen. 

Fig.  314.  Seed  of  Heather.  Fig.  315.  A  section  of  the  same,  showing  the  curved 
embryo,  with  two  cotyledons,  lyingr  in  albumen. 

Fig.  316  Seed  of  Onion.  Fig.  317.  Section  of  the  same,  showing  the  coiled  em- 
bryo, one  cotyledon,  in  albumen. 

191.  Tlie  radicle  is  the  part  destined  to  grow  downwards 


189.  Of  what  two  parts  may  the  seed-kernel  consist  ? 

190.  Describe  the  parts  of  the  seed  of  bran. 


OF  GERMINATION.  95 


and  become  root.  The  plumule  is  the  young  bud  destii^ed 
to  expand  upwards  and  become  stem  and  leaves.  The  cotyle- 
dons are  two  young  leaves,  thick  and  bulky,  full  of  starchy 
matter  to  feed  the  embryo  when  it  shall  awake  and  begin  to 
grow. 

192.  In  the  Wheat-seed  (Fig.  312)  we  find,  besides  the 
embryo,  a  white,  mealy  mass  (a),  well  known  when  ground 
into  flour.  This  mass  is  evidently  intended  to  answer  the 
same  purpose  as  the  starchy  cotyledons  of  the  Bean — to 
nourish  the  embryo.  The  radicle  {r),  the  plumule  (p),  the 
cotyledon  {c),  and  the  albumen  (a),  are  clearly  shown.  Fig. 
313  (seed  of  Four-o'clock)  also  shows  albumen ;  here  the  em- 
bryo is  foiled  into  a  ring  around  the  albumen.  Thus  we  see 
that  the  food  of  the  young  plantlet  is  laid  up  somewhere  in 
every  seed,  either  in  the  bulky  cotyledons  of  the  embryo 
itself,  or  in  the  albumen  outside  the  embryo. 

193.  We  have,  then,  seeds  albuminous,  and  seeds  exalbu- 
minous ;  seeds  two-cotyledoned,  and  seeds  one-cotyledoned. 


LESSON    XXV. 

THE   SEED  BECOMING  A  PLANT. 

191.  We  have  seen  that  the  ripened  seed  is  a  miniature 
plant,  living,  but  sleeping;  packed  and  sealed  up  for  trans- 
portation.    It  may  continue  to  sleep,  perhaps,  for  years,  if 

191.  Describe  the  nature  and  destiny  of  the  radicle;  of  the  plumule;  of 
he  cotyledons. 

1 1)2 .  Of  what  does  the  Wheat-seed  consist  ?  Wliat  is  the  intention  of  the 
albumen?  the  position  of  it  in  Wheat?  in  Four-o'clock? 

193.  What  seeds  are  albuminous?  exalbuminous ?  What  seeds  are  two- 
cotyledoned  ?  one-cotyledoned  ? 


96 


OBJECT   LESSONS   IN  BOTANY. 


kept  dry;  but  if  exposed  to  moisture,  it  soon 
awakes  and  commences  its  wonderful  course  of 
development. 

195.  In  the  Spring  of  tlie  year  the  melting  snows 
or  the  warm  rains  supply  the  proper  moisture  to 
the  seeds  which  have  fallen  to  the  ground,  and 
they  may  be  seen  everywhere  swelling,  bursting 
and  growing.  The  young  botanist  must  not  fail  to 
watch  their  development. 

196.  Beneath  some  Oak,  for  example, 
buried  in  the  old  leaves,  we  find  acorns 
in  all  stages  of  growth,  showing  at  one 
view  all  the  steps  in  the  process  of  ger- 
mination.    Here  is  an  acorn  wi" 
its  shell  softened  and  its  kernel 
little  swollen.    We  divide  it  lengt 
wise  with  a  sharp  knife,  and  f 
section   (Fig.   318)   shows  the  i\ 
thick  cotyledons  {g  c)  and  the 
radicle  (r). 

197.  In  another  acorn  (Fig. 
319)  the  cotyledons  have  ab- 
sorbed yet  more  water,  and  en- 
larged so  much  as  to  burst 
the  shell,  and  the  radicle 
growing,  has  come  forth. 


a  little  root,  directing  its 
course  downwards. 


Fig.  818.  Acorn,  seed  of  the 
Oak,  cut  open, — showing  c,  c, 
the  cotyledons ;  r,  the  radicle. 

FigS:  319,  320,  321.   Show  the 


progress  of  germination :  r,  radicle  ;  p^  plumule. 


194.  Please  tell  us  again  what  a  seed  is.      In  what  condition  is  a  seed  ? 
When  will  it  awake  ? 

195.  Condition  of  the  seeds  generally  in  Spring  ? 


OF   GERMINATION. 


97 


198.  In  the  next  stage  of  growtli 
(Fig.  320)  the  two  stalks  of  the  cotyle- 
dons (<§,  petioles,  Less.  I.),  make  their 
appearance,  and  from  between  them,  at 
the  top  of  the  rootlet,  the  plumnle 
elioots  forth,  a  little  stem  with  a  bnd 
at  the  top,  directing  its  course  up- 
wards. The  rootlet,  meanwhile,  has 
grown  longer,  entered  the  soil,  and 
divided  itself  into  branches  and  fibres 
all  covered  over  with  fine  white  hairs. 
These  hairs,  called  fibrils,  may  be 
seen  under  a  microscope,  as  in  Fig. 
322,  which  represents  the  end  of  a 
fibre  of  Maple  with  its  fibi'ils  much 
magnified. 

199.  Up  to  this  stage,  the  growing  rootlet  and  bud  have 
drawn  all  their  nourishment  from  the  store  of  food  laid  up 
beforehand  in  the  thick  cotyledons  for  this  very  purpose  ;  but 
now  the  rootlet  has  reached  the  soil,  and  by  means  of  its 
numerous  fibrils,  which  are  so  many  little  mouths,  it  is  begin- 
ning to  draw  its  nourishment  from  the  earth. 

200.  Another  acorn,  or  the  same  one  a  few  days  later 
(Fig.  321),  shows  root  and  stem  well  organized,  and  the  young 
Oak  fairly  started  on  its  grand  journey  of  growth  and  life. 
The  root  has  descended  deeper  and  spread  its  branches  wider 


Fig.  322.  The  extreme  enc' 
of  a  rootlet  of  Maple,  grcatl.-? 
magnified  under  a  lens,  show- 
ing the  fibrils. 


196.  What  is  tlie  meaning  of  the  word  germination  ?    Describe  the  section 
of  an  acorn  in  Fig,  318. 

197.  Describe  that  stage  of  growth  seen  in  Fig.  319. 

198.  Describe  the  third  stage,  as  represented  in  Fig.  320. 

199.  The  first  source  of  food  for  the  embryo?  the  second? 

200.  How  does  the  plant  appear  in  Fig.  321  ? 

5 


OBJECT   LESSONS   IN  BOTANY. 


in  the  soil,  while  the  bud  has  mounted  hio^her,  unfoldinf^ 
itself  into  stem  and  leaves,  and  spreading  itself  in  the  air  and 
light. 

201.  The  yonng  plant  has  now  become  independent  of  the 
seed,  which  will  soon  wither  and  perish.  The  cotyledons,  in 
this  case,  are  never  able  to  throw  off  the  shell,  but  perish 


A 

828  327 

Progress  of  germination  in  Maple.— i^^^.  323.  A  seed  (samara).  Fig.  324.  The 
same,  just  beginning  to  grow  ;  the  rootlet  descends,  the  cotyledons  have  burst  the 
shell.  Fig.  325.  The  leaf-like  cotyledons  (c)  nearly  open,  the  stem  (s)  and  root  {r) 
lengthening.  Fig.  326.  The  terminal  bud  appears.  Fig.  327.  The  first  pair  of  true 
leaves  expanded.     Fig.  328.  The  second  pair  appear,  &c. 

together  with  it.     In  other  plants,  however,   as   in   Maple 
(Fig.-  325),  the  two  cotyledons  escape  from  the  shell,  change 
color,  and  become  leaves, — the  first  pair  on  the  plant  (<?). 
202.  The  bud,  which  we  called  plumule,  is  still  seen  at  the 

201.  When  does  the  seed  perish?  Cotyledons  of  Oak  and  Maple — how 
differ  in  development  V 


DEVELOPMENT   OF   BUDS. 


99 


top,  arising  liiglier  and  liiglier,  as  it  unfolds  its  axis  into  tlie 
joints  (called  nodes  and  internodes)  of  the  stem,  its  outer 
scales  into  leav^es,  and  is  itself  continually  renewed  from 
within.  Thus  the  ascending  stem,  or  axis^  is  always  termi- 
nated by  a  bud. 


Fig.  829.  Bud  of  Currant  unfolding, — the  scales  (s)  gradually  becoming  leaves. 
Fig.  330.  Bud  of  Tulip-tree,— the  scales  unfolding  into  stipules  («). 

203.  Soon  other  buds  appear.  There  is  one  in  the  axil  of 
each  leaf.  So  long  as  the  terminal  bud  only  is  developed, 
the  plant  grows  up  a  simple  stem.  But  by  the  gi-owth  of 
these  axillary  buds,  if  they  grow  at  all,  branches  are  pro- 
duced ;  and  these  branches,  from  their  axillary  buds,  produce 
branchlets,  and  so  on. 


203.  Wliat  do  you  understand  by  tlie  nodes  and  internodes  ?    How  is  the 
axis  always  termipated  ? 
203.  In  what  case  will  the  stem  be  simple  ?    How  are  branches  produced 


100  OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


LESSON    XXVI. 

LIFE  OF  THE  PLANT,  OR  ITS  BIOGRAPHY. 

204.  The  water  which  the  plant  imbibes  by  its  roots  be- 
comes sap  in  the  stem,  and  circulates  in  every  part  as  the 
blood  circulates  in  the  animal  frame.  The  leaves,  by  their 
broad,  thin  forms,  serve  as  lungs,  to  bring  all  the  sap  which 
passes  through  them  into  contact  with  the  air  and  light. 

205.  By  this  means  the  sap  is  changed  into  a  nourishing 
food,  fitted  to  sustain  the  growth  of  the  plant  in  every  part. 
Thus  the  leaves  are  designed,  not  only  as  an  ornamental  robe, 
but  as  organs  of  breathing  and  digestion. 

206.  In  the  second  stage  of  growth,  wdien  the  plant  depends 
no  longer  upon  the  seed  for  nourishment,  it  goes  on  increas- 
ing in  stature  and  multiplying  its  leaves  and  branches.  It 
now  consists  of  three  parts,  namely,  root,  stem,  and  leaves. 
These  are  called  the  organs  of  vegdatiooi. 

207.  The  third  stage  of  plant-life  is  the  period  of  flowering. 
Before  this  period,  all  its  activity  was  devoted  to  its  own 
nourishment  and  growth.  Now  it  begins  to  live  and  act  for 
the  continuance  of  its  own  kind  after  it  npon  the  earth, 
according  to  the  Divine  decree  in  Genesis,  i.,  11.  Some  of 
its  buds  undergo  a  striking  change,  and  open  each  a  flower 
instead  of  a  leafy  branch. 

208.  A  flower  is  therefore  a  leafy  branch  transibrmed  (as 

304.  What  becomes  of  tlie  water  which  the  roots  imbibe?    What  part  do 

the  leaves  act  ? 
205.  What  change  takes  place  in  the  sap? 
20f).  What  is  the  second  stage  of  plant-life  ? 
20l.   The  tliird  stage?    Whence  come  the  flowers? 


BIOGRAPHY  OF  THE  PLANT.  101 


sliown  in  tlie  Class  Book,  p.  23),  having  its  axis  nndevel(>pecL 
its  leaves  in  crowded  circles,  moulded  into  more  delicate 
forms  and  tinged  with  brighter  colors,  not  only  to  adorn  the 
face  of  nature,  but  to  prepare  the  way  for  fruit. 

209.  The  fourth  stage  of  plant-life  is  the  period  of  its  fruit 
bearing.  The  flowers  have  gradually  faded  and  disappeared^ 
but  the  pistil,  having  received  the  quickening  pollen  (see  Class 
Book  of  Botany,  p.  148),  remains  in  its  place,  holds  fast  all 
the  nourishing  matter  which  continues  to  flow  into  it  through 
the  flower-stem,  grows,  and  finally  ripens  into  the  perfected 
fruit  and  seed. 

210.  The  fifth  and  last  stage  in  the  biography  of  the  plant 
is  its  hibernation  (winter's  sleep),  or  its  death.  If  the  event 
of  flowering  and  fruit-bearing  occur  within  the  first  or  second 
year  of  the  life  of  the  plant,  it  is  generally  followed  by  its 
speedy  death.  In  all  other  cases  it  is  followed  by  a  state  of 
needful  repose,  wherein  it  is  commonly  stripped  of  its  leaves, 
and  gives  few,  if  any,  indications  of  life,  until  awaked,  with 
renewed  vigor,  in  the  following  Spring. 

211.  According  to  their  different  terms  of  life,  we  distin- 
guish plants  as  annuals,  biennials,  and  perennials.  An  an- 
nual herh  completes  its  whole  history  in  one  year.  In  the 
Spring  it  germinates  ;  in  Summer  it  grows,  blooms,  bears 
fruit;  and  in  Autumn  its  work  and  life  are  ended.  The 
Mustard,  Maize,  and  Morning-glory  are  such. 

212.  A  hiemiial  herh  lives  two  years.     During  the  first  it 

208.  Please  state  the  nature  of  the  flower. 

209.  Please  describe  the  fourth  stage  of  plant-life. 

210.  The  fifth  stage. 

211.  In  regard  to  their  term  of  life,  how  are  plants  divided?  Describe  an 
annual  herb. 

212.  A  biennial  herb. 


102  OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


germinates,  grows,  and  bears  leaves  only  ;  and  in  its  second 
year  it  blossoms,  bears  fruit,  and  dies.  Sucli  are  the  Beet 
and  Radish. 

213.  A  perennial  plant  survives  several  or  many  years. 
There  are  herhaoeoxis  perennials  and  woody  perennials.  The 
herbaceous  perennials,  oy  'perennial  herls^  are  such  as  survi^'e 
the  winter  only  by  their  roots  or  their  parts  which  grow 
underground.  These  in  Spring  send  up  leaves,  flowers,  and 
and  often  stems,  all  of  which  perish  in  Autumn,  leaving  only 
the  parts  underground  alive  as  before.  Such  are  the  Hop, 
Asiers,  Yiolets. 

214.  Woody  perennials  survive  the  winter  by  tlieir  stems 
as  well  as  roots,  and  usually  grow  several  years  before  flow- 
ering, and  thence  flower  annually  during  their  existence. 
Accoiding  to  their  size,  such  plants  are  trees,  shrubs,  under- 
shrubs.  A  tree  is  the  largest  among  plants,  having  a  perma- 
nent, woody  stem,  usually  unbranched  helow^  and  dividing 
into  branches  above.  The  Oaks,  Elms,  and  Pines  are  famil 
iar  examples. 

215.  A  bhruh  is  smaller  than  a  tree,  usually  growing  in 
clusters  from  one  underground  mass  of  roots.  The  Lilacs, 
Roses,  Alders,  are  shrubs.  Small  shrubs,  about  of  our  own 
stature,  as  the  Currants,  Brambles,  we  call  bushes.  Yery 
low  shrubs,  as  the  Blueberries,  Box,  &c.,  are  under  shrubs. 

313.  Describe  a  perennial  plant.  Of  what  two  sorts  ?  Describe  a  peren 
iiial  herb. 

215.  A  tree,  a  shrub,  bush,  undershrub, — how  distinguished  ?  To  which 
of  the  above-mentioned  sorts  does  the  Cabbage  belong  ?  To  which  the  Hol- 
lyhock ?  the  Balsamine  ?  Four-o'clock  ?  To  which  the  Tulip  ?  Golden-rod  ? 
Lily?  Pink?  Quince?  &c. 


CONCERNING  THE   ROOT. 


lOlJ 


LESSON    XXVII. 

CONCERNING  THE  AXIS  OF  THE  PLANT. 


216.  The  term  axis  ex- 
presses the  central  column 
or  body  of  the  plant  around 
which  the  branches  and 
other  organs  are  arranged. 
As  we  have  already  no- 
ticed, the  axis  grows  and 
extends  in  two  directions, 
— upwards  and  downwards. 
The  ascending  part  is  the 
stem,  the  descending  part 
is  the  root.  The  former 
loves  and  seeks  the  air  and 
light,  the  latter  the  dark, 
damp  bosom  of  the  earth. 

217.  The  E.00T  serves  the 
twofold  purpose  of  fixing 
the  plant  firmly  in  its  place, 
and  of  imbibing  the  neces- 
sary food  from  the  soil. 
The  food  when  thus  im- 
bibed is  never  in  a  solid 

Fig.  331.  An  entire  plant  (Shep- 
herd's-parse),  sliowing  the  axis  (a 
to  r).  The  part  from  c  to  r  is  the 
descending  axis,  or  root;  from  c  to  a 
the  ascending  axis,  or  stem;  b,  b, 
branches,  bearing  racemes  of  flowers 
and  fruit. 


104 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN   BOTANY 


state,  but  dissolved  in  water,  and  con- 
sists of  certain  earths,  alkalies,  and 
gases.  (See  Part  II.,  Chap.  7,  Class 
Book  of  Botany.) 

218.  It  is  the  nature  of  the  I'oot  to 
divide  itself  into  branches,  and  the  only 
organs  which  properly  belong  to  it  are 
branches,  fibres,  and  fibrils.  It  puts 
forth  no  buds  nor  leaves  unless  the 
plant  be  in  some  unnatural  state. 

219.  The  roots  of  woody  plants,  es- 
pecially, are  hranching  roots.  Year 
after  year  they  multiply  and  extend  in 
branches   and   branchlets  beneath  the 


Fig.  832    Branching  root 
of  a  yonng  tree. 


tig.  333.  Avtuberous  root  (ErJgenia).        Fig.  334.  Fibrous  roots  (Buttercups). 
Fig.  335.  Branching  root  (Wnite  Clover),  with  tubercles. 


FORMS  OF  ROOTS. 


105 


ground,  in  proportion  to  the  growth  of  the  branches  and 
twigs  of  the  stem  above.  The  axis  itself  may  not  descend 
to  any  great  depth,  and  after  a  few  years  may  be  found  far 
exceeded  in  growth  by  its  own  branches  which  extend  hori- 
zontally in  a  better  soil.  The  greater  the  growth  of  tlie  root) 
the  more  firm  will  be  its  hold  upon  the  ground,  and  the  great- 
er its  capacity  for  drinking  in  liquid  nourishment  for  the  tree. 

220.  The  roots  of  herbaceous 
plants  take  a  great  variety  of 
forms.  Some  are  tuberous,  some 
fibrous.  The  tuberous  are  such  as 
consist  of  a  large  axis  or  body,  with 
small  branches ;  as  in  the  Beet, 
Ground-nut,  Spring  Beauty,  and 
many  other  biennial  plants. 

221.  The  Jlh'ous  are  such  as  con- 
sist mostly  of  fibres,  with  scarcely 
any  axis  ;  as  in  Buttercups,  Grass- 
es. In  such  cases  the  axis  ceased 
to  grow  immediately  after  ger- 
mination,   and    lonoj    thread-like     r-    oo.^   rr  ^  j  ^    y 

'  ^        ^  ^  Ftff.  336.   Tuberous  and  fusifonn 

branches  supplied  its  place.  root  of  Beet. 

222.  The     filrO-tulerOUS      roots      ^'^'  ^^^-  Tuberous  and  napiform 
,  ,  />  ,1     .     root  of  Turnip. 

are  such   as   nave   some  ot  their 

fibres  thickened    and  fleshy,  as  seen  in  the  Peony,  Dahlia, 


216.  Please  explain  the  meaning  of  the  term  axis.    In  what  two  directions 
does  it  grow  ? 

217.  Wliat  is  the  twofold  purpose  of  the  root?    What  does  it  imbibe ? 
In  what  state  is  this  food  when  imbibed  ? 

218.  What  is  said  of  the  nature  of  the  root?    What  are  its  only  proper 
organs  ?     What  is  said  of  leaves  or  buds  ? 

219.  Describe  the  roots  of  woody  plants,  and  their  growth. 

220-222.  Describe  tuberous  roots  ;  fibrous ;  fibro-tuberous  ;  tubercular. 

5* 


106 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


Spiraea.     If  little  tubers  here  and  there  are  attached  to  the 
fibres^  the  root  is  tubercular,  as  in  Squirrel-corn. 


Fig.  338.  Fibro-tuberous  root  of  Peony. 

Fig.  339.  Fibro-tuberous  root  of  Spiraea  filipnndula. 

Fig.  340.  Fibro-tuberous  root  ef  Mourning  Geranium. 

223.  All  these  fleshy  forms,  whether  tuberous  or  fibro-tu- 
berous, are  filled  with  starch.,  deposited  there  in  store,  for  use 
in  the  future  growth  of  the  plant.  Many  other  forms  of  roots 
are  described  in  larger  works. 


LESSON   XXVIII. 

OF  THE  STEM  OR  ASCENDING  AXIS. 

224.  The  stem  tending  upward  in  its  growth  is  often  called 
the  ascending  axis.     It  does  not  in  all  cases  continue  to  arise 

223.  What  purpose  do  fleshy  roots  serve  ? 

Less.  XXVIII.  What  is  the  subject  of  this  lesson  ? 


THE  ASCENDING  AXIS 


J  07 


Fig.  341.  Spotted  Prince's  Pine,  entire  plant:  the  stem  is  a  "leaf-stem." 
Fig.  342.  Diclytra  {D.  cuculluria)^  whole  plant;  it  has  a  "scale-stem." 

in  growing,  but  often  becomes  oblique  or  horizontal.  There- 
fore we  have,  besides  erect  sterns^  stems  p?'Ostrate^ procumbent^ 
trailing,  when  running  along  flat  on  the  ground,  or  over 
bushes,  as  the  Partridge-berry,  White  Wintergreen  (Fig.  343) ; 
and,  also,  stems  decumbent.,  first  arising  and  afterwards  re- 
dlining on  the  ground,  as  the  Poor-man's-weather-glass  (Fig, 
344). 

225.  There    are,  also,  subtei'ranean   stems,   never   arising 

224.  What  of  the  direction  of  the  growth  of  stems  ?     Flow  does  the  stem 
of  White  Wintergreen  grow  ?    How  the  stem  of  Anagallis  ?  -  -        . 


108 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


Fig.  343.  Tne  White  Wintergreen  {Ckiogenes) '^  it  has  a  procumbent  stem 

above  the  ground  at  all,  but  only  sending  up  leaves  and 
flowers  with  their  stalks,  as  the  Tulip. 

226.  It  is  the  nature  of  the  stem  to  produce  buds,  as  it  is  of 
the  root  to  produce  none.  At  first  the  stem  is  itself  a  bud, 
and  as  it  grows  it  bears  this  bud  always  at  the  summit  and 
produces  a  new  bud  in  the  axil  of  every  new  leaf. 


Fig.  344.  Poor-man's-weather-glass  {Anagallis) ;  it  has  a  decumbent  stem. 

22T.  The  stem  has  nodes  and  internodes.  The  joints  where 
the  leaves  severally  come  out  are  the  nodes^  and  the  portion 
of  stem  between,  the  internodes.  In  the  bud  the  internodes 
are  quite  undeveloped,  and  the  nodes  close  together ;  but  as 
it  develops  into  a  regular  leaf-stem,  the  internodes  grow,  and 
the  nodes  with  their  respective  leaves  are  separated. 

228.  But  in  some  plants,  the  nodes  only  are  developed,  and 
the  axis  never  extends  itself  above  ground,  and  covers  itself 


225.  What  of  the  stem  of  Tulip  ? 

226.  What  the  nature  of  the  stem  with  respect  to  buds ' 

227.  Please  tell  us  what  are  nodes  and  internodes. 


FORMS  OF  STEMS 


100 


Fig.  2,^0.  Conns  of  Putty-root  (^;?fcc^/-Mm):  a,  of  last  year ;  6,  of  the  present  year. 

Fig.  346.  Scale  bulb  of  White  Lily. 

Fig.  347.  Scale  bulb  of  Violet  Sorrel  {Oxalis  violacca). 

with  scales  instead  of  leaves.  Thus  we  have  two  classes  of 
stems  ;  namelj,  leaf-stems  and  scale-stems.  These  figures, 
one  of  the  delicate  Diclytra  and  the  other  (Fig.  341)  of  the 


Fig.  348.  Ehizome  of  Solomon's  Seal ;  a,  fragment  of  the  first  year's  growth  ;  5, 
the  second  year's  growth;  c,  the  third  year's  growth,  bearing  d,  the  stem  of  the 
present  year,  which  will  leave  a  scar  (the  seal),  like  that  of  the  others. 

Fig.  340.  Prernorse  rhizome  of  Trillium. 

228.  What  two  classes  of  stems  have  we  to  consider  ?  What  is  the  differ- 
ence between  them  ?    To  which  class  does  Diclytra  belong  ?    Prince's  Pine  ? 


110 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


Prince's  Pine,  make  a  fine   contrast  of  the   two  kinds   of 
stems. 

229.  Several  varieties  of  scale-stems  must  be  distinguished  ; 
as,  bulb,  cor ra,  rhizome,  creeper,  tuVer,  &c. 

230.  The  Tulip,  Hyacinth,  OnioE,  Lily,  have  hulhs ;  you 
see  (Figs.  346,  347),  they  consist  of  roundish  masses  of  thick 
scales  with  a  small  axis — in  fact,  an  overgrown  bud.  The 
corm  is  like  it  in  shape,  but  has  a  thick  axis  with  thin  scales 
or  none.     (Fig.  345.) 

231.  The  rhizome^  or  root-stock,  is  a  fleshy,  underground 
stem,  often  scaly  and  marked  with  scars,  as  you  see  in  the 
Bloodroot,  Solomon's  Seal  (Figs.  348,  349). 


Fig.  350.  Creeper  of  "Nimble  Will,"  or  Witch-grass:  a,  bud;  A,  J,  bases  of  the 
stems  which  rise  above-ground. 

232,  The  creeper  is  more  slender,  much  branched,  many- 
jointed  and  many-scaled,  as  seen  in  this  figure  of  the  Witch- 
grass.  It  sends  out  rootlets  from  its  joints,  and  is  very  tena- 
cious of  life,  binding  the  soil  into  turf  wherever  it  abounds. 

233.  The  tuher^  such  as  grows  on  the  underground  stems 
of  the  Potato-plant,  is  evidently  a  ste7n  (not  a  root),  for  it  al- 
ways produces  buds. 

229.  Name  five  sorts  of  ^cale-stems. 

230.  Describe  the  bulb  ;  the  corm.    231.  The  rhizome. 
232.  Th«  creeper.    233,  The  tuber. 


FORMS  OF   STEMS. 


Ill 


234.  Of  the  leaf-stem  class  we  must  describe  three  kinds, 
the  trunk,  caulis,  and  vine.  Trunk  is  the  name  given  to  the 
stems  of  woody,  erect  plants,  especiall}^  of  trees.  They  are 
tlie  representatives  of  loftiness  and  strength,  in  poetic  phrase, 
lifting  their  summits  to  the  skies  and  doing  battle  with  the 
storm.  There  are,  indeed,  few  objects  in  nature  possessed  of 
a  truer  grandeur  than  the  White  Pine's  trunks  of  the  North- 
ern forests. 

235.  Caulis^  is  the  general  name  given  by  botanists  to  the 


Vines.  Fig.  351.  Passion-flower  {Passijlora  lutea),  climbing  by  tendrils.  Fig 
852.  Morning-glory,  twining  from  left  to  right.  Fig.  353.  Hop,  twining  from  right 
to  left. 


234.  Name,  next,  three  kinds  of  leaf-stems.    Describe  the  trunk. 

235.  The  caulis.    Meaning  and  use  of  caulescent?  acaulesoent?    Give  ex- 
amples of  each. 


112  OBJECT  LESSONS   IN  BOTANY. 


stems  of  herbs.  From  this  word  come  two  adjectives  mncli 
used  and  quite  convenient,  viz.,  caidescent  and  acaulescent  / 
the  former  denoting  the  presence  of  stems  above-ground,  the 
latter  of  only  underground  stems.  Thus  the  Buttercup  is 
caulescent,  while  the  Pitcher-plant  is  acaulescent ;  the  Garden 
Yiolet  or  Pansy  is  caulescent,  while  the  wild  Blue  Yiolet  is 
acaulescent. 

236.  Yine^  as  every  one  knows,  denotes  a  slender  stem,  too 
weak  to  stand  alone,  and  supporting  itself  by  the  aid  of  other 
plants  or  objects.  Some  vines  are  woody,  some  herbaceous. 
The  Hop  twines  itself  around  its  supporter,  turning  from 
right  to  left,  as  in  Fig.  353,  The  Morning-glory,  also,  but 
it  turns  from  left  to  right  (Fig.  352).  Thirdly,  the  Grape 
and  Passion-flower  (Fig.  351)  climb  by  special  organs,  the 
tendrils^  of  wonderful  adaptation,  showing  their  Maker's  de- 
sign more  truly  than  if  by  an  audible  voice. 

236.  Describe  tlie  vine.  What  their  three  varieties  ?  What  is  the  read- 
mirable  in  the  tendril  ? 


CLASSIFICATION. 


ii; 


LESSON  XXIX. 

PLANTS  TO  BE  ARRANGED  IN  CLASSES. 

PLANT   may   be    studied  by 
H«»  /S   /    \y  -^'%^>^"         itself,  as  an  individual,  separate 

^f^^^^^^Ji/^/  i^^r.     .       fi'om  other   plants   or  objects ; 

or  it  may  be  considered  in  its  re- 
lations to  other  plants,  as  consti- 
tuting a  part  of  a  system.  In 
this  latter  view  we  discover  one 
vast  design  embracing  the  in  nu- 
merable millions  of  plants  as  one 
kingdom,  leading  us  to  adore  the 
wisdom  and  goodness  of  him 
who  planned  and  created  the 
w^orld.  For  we  see  that  he  has 
not  only  made  each  plant  w^ith 
so  much  loveliness  and  perfec- 
tion in  itself,  but  has  assigned 
to  each  its  proper  rank  in  the 
system,  and  endowed  it  with  just 

that  nature,  habit,  and  style  of  beauty,  which  adapts  it  to 

that  rank. 

238.  To  study  plants  as  constituting  a  system,  as  we  now 

propose  to  do,  is  useful  in  two  ways :    first,  it  gives  us  a 

larger  and  truer  conception  of  the  Vegetable  Kingdom  ;  and 

237.  What  two  modes  of  studying  the  plant  are  mentioned  ?    In  the  sec 
ond  mode  what  discovery  is  made  ? 

238.  In  the  systematic  study  of  plants  what  two  other  advantages? 


'^ig.  354. 

([9 

and 

Clover 

Grasses. 

114  OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


secondly,  it  teaches  ns  how  to  recognize  by  name  the  plants 
with  wliich  we  meet,  so  as  to  avail  ourselves  of  all  that  has 
been  recorded  concerning  the  same  by  botanists  before  ns. 

239.  Suppose  the  pupil,  in  his  study,  has  dropped  a  single 
Flax-seed  on  a  lock  of  cotton  floating  in  water  in  a  bulb- 
glass.  It  grows,  filling  the  clear  water  with  its  silvery  radi- 
cles, while  its  stem  shoots  upwards  covered  with  leaves  and 
finally  blooming  with  flowers.  This  is  an  individual  plant. 
He  studies  its  organs,  colors,  portrait,  and.  carefully  writes  its 
history. 

240.  Meanwhile,  other  Flax-seeds,  by  thousands,  have  been 
sown  in  the  fields,  and  from  each,  also,  a  plant  has  arisen. 
The  student  finds  them  in  flower,  tinging  all  the  plain  in 
ocean  blue.  Now,  shall  he,  as  a  botanist,  repeat  his  study 
over  each  of  all  these  millions  ?  Certainly  not.  He  finds 
himself  already  acquainted  with  them,  for  each  bears  an  ex- 
act resemblance  to  that  wliich  he  has  already  described.  His 
knowledge  of  one  individual  Flax-plant,  therefore,  avails  him 
for  each  and  all  the  myriads  of  Flax-plants  growing  every- 
where. 

241.  In  this  manner  we  obtain  the  idea  of  a  Species.  Tlius, 
a  species  of  plants  consists  of  many  individuals  of  the  same 
kind^  having  descended  from  a  common  stock,  and  resem- 
bling each  other  and  their  common  parent  in  every  feature. 

242.  The  common  Blue  Flax,  of  wliich  linen  is  made,  is  a 
species;  the  wild  Yellow  Flax  is  another;  and  the  Purple 
Flax  of  the  gardens  is  another.     The  White  Clover  is  a  spe- 

239.  Can  you  give  us  an  idea  of  an  individual  plant  f 

240.  Having  studied  one  individual  Flax-plant,  whj'  do  we  not  need  to 
study  the  others  ? 

241.  Please  state  your  idea  of  a  species. 

2  42.  Please  illustrate  j^our  idea  of  a  species. 


THE  NATURAL  SYSTEM.  116 


cies  with  its  progeny  of  millions  of  plants  ;  the  Red  Clover  is 
another ;  the  Yellow  Clover  anotlier ;  the  Buffalo  Clover 
another.  In  like  manner  all  the  plants  of  the  globe  are 
grouped  into  species,  and  this  is  the  first  step  in  classitlcation. 

243.  The  second  step  carries  us  to  the  genus,  which  we 
may  thus  define  :  A  Genus  is  an  assemblage  of  species  which 
are  much  alike ;  especially  in  their  flowers  and  fruit.  Tlius, 
Flax  is  a  genus  made  up  of  the  several  species  mentioned 
above,  and  other  similar  species.  Clover  is  a  genus  com- 
posed of  150  species,  some  of  which  we  have  just  mentioned. 
Every  one  notices  the  resemblance  between  White  Clover, 
Red  Clover,  &c.  Pine  is  a  genus,  embracing  as  species 
White  Pine,  Yellow  Pine,  Pitch  Pine,  Long  leaved  Pine,  and 
many  others. 

24i.  Individuals  of  the  same  species  may  differ  somewhat 
among  themselves,  and  these  difierences  constitute  varieties. 
Thus  Apple-trees  differ  in  their  fruit,  and  there  are  hundreds 
of  varieties  although  only  one  species.  Roses  differ  in  their 
form,  color,  and  fragrance  of  their  flowers,  forming  many  va- 
rieties under  each  species.  Probably  no  two  plants  of  any 
species  were  ever  exactly  alike.  Sameness,  or  monotony,  is 
not  a  characteristic  of  Nature. 


LESSON   XXX. 

THE    NATURAL   SYSTEM. 

245.  In  attempting  to  classify  and  arrange  the  genera  of 
plants,  according  to   their  natural  resemblances  and  dift'er- 

243.  Can  you  now  define  a  genus  ?    Please  illustrate  your  idea  of  a  genus. 

244.  What  is  a  variety  ?    Illustrate  your  meaning. 


116  OBJECT  LESSONS  IN   BOTANY 


ences,  botanists  liave  formed  a  system  called  the  N'atural  Sys- 
tem. Let  lis  now  briefly  notice  this  system  of  classification. 
24:6.  We  have  already  stated  that  the  plants  of  the  globe 
are  all  created  in  species,  and  that  tliis  is  the  first  step  in 
classification.  Then,  in  the  second  place,  the  species  are 
grouped  into  genera.  Now  the  number  of  species  of  plants 
already  known  is  about  100,000,  and  the  genera  20,000. 

247.  The  third  step  in  our  system  carries  us  forward  to  the 
Natural  Ori  ers.  These  are  made  up  of  genera.  As  we  as- 
sociate similar  species  to  form  a  genus,  so  we  associate 
similar  genera  to  form  the  natural  orders.  The  number  of 
orders  described  in  the  Natural  System  is  about  three  hun- 
dred. For  example,  the  natural  order  Crucifirse,  or  the 
Crucifers,  embraces  such  genera  as  Mustard,  Cress,  Cabbage, 
Turnip,  Kadish,  Wall-flower,  which  every  one  sees  to  bear 
resemblance  to  each  other  in  many  respects. 

248.  How  then  shall  we  define  a  natural  order  %  It  is  a 
group  of  similar  genera ;  or,  a  group  of  genera  closely  re- 
lated to  each  other.  Therefore,  individuals  form  species ; 
species  form  genera ;  genera  form  orders.  But  how  shall  we 
classify  these  three  hundred  orders  ? 

249.  Suppose  we  take  an  excursion  into  the  mountains. 
We  walk  beneath  the  forest  trees,  and  among  the  shrubs. 
We  tread  upon  the  lesser  herbs,  the  matted  grasses,  and  the 
mosses  and  lichens  which  cover  the  rocks.  Everywhere  we 
see  plants,  and  behold  the  domain  of  the  vegetable  kingdom. 

245.  Wliat  is  the  subject  of  tliis  Lesson  XXX.  ? 

246,  247.  What  is  the  first  step  in  classification  ?  the  second  ?  the  third  ? 
What  number  of  species  known  in  all  the  vegetable  world  ?    What  number 
of  genera  ?  of  orders  ?    (Ans.  303.) 

248.  Define  a  natural  order.     Please  review  these  three  steps. 

249.  Show  how  we  may  divide  the  vegetable  kingdom. 


THE  NATURAL   SYSTEM. 


117 


Now  viewing  this  as  one  grand  whole,  we  want  to  divide  it 
into  two  subkingdoms.     How  shall  we  do  it  ? 

250.  Every  attentive  observer  has  noticed  that  some  of 
these  plants  produce  no  flowers  ;  as,  e.  g.,  the  Ferns  and 
Mosses.  Let  us  then  take  all  such  plants  and  consider  them 
as  forming  one  sub-kingdom,  viz.,  the  Flowkrless  Plants 
All  other  plants  will  of  course  constitute  the  other  sub -king 
dom,  viz.^  the  Flowering  Plants.  Botanists  call  ih'i  latter 
tlie  Phaenogamia,  and  the  former,  the  Cryptogamia  (Greek 
words  of  the  same  import). 

251.  Now  these  two  sub-kingdoms  have  other 
distinctions  besides  flowering  and  not-flowering. 
See  the  fruit-dots  growing  on  the  back  of  Fern 
leaves.  The  microscope  shows  them  to  be  clusters 
of  hollow  cases,  and  each  case  filled  with  a  fine 
yellow  dust.  But  this  dust  is  not  seeds,  with 
embryo,  radicle,  &c.  (Less.  21),  but  little  sacs, 
containing  a  fluid,  similar  to  the  pollen  grains 
(Less.  15).  We  call  them  Spores.  See,  also,  the 
Mushrooms  having  no  leaves,  and  the  Lichens 


355 


353 


356  357 

Some  of  the  Cryptogams.— i^i^.  355.  A  Fern,  showing  the  fruit  dots.    Figs.  356,  357. 
358,  are  Lichens,  some  appearing  to  have  stems,  and  some  with  uo  appearance  of  any 

250.  Please  distinguisli  tlie  two  subkingdoms.     The  meaning  of  Crypto- 


gamia  ?    Phaenogamia  ? 


251.  What  about  the  Spores  of  Ferns,  &c.  ^ 


lis 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


often,  also,  without  stems.  Hence  we  may  say  of  the  Cryp- 
togams that  they  are  not  only  fiowerless^  but  seedless^  and 
oftp.n  leafless  and  stemless, 

252.  We  will  now  dismiss  the  Cryptogams  for  the  present 
and  consider  the  Flowering  Plants  (Phgen ogams),  as  one  sub 
kingdom ;^iow  shall  this  be  divided?  Every  one  notices  a 
striking  difference  between  plants  with  parallel-veined  leaves 
and  those  with  net-veined  leaves.  The  former  have  their 
flowers  three-parted,  while  the  latter  have  their  flow^ers  two, 
four,  or  five-parted,  &c., — the  former  have  seeds  one-lobed 
(monocotyledoned,  Less.  15),  the  latter,  two-lobed  (dicotyle- 
doned,  Less.  15).  Let  us,  then,  divide  the  Phgenogamia  into 
two  provinces  ;  as  Nature  has  already  done. 


Fig.  359.  Cross-section  of  an  exogenous  stem  (Elm),  of  two  years  growth:  1.  the 
pith;  2,  8,  two  layers  of  wood  ;  4,  the  bark.  Fig.  360.  Cross-section  of  an  endoge- 
oous  stem  (Corn),  showing  no  distinction  of  layers. 

253.  We  may  call  these  two  provinces  severalh^,  the  Exo- 
GENS  and  the  Endogens  : — two  Greek  W' ords  denoting  outside 
growers,  inside-growers,  referring  to  their  modes  of  growth. 

254.  Now,  taking  such  an  Exogen  as  the  Apple-tree,  and 
snch  an  Endogen  as  the  Indian  Corn,  we  may  distinguish 
them  thus  :  The  Exogen  has  its  wood,  if  any,  arranged  in  con- 
centric rings,  or  layers,  as  seen  in  Fig.  360  ; — the  outer  ring 


252.  Show  how  the  Flowering  Plants  are  divided.    253.  Please  give  the 
character  of  an  Exogen  ;  an  Endogen.    Meaning  of  these  two  words  ? 


THE  NATURAL  SYSTEM.  119 


being  the  youngest ;  the  leaves  net-veined  ;  the  flowers  sel- 
dom (or  never  completely)  three-parted ;  and  the  seeds  two- 
lobed.     On  the  contrary  : 

255.  The  Endogen  has  its  wood,  if  any,  confused,  the  inner 
poitions  being  the  newest ; — its  leaves  parallel-veined ; — its 
flowers  three-parted ;  and  its  seeds  one-lobed. 


LESSON    XXXI. 

MORE  ABOUT  THE  NATURAL   SYSTEM. 

256.  Thus  Exogens  and  Endogens  are  so  clearly  defined 
that  you  may  know  them  as  far  off  as  you  can  see  them. 
The  next  step  in  the  analysis  is,  to  subdivide  each  of  these 
provinces.  First,  as  to  the  Exogens :  We  know  that  they 
generally  have  pistils  in  their  flowers,  with  the  young  seeds 
(ovules)  inclosed  in  their  ovaries.  But  there  are  exceptions 
to  this  rule.  The  Pines,  Yews,  &c.,  have  no  pistils  at  all,  or, 
at  least,  no  stigmas,  and  produce  naked  seeds,  not  inclosed  in 
seed-vessels.  Hence,  w^e  have  two  classes  of  Exogens  :  the 
naked-seeded  and  the  vessel-seeded.  The  botanists  call  the  lat- 
ter the  Angiosperms  (Greek,  angios^  a  vessel ;  sjf>erma,  seed) ; 
and  the  former,  the  Gymnosperms  (Greek,  gyranos^  naked). 

257.  Secondly,  the  Endogens:  here  consider  the  peculiar 
forms  and  flowers  of  the  Grasses.  Their  flowers  are  all  en- 
veloped in  green,  alternate  scales,  called  glumes^  instead  of 

254   Is  the  Lily  an  Exogen  or  Endogen?    Tlie  Buttercup  ?    The  Maple,  (Src? 

256.  What  is  the  next  step  in  the  analysis?     State  the  manner  of  subdi- 
iding  thi  Exogens.     What  is  the  meaning  and  etymology  of  the  word 

"  Angiospenns  ?"     What  of  Gymnosperms  ?    Give  an  example  of  each. 

257.  Show  the  subdivision  of  the  Endogens.  What  of  the  Petaliferae  ? 
What  of  the  Glu miferse  ? 


120  OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


the  circles  of  petals  common  in  other  flowers.  Hence  we 
have  a  class  of  Glume-plants  and  of  Glumel ess-plants,  or,  as 
the  botanists  say,  Glumifer^  and  Petalifer^.  Tims  we 
divide  all  the  Flowering  Plants  into  four  Classes,  viz.: 

1.  Angiosperms  ;  Exogens  bearing  stigmas  and  seed-vessels. 

2.  Gymnospevms  /  Exogens  with  no  stigmas,  and  with  naked 
seeds,  as  the  Pines,  Firs,  Larches,  Cedars,  Cypresses,Yews,  &c. 

3.  PetalifercB  j  Endogens  with  no  glumes  and  ordinary 
flowers. 

4.  GlwinifercB I  Endogens  with  glumes  instead  of  petals,  as 
the  Grasses,  Sedges,  Grains. 

258.  Again,  each  of  these  Classes  are  to  be  subdivided  into 
Cohorts,  as  follows :  the  Angiosperms  are  divided  (not  very 
naturally)  into  three  cohorts,  viz. : 

1.  The  DialypetalcB^  or  Polypetalous  Exogens,  having  flow- 
ers with  the  petals  distinct  and  separate,  as  in  the  Buttercup, 
Kose,  Mustard. 

2.  The  GwmojpetalcB^  having  flowers  with  the  petals  united 
into  one  piece,  as  in  the  Phlox,  Morning-glory,  Foxglove. 

3.  The  Ajpetalce^  having  flowers  without  petals,  eitlier 
naked,  or  with  only  one  circle  of  floral  envelopes  (wliich  must 
then  be  considered  as  sepals,  wdiatever  be  the  color) ;  as  Gin- 
ger-root (Asarwn),  Poke  {Phytolacca),  and  Pig-weed  {fikeno- 
podi'um). 

4.  Next,  the  Gymnosperms  are  regarded  as  forming  one 
coliort,  called  the  Conoids,  having  the  fruit  usually  in  cones. 
(Less.  XXIII.) 

258.  After  tlie  classes,  wL at  is  tlie  next  step  in  analysis?  How  are  tlie 
Angiosperms  subdivided?  Please  define  the  Polypetalous  Exogens;  the 
Gamopetalous ;  the  Apetalous.  What  coliort  do  the  Gymnosperms  form? 
Why  ?  What  two  cohorts  do  the  Petaliferous  Endogens  form  ?  Define  the 
fifth  cohort.  Define  the  sixth  cohort.  What  cohort  do  the  Glumiferona 
Endogens  constitute  ? 


THE  NATURAL  SYSTEM.  121 


The  Endogenous  Petaliferse  are  divided  into  two  cohorts,  mz. : 

5.  The  SjyadicijlorcBj  having  the  flowers  on  a  spadix,  as  in 
the  Egyptian  Calla  and  Jack-in-the-pulpit. 

6.  The  Floridice^  having  the  flowers  separate,  not  on  a 
spadix,  as  in  Tuhp,  Gladiohis. 

7.  The  Class  Ghimiferse  constitutes  the  seventh  cohort, 
under  the  name  Graminoids^  i.  e.,  the  Grass-like  plants. 

Six  other  cohorts  are  formed  from  the  flowerless  plants, 
but  we  cannot  notice  them  in  this  work. 

259.  Lastly,  the  cohorts  are  themselves  divided  into,  or 
composed  of,  the  Natural  Orders,  which  we  defined  in  Les- 
son XXX. 


260.   Table  I.    Tabular  Yiew  of  the  Natural  System. 

Kvngdom.      Sub-Icing  doms     Provinces.  Classes.  Cohorts. 

'  Dialypetalous. 
)  Gamopetaloi;a, 
1  Angiosperms. .  (  Apetalous. 
(  Exogens. .  1  Gymnosperms.=Conoids. 

\  SpadiciflorJB, 

I  Petaliferse I  Floridese. 

Phjenogamio.  L  Endogens.  1  Glumiferie  . . .  .="Graininoid3. 
Vegetables.  1  Cryptogamiji,     (Its  divisions  here  omitted.) 

261     Table  IL    View  or  the  Natural  System. 

1.  Flowering  Plants.     (Next  pass  to  No.  2.^  PH^NOGAMIA. 

1.  Flowerless  Plants.     (Pass  to  No.  9.)  CRYI'TOGAMIA 

2.  Leaves  net- veined.     Flowers  never  qnite  3-parted 3.  UXOGENS. 

2.  Leaves  parallel-veined.     Flowers  3-parted 4.  £XDOGENS. 

3.  Stigmas  present.     Seeds  in  seed-vessels 5.  Angiosperms, 

3.  Stigmas  none,  seeds  naked.     Pines.  Spruces,  &c, .    .6.     G-ymnospenins, 
4.  Flowers  without  glumes,  naving  petals,  &c. . .  .7.  Petaliferae 

4.  Flowers  witn  green,  alternate  glumes,  no  petals    .  ,  S       Q-lumifsra3 

259.  Finally,  into  what  are  the  cohorts  themselves  di\ided?    Give  us  ex- 
amples of  each  of  all  these  cohorts. 

200    Explain  the  use  of  Table  I      261    Of  Table  IL 


122  OBJECT   LESSONS  IN  BOIANY, 


5.  Petals  distinct  and  separate.  Polypetaljb, 

5.  Petals  united  more  or  less.  Gamopetal^. 

5.  Petals  none.  Apetalje. 

6    The  cone-bearing  plants.     Cedars,  Larches.  Conoids 

7.  Inflorescence  a  spadix.  Spadiciflor^. 

7.  Inflorescence  not  a  spadix.  Floride^. 

8.  Grass-like  plants,  Graminoids. 

9.  Sucn  as  Ferns,  Mosses,  Lichens,  Sea-weeds,  Mushrooms  all  omitted  in 

this  book.     (See  Class-Book,  Chapter  XIV.  .• 

262.    Table  III.    Another  Yiew  of  the  Natural  System 

VEGETABLE  KINGDOM,  divided  into  two  sub-kingdoms,  viz.: 

Sub-hingdom  First,  PH^NOGAMIA,  the  Flowering  Plants,  including 
Province  7,,  the  EXOGEJS^S^  or  Dicotyledons,  including  two  classes 
Class  1,  the  Angiosperms,  having  three  Cohorts,  viz. ; 

Cohort  A,  PoLYPETALous  Exogens  (as  Eoseworts,  &c.) : 
Cohort  B,  Gamopetalods  Exogens  (Phloxworts,  &c,);  and 
Cohort  (7,  Apetalous  Exogens  (Pokeworts,  &c.).    . 
Class  2,  the  G-ymnosperms,  with  one  Cohort,  viz. : 

Cohort  i>,  Conoids,  or  cone-bearing  plants  (Pineworts,  &c.). 
Province  11.,  the  ENDOGENS,  or  Monocotyledons,  two  Classes,  viz. 
Cla£S  3,  the  Petaliferous  Endogens,  having  two  Cohorts ; 
Cohort  E,  Spadiciflor^  (the  Aroids,  &c.); 
Cohort  F,  Flop.ide^  (Lily worts,  &c.\ 
Class  4,  the  G-lumiferous  Endogens,  one  Cohort,  viz. : 
Cohort  (?,  Graminoids  (Grasses,  Sedges,  &c.). 
Sub-htngdom  Second,  CRYPTOGAMIA  the  Flowerless  Plants 
Province  111.   &c  ,  &c, 


LESSON    XXXII. 

OF  THE  ANALYSIS  OF  PLANTS. 

263.  To  study  any  subject  by  the  separate  examination  of 
the  parts  of  which  it  is  composed,  is  a  process  called  analysis. 
For  example,  in  Grammar,  we  analyze  a  sentence  when  we 
point   out  and   separately  consider   the   subject,  predicate, 

*363.  Of  Table  III.    263.  What  is  the  general  meaning  of  analysis  ?    niustrate. 


BOTANICAL   ANALYSIS.  123 


object,  &c.  In  Chemistry,  we  analyze  water  when  we  sep- 
arate its  two  elements,  oxygen  and  hydrogen,  and  examine 
each  by  itself. 

264.  In  Botany,  however,  we  use  the  word  analysis  in  a 
wider  sense.  It  implies  not  only  the  separate  study  of  each 
particular  organ  composing  the  plant,  but  doing  all  this  in 
connection  with  certain  tables,  in  order  to  determine  its  name 
and  history. 

265  This  kind  of  analysis  is  the  constant  and  delightful  pur- 
suit of  the  active  botanist.  Without  it,  the  study  of  books  loses 
half  its  pleasure  and  usefulness.  The  student  can  acquire  a 
better  knowledge  of  a  species  by  the  study  of  a  living  specimen, 
than  by  memorizing  the  longest  description  found  in  books. 

266.  During  the  flowering  months,  he  will  often  meet  with 
species  in  blossom  which  are  yet  unknown  to  him.  If  he  is 
duly  interested  in  his  study,  he  will  not  fail  to  seize  and 
analyze  each  new  specimen,  and  even  extend  his  walk  in 
search  of  more.  In  this  manner,  he  may  in  a  few  seasons 
become  acquainted  with  every  species  in  his  locality. 

267.  But  we  do  not  expect  that  all  this  will  be  accomplished 
by  our  young  friends  while  using  as  their  only  text-book  this 
little  work.  We  only  aim  now  to  furnish  them  with  the 
means  of  making  2.  fair  heginning^  so  that  they  pay  be  able, 
in  future  seasons,  to  advance  rapidly  with  the  "  Class  Book,'' 
or  other  works  of  that  rank. 

268.  In  the  following  pages  we  present  the  pupil  with 
numerous  tables,  designed  to  conduct  our  inquiries  in  every 
process  of  botanical  analysis ;  also  accompanied  by  a  plain, 
miniature  Flora,  or  a  partial  description  of  all  the  flowering 
plants  in  the  United  States. 

264.  What  is  its  signification  in  botany  ? 


124:  OBJECT  LESSONS   IN   BOTANY 


269.  Specimens  gathered  for  analysis  should  have  flowers 
in  full  bloom,  full-grown  leaves,  and  also,  if  possible,  the 
mature  fruit.  If  it  be  an  herb,  it  is  well  to  have  the  whole 
of  it,  as  the  root  and  lower  leaves  often  afford  characters  by 
which  the  species  is  known.  Suppose  you  now  have  good 
specimens  of  some  one  unknown  plant,  gathered  for  analysis, 
- — how  will  you  proceed  with  them  ? 

270.  We  first  examine  the  several  parts  of  the  plant,  begin- 
ning with  the  root  and  ending  with  the  pistil  or  ovary,  deter- 
mining the  character  of  each  according  to  the  definitions 
given  in  the  former  lessons.  After  this,  we  refer  to  the  table 
commencing  on  page  121,  entitled,  "  Review  of  the  Natural 
System,"  and  read,  compare,  and  decide  according  to  the 
directions  contained  in  Lesson  XXXIII.,  in  order  to  determine 
the  Natural  Order  to  which  the  specimen  belongs.  Having 
determined  the  Order,  we  next  turn  to  that  Order,  and  deter- 
mine the  Genus  and  Species  by  means  of  other  similar  tables. 

271.  In  examining  the  specimen,  previous  to  the  use  of  the 
tables,  the  first  inquiries  may  be  somewhat  as  follows : 

As  to  the  plant — whether  it  be  an  herb,  shrub,  or  tree. 

As  to  the  root — whether  tuberous,  fibrous,  or  fibro- tuberous. 

As  to  the  stem — whether  a  scale-stem  or  leaf-stem ;  bul- 
bous, rhizon^e,  or  erect,  &c. 

As  to  the  leaves — whether  alternate  or  opposite;  parallel- 
veined  or  net-veined ;  whether  the  figure  be  ovate,  lanceo- 
late, oblong,  &c. 

269.  Wliat  kinds  of  specimens  are  to  be  preferred  for  analysis  ? 

270.  Please  state  the  first  tiling  to  be  done  with  them.  After  you  have 
found  the  Order,  what  then  ? 

271.  What  special  care  should  be  taken?  As  to  character,  what  do  we 
inquire  concerning  plants?  What  concerning  the  root?  the  stem?  the 
leaves  ?  the  stipules  ?  What  concerning  the  flowers  ?  the  calyx  ?  the  corol 
la  ?  stamens  ?    What  concerning  the  pistil  or  fruit  ? 


USE  OF  THE  ANALYTICAL   TABLES.  12i 


As  to  stipules — whether  present  or  absent. 

As  to  the  flowers — whether  symmetrical  or  unsymmetrical ; 
regular  or  irregular;  whether  the  calyx  be  free  or  adherent; 
the  petals,  whether  distinct  or  united;  tlie  stamens,  whether 
hyj)ogynous  or  perigynous,  whether  opposite  to  the  petals  or 
alternate  with  them. 

As  to  the  pistil  and  fruit, — whether  the  carpels  be  more 
than  one,  and  whether  distinct  or  united.  (See  Lesson 
XYIII.) 


LESSON    XXXIII. 

HOW  TO  ANALYZE  A  PLANT  BY  THE   TABLES. 

272.  Our  readers  are  already  informed  that  the  Flora 
which  accompanies  these  instructions  is  not  intended  to 
make  them  acquainted  with  the  plants  of  the  country,  but 
simply  to  teach  the  pupil  how  to  analyze.  Hence  they  will 
not  expect  to  find  in  it  any  thing  like  a  full  account  of  all 
our  flora,  but  a  few  plain  exercises  by  which  they  may  trace 
every  flowering  plant  in  the  country  to  its  Natural  Order, 
about  one  in  every  two  to  its  Genus,  and  about  one  in  every 
five  to  its  Species.  In  conducting  an  exercise  in  this  Flora 
with  a  class  of  pupils  who  have  well  studied  the  former  part 
of  the  work,  some  method  like  the  following  Avould  be  inter- 
esting and  profitable. 

273.  Suppose  the  class  present,  and  each  furnished  with  a  spe- 
cimen of  some  one  unknown  species,  both  in  flower  and  fruit. 

Teacher.  Are  you  all  ready?  Turn  to  the  Flora  and  let  iis  find  out  to- 
gether the  family  relations  and  the  names  of  this  fine  pl-ant.  We  will 
commence  at  the  "Analysis  of  the  Natural  Orders"  (page  132),  and  read 
tlie  first  pair  of  lines,  which  we  will  call  a  couplet. 


126  OBJECT   LESSONS  IN  BOTANY 


Jolm  {reads).  "Plants  bearing  flowers  (Phaenogamia), 

"Plants  not  bearing  flowers  (Cryptogamia)." 

Teacher.  To  which  of  these  sub-kingdoms  does  your  specimen  belong? 

John    To  the  flowering  plants,  for  it  has  both  flowers  and  fruit. 

Teacher.  Now  tell  us  to  which  couplet  we  shall  next  pass. 

John.  To  the  second. 

Teacher.  Very  well.  Edward,  you  may  read  and  determine  the  second 
couplet  in  the  same  manner. 

Edward.  "Leaves  net-veined.     Flowers  never  completely  three-parted. 

"Leaves  parallel- veined  (rarely  net- veined).  Flowers  three-parted." 
This  specimen  seems  to  answer  to  the  first  line,  having  net- veined  leaves 
and  five-parted  flowers.     It  is,  then,  an  Exogen.     Pass  to  No.  3. 

Teacher.  Now  let  it  pass  along,  and  if  a  wrong  decision  is  made,  let  the 
observer  signify  it  by  raising  his  hand. 

Sarah.  "  Stigmas  present.     Seeds  inclosed  in  seed-vessels. 

"  Stigmas  none.  Seeds  naked."  These  flowers  have  pistils  and  stig- 
mas.    I  think  it  is  an  Angiosperm.     Pass  to  No.  5. 

Eliza.  "  Corolla  with  distinct  petals. 

"  Corolla  with  united  petals. 

"  Corolla  none ;  sepals  sometimes  none."  My  specimen  has  five  distinct 
petals,  and  five  sepals.     It  is  therefore  Polypetalous.     Pass  over  to  A. 

Jane.  "Herbs. 

"  Shrubs,  trees,  or  undershrubs."  This  plant  is  an  herb.  Pass  on  to 
No.  2. 

Mary.  "  Leaves  alternate  or  aU  radical. 

"Leaves  opposite,  on  the  stem."  The  leaves  of  the  stem  are  alternate, 
but  many  are  radical.     Pass  to  No.  15. 

Louisa.  "Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so.     Fruit  never  a  legume. 

"Flowers  irregular,"  &c.  I  do  not  remember  the  legume.  (Several 
hands  are  raised.) 

Teacher.  Edward  will  define  a  legume. 

Edioard.  A  legume,  sir,  is  a  fruit  like  a  pea-pod. 

Teacher.  Can  Mary  improve  this  definition  ? 

Mary.  The  legume  is  a  simple,  or  one-carpeled  fruit,  with  two  valves 
and  one  cell. 

Louisa.  But  this  plant  has  regular  flowers,  in  any,  case.     See  No.  17. 

Nancy.  "  Stamens  numerous."  &c.  I  count  more  than  twenty  stamens 
here.     Turn  to  No.  21. 


HOW  TO  ANALYZE,  127 


Lucy.  "Stamens  on  the  torus,"  &c.  I  think  they  are  on  the  torus,  and 
not  on  the  calyx.     Next  to  No.  22. 

Emily.  "  Pistils  few  or  many,  distinct  (at  least  as  to  the  styles). 

"Pistils  (styles,  also,  if  any),  completely  united,"  I  see  many  little 
green  pistils,  quite  distinct,  in  the  centre  of  the  flower.     Goto  No.  23. 

Caroline.  "Petals  five  or  more,  deciduous.  Leaves  not  peltate,"  &c. 
This  flower  has  five  petals,  but  I  do  not  know  whether  they  are  deciduous 
or  not. 

Teacher.  Will  some  of  you  relieve  Caroline's  doubts? 

Emily.  I  think  they  are  deciduous,  for  they  have  already  fallen  off  from 
several  of  my  flowers. 

Teacher.  True.     Then  what  is  Caroline's  decision  ? 

Caroline.  I  suppose,  then,  that  the  plant  belongs  to  the  "  Order  of  the 
Crowfoots,"  which  is  the  first  natural  order. 

Teacher.  Well  done.  This  brings  us  to  the  order  of  which  our  plant 
seems  to  be  a  member.  Let  us  now  turn  to  that  order  and  learn  the 
genus  of  the  plant.  But  before  we  look  into  the  "  Analysis  of  the  Gen- 
era," we  should  carefully  compare  our  plant  with  the  characters  of  the 
order,  so  that  we  may  be  sure  that  we  have  not  erred  in  our  conclusion. 
John  will  read  aloud  these  characters,  and  the  class  will  consider  whether 
their  specimens  answer  to  each. 

John  (reads).  "Herbs,  rarely  shrubs,  with  a  colorless,  acrid  juice"  (&c., 
to  the  end). 

Teacher.  Since  we  are  now  confident  that  we  have  a  plant  belonging 
to  the  order  of  the  Crowfoots,  let  us  commence  the  "Analysis  of  the 
Genera."    Edward,  the  first  couplet. 

Edward.  "  Sepals  four,  valvate  in  the  bud.     Achenia  tailed. 

"  Sepals  imbricate  in  the  bud."     The  sepals  are  imbricate.     No.  2. 

Sarah.  "  Ovaries  one-seeded,  achenia  in  fruit. 

"Ovaries  with  two  or  more  seeds."  I  find  one  seed  in  each  ovary, — 
indeed,  the  ovary  is  itself  like  a  little  seed.     Pass  to  No.  8. 

Eliza  {after  reading  the  coiq^let).  The  greenish  sepals  are  quite  differ- 
ent from  the  yellow  petals.     Go  to  the  triplet  marked  d. 

Jane  {after  reading  tlie  three  lines).  As  this  plant  has  leaves  on  tlio 
stem,  and  a  little  scale  with  honey  at  the  base  of  each  petal,  I  must  pro 
nounce  it  a  Crowfoot,  genus  No.  4. 

Teacher.  We  now  turn  to  that  genus  (page  147),  and  read  its  character 
for  the  sake  of  confirmation  and  a  better  knowledge. 


12S  OBJECT    LESSONS   IN    BOTANY 


Mary  (reads  the  character  of  the  genns  Eanimcuhis  aloud). 

Teacher.  We  are  now  ready  for  the  analysis  of  the  species.    Mary  is  next. 

Mary.  "  Petals  yellow.  Seeds  (carpels)  rough  with  prickles.  Flowers 
small.     South 

"  Petals  yellow,  seeds  smooth  and  even 

"Petals  white  (claws  yellow).  Seeds  wrinkled  crosswise."  This  spe 
cimen  has  smooth  seeds  and  yellow  petals.     Pass  to  a. 

Louisa.  "  Leaves  more  or  less  divided,"  &c.  This  second  line  of  the 
triplet  describes  the  plant.     Pass  on  to  1). 

Nancy.  "  Root  leaves  neither  divided  nor  cleft,  merely  crenate. 

"Lower  leaves  three-cleft,  but  not  divided  to  the  base. 

"  Leaves  all  ternately  divided  and  much  cleft."     Pas^  to  c. 

Lucy.   "  Sepals  reflexed  in  flower.     Plants  erect, 

"  Sepals  spreading  in  flower,  shorter  than  the  petals."  The  sepals  are 
reflexed.     Read  ISTos.  14,  15. 

Emily,  after  reading  both  descriptions,  finally  concludes  that  she  holds 
in  her  hand  a  specimen  of  the  Bulbous  Crowfoot,  or  Ranunculus  bulbosus, 
in  which  conclusion  all  concur. 


LESSON    XXXLV 

VARIOUS  SUGGESTIONS   AND  CAUTIONS. 

2/4:.  The  work  of  analysis  is  often  attended  with  difficul 
ties  wbicli  severely  try  the  skill  and  perseverance  of  the 
young  botanist.  So  it  often  is  in  the  stndy  of  Algebra,  or  oi 
Logic;  indeed,  in  nearly  every  ralnable  branch  of  learning 
His  decisions  may  be  wrong  through  a  want  of  a  thorough 
acquaintance  with  botanical  terms,  or  through  his  ignorance 
of  the  real  characters  of  his  specimens.  Of  course  ]iis  success 
will  always  be  in  proportion  to  the  accuracy  of  his  knowl 
edge, — here,  as  well  as  in  all  other  pursuits. 

274.  Mention  two  sources  of  error  in  the  analysis  of  plants 


DIFFICULTIES   IN  ANALYSIS.  129 


275.  But  the  minuteness  of  the  organs  or  parts  to  be 
studied  is  often  discouraging  even  to  the  accurate  student, 
much  more  to  the  careless  one.  To  overcome  this,  skill  in 
dissection  and  a  dauntless  courage  in  observation  are  indis- 
pensable. Moreover,  there  is  often  much  ambiguity  in  the 
nature  of  the  subject.  For  example,  whether  the  Geraniums 
are  herbs  or  shrubs ;  whether  the  flowers  of  Petunia  are  reg- 
ular or  irregular ;  whether  the  Pear  leaf  is  ovate  or  oval, 
&c.     Experience  will  at  length  diminish  this  difficulty. 

276.  The  exact  limits  between  the  classes,  the  cohorts,  &c., 
are  not  always  easily  defined.  For  example,  is  Trillium  an 
Exogen  or  an  Endogen  ?  Its  netted  leaves  indicate  the  for- 
mer, but  its  flowers  being  three-parted  throughout,  and  its 
seeds  with  one  cotyledon,  prove  it  to  be  an  Endogen.  Again, 
is  Spring  Beauty  an  Exogen  or  an  Endogen?  Its  leaves 
seem,  at  first,  parallel-veined,  but  as  its  flowers  are  five-parted 
it  is  an  Exogen. 

277.  Angiosperms  will  be  readily  distinguished  from  Gym- 
nosperms,  if  we  remember  that  almost  all  the  latter  are  ever- 
green trees,  like  the  Pines,  Cedars,  Larches,  &c. 

278.  The  industrious  student  will  very  soon  find  himself 
so  well  acquainted  with  the  difi'erent  characters  of  the  cohorts 
that  he  will  in  analysis  refer  his  plant  at  once  to  its  right 
cohort,  without  consulting  the  previous  parts  of  the  table. 
This  is  desirable;   and  a  thorough  acquaintance  with   the 


275.  What  of  the  minuteness  of  the  organs  of  some  plants  ?  What  of  the 
ambiguity  of  the  plants  themselves  ?  What  will  soon  diminish  this  diffi- 
culty ?    Mention  examples  of  tliis  ambiguity. 

276.  Are  the  limits  of  the  classes,  cohorts,  genera,  &c.,  always  clear? 
How  do  wc  know  that  the  Trillium  is  an  Endogen  ?  that  Spring  Beauty  is 
an  Exogen  ? 

277.  How  may  the  Gymnospenns  be  quickly  distinguished? 

6* 


130  OBJECT   LESSONS   IN   BOTANY 


characters  of  tlie  five  great   orders  following  will  prove  a 
great  saving  of  time  and  trouble. 

279.  The  Crucifeks  are  herbs  with  alternate  leaves,  cruci- 
form flowers  (§  87),  two  stamens  shorter  than  the  other  four, 
and  two-celled  pods.     Example,  Mustard. 

280.  The  Pea  worts  are  plants  with  one-celled  j)ods,  mostly 
papilionaceous  flowers  and  compound  leaves.  Examples, 
Pea,  Bean. 

281.  The  Umbellifers  have  alternate  leaves,  small,  regular, 
five -parted  flowers,  in  umbels,  and  two-seeded  fruit.  Cara- 
way 

282.  The  Asterworts  are  herbs  with  compound  flowers, 
that  is,  with  heads  composed  of  many  little  five-parted  flow- 
ers appearing  together  like  a  single  flower.  Asters,  Sun- 
flower. 

283.  The  Labiates  are  herbs  with  square  stems,  opposite 
leaves,  labiate  flowers,  and  fruit  deeply  cleft  into  four  parts. 
Peppermint. 

Among  Endogens  we  select  two  or  three  orders. 
281.  The  Orchids.     Herbs  with  very  irregular  and  gro- 
tesque flowers,  and  stamens  united  to  the  style.     Orchis. 

285.  The  Sedges.  Herbs  with  solid  stems ;  linear,  grass- 
like  leaves  (if  any),  on  entire  sheaths ;  and  with  green  glumes 
and  flowers. 

286.  The  Grasses.  Herbs  with  hollow  stems,  linear  leaves 
on  split  sheaths,  and  with  green  glumes  and  flowers. 

279.  Define  the  Crucifers  280.  Tlie  Peaworts 

281.  The  Umbellifers.  282.  The  Asterworts. 

283.  The  Labiates.  284.  Define  also  the  Orchids. 

285.  The  Sedges.  286   The  Grasses. 


ABBREVIATIONS    AND    SIGNS, 
Often  used  in  Descriptive  Botany. 


ach..,  achenia. 
(Bst.,  aestivation. 
altet'.,  alternate. 
anth.,  anther. 
axill,  axillary, 
c,  common. 
cal.,  calyx. 
caps.^  capsule. 
cor.^  corolla. 
decid.^  deciduous. 
diatn.,  dianieter. 
emarg.,  emarginate. 
f.  or/L,  feet. 


Jil.^  filament. 

^.,  flower;  Jls.,  flowers. 

,/r,,  fruit. 

hd.,  head;  Ms.,  heads. 

h7/p.,  hypogynous. 

ifnbr..  imbricate. 

inf.,  inferior. 

invol.,  involucre. 

irreg.,  irregular. 

leg.,  legume. 

//.,  leaf;  Ivs.,  leaves. 

Ifts.,  leaflets. 

ova..,  ovary. 


pet..,  petals, 
r.,  rare,  uncommon. 
recp.,  receptacle. 
reg.,  regular. 
rhiz.,  rhizome 
rt.,  root. 
sds.,  seeds. 
seg.,  segments. 
Sep.,  sepals. 
St.,  stem. 
sta.,  stamens. 
stig.,  stigmas. 
sty..,  styles. 


Apr.^   April.    Aug.,   August.     Dec,  December.     Feb.,  February.     Jan.,  January. 
Jl.,  July.     Jn.,  June.    Mar..,  March.    Fbv.^  November.     Oct..,  October.    Sepl.^ 

September. 

N.,  Northern,  that  is,  the  northern  portions  of  the  United  States. 

N.-E;  New  England,  or  the  Northeastern  States. 

N.-  W.,  the  Northwestern  States. 

E.,  the  Eastern,  or  the  Atlantic  States. 

W.,  the  Western,  or  the  States  bordering  on  the  Mississippi  and  Ohio  rivers. 

M.,  the  Middle  States  or  portions  of  the  United  States. 

S.,  the  Southern  States. 

S.-E.,  the  Southeastern  States,  and  *S'.-  W.,  the  Southwestern  States. 

N.  Y.,  New  York.     Mass.,  Massachusetts.     Pa.,  Pennsylvania,  &c. 

f.  (with  or  without  the  period),  a  foot. 

''  (a  single  accent)  denotes  an  inch  (a  twelfth  of  1  foot). 

''  (a  double  accent)  a  second,  a  line  (a  twelfth  of  an  inch). 


0  An  annual  plant. 

(2)  A  biennial  plant. 

If   A  perennial  plant. 

^    k  plant  with  a  woody  stem. 

$    A  pistillate  flower  or  plant. 

5    A  perfect  flower,  or  a  plant  bearing  perfect  flowers. 

§   Monoecious,  or  a  plant  bearing  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers. 

$  5    Dioecious  ;  pistillate  and  staminate  flowers  on  separate  plants. 

$55    Polygamous ;  the  same  species,  with  pistillate,  perfect,  and  staininato  fls. 

0  (a  ciplicr)  signifies  wanting  or  none,  as,  "  Petals  0." 


§  (placed  after),  a  naturalized  plant, 
t  (placed  after),  cultivated  for  ornament, 
X  (placed  after),  cultivated  for  use. 
00  Indefinite  or  numerous. 
$    A  staminate  flower  or  plant. 


132 


LESSONS  IN   BOTANY 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS, 

Being  a  Key  for  the  ready  determination  of  tJie  Natural  Order  of  any  plani, 
native  or  cultivated^  growing  within  any  State  east  of  the  Mississippi  river^ 
or  bordering  on  its  loestern  share. 

X7oTE. — A  star  (*)  prefixed  to  the  name  of  tbe  Order,  aenotea  tbal  that  Order,  with  its 
^t,-jera  and  species,  is  described  in  its  jilace  in  the  Flora.  The  Orders  not  thns  marked  aro 
not  noticed  in  the  Flora  beyond  this  Table.  The  Orders  are  here  numbered  to  correspond  with 
the  "Class  Book  of  Botany." 

Cl.ASSES  AND  COHORTS 

1    Floweriug  Plants  ...  2.  Sub-Tcingdorn,  1'HiENOGAM.IA. 

1    Flowerless  Plants Ferns,  Mosses,  Lichens,  Mushrooms, 

Sea-weeds,  &c.  (not  further  noticed  here).  Sub-kingdom^  CKYPTOGAMIA. 
2.  Leaves  net-veined.     Flowers  never  completely  3-parted  ...3.  EXOGENS. 

2.  Leaves  parallel-veined  (rarely  net  veined).  Flowers  3-parted 4.  ENDOGENS. 

3.  Stigmas  present.     Seeds  inclosed  m  a  seed-vessel 5.  Angiosperms, 

3.  Stigmas  none.     Seeds  naked  (Pines,  Spruces,  &c.). .   .0.         Gymnosperms. 

4    Flowei-s  without  glumes,  colored  or  green 7.  Petalifer^ 

4.   Flowers  with  green,  alternate  glumes,  no  perianth 8.  Glumiferae 

5.  Corolla  with  distinct  petals A.  Cohort  1.      Polypetalous. 

5.  Corolla  with  united  petals B.  Cohort  2.     Gamopetalous, 

5.  Corolla  none.     Sepals  sometimes  none.     .C.         Cohort  2,,  Apetalous. 

6.  The  cone-fruited  plants  (same  as  Gymnosperms).  .D.   Cohort  4.  Conoids. 

7.  Fls.  on  a  spadix,  apetalous  or  hicomplete E.   Cohort  5.      Spadiciflor^. 

7.  Fls.  complete,  perianth  double.    No  spadix.  .P.    Cohort  6.  Floridea 

8.  The  grass-like  plants  (same  as  Glumiferje).     XSt.         Cohort  7.  Graminoid* 


A    Orders  of  the  Polypetalous  Exogens 

1.  Herbs.... 2. 

1.  Shrubs,  trees,  or  undershrubs.     .3. 
Loaves  alternate  or  all  radical. . .  .15. 
Leaves  opposite  on  the  stem 11. 

3.  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so ...  .4. 

3.  Flowers  irregular  (or  fruit  a  legume,  §  180)  .  .57 
Stamens  3  times  as  many  as  the  petals,  or  more. . .  5. 
Stamens  1  or  2  times  as  many  as  the  petals,  or  fewer. .     T. 

6.  Leaves  opposite ....  60. 

5.  Leaves  alternate.   .  fi. 


ANALYSIS   OF   THE   ORDERS  133 


6.  Stamens  on  the  torus  or  on  the  hypogynous  (§  83)  petals. . .  63. 

6.  Stamens  and  petals  on  the  calyx  tube  (perigynous,  §  83). .   .68. 
7.  Ovaries  simple,  distinct  or  one  only.     Vines  or  erect  shrubs. . .  .69. 
7.  Ovary  compound ....  8. 

8.  Ovary  inferior, — wholly  adherent  to  the  calyx 70. 

S.  Ovary  superior, — free  from  the  calyx,  or  nearly  free. . .  .9. 
9.  Stamens  opposite  to  the  petals,  and  of  the  same  number.... 72. 
3,  Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals,  or  of  a  different  number.... 10 

10.  Leaves  opposite  on  the  stem 73. 

10.  Leaves  alternate,  compound 76. 

10.  Leaves  alternate,  simple 78. 

11.  Stamens  3  times  as  many  as  the  petals,  or  more 47. 

11.  Stamens  1  or  2  times  as  many  as  the  petals,  or  fewer. . .  .12 

12.  Pistils  distinct  and  simple,  few  or  one  only 48. 

12.  Pistils  united  into  a  compound  ovary. . . .18. 

13.  Ovary  free  from  the  calyx 14. 

13,  Ovary  adherent  to  the  caly.x.   ..49. 

14.  Stamens  opposite  to  the  petals,  and  of  the  same  number 51. 

14.  Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals,  or  of  a  greater  number. . .  .52. 

15.  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so.     Fruit  never  a  legume. . .  .17. 

15.  Flowers  irregular  (rarely  regular),  and  the  fruit  a  legume. .     IG 

16.  Stamens  3  or  more  times  as  many  as  the  petals 42. 

16.  Stamens  few  and  definite,  5-12 43. 

17.  Stamens  numerous,  3  or  more  times  as  many  as  the  petals. . .  .21. 
17.  Stamens  few  and  definite 18. 

18.  Ovary  free  from  the  calyx, — superior...  19. 

18.  Ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx, — inferior 39. 

19.  Pistils  one  or  indefinite  (1-15),  distinct,  simple..    .30. 
19.  Pistils  definite  in  number,  as  follows,  viz 20. 

20.  Carpels  (or  pistils)  2,  united,  the  short  styles  combmed  into  1 ...  .81 . 

20.  Carpels  3  or  4,  united,  the  styles  or  stigmas  3,  or  4,  or  6 32. 

20.  Carpels  5,  distinct  or  united,  with  5  distinct  styles 37. 

20.  Carpels  5,  united,  and  the  styles  combined  into  1.     .38. 

21.  Stamens  on  the  torus  (hypogynous) 22. 

21.  Stamens  situated  on  the  corolla  at  base. . .  .27. 
21.  Stamens  situated  on  the  calyx  at  the  base. . .  .28. 

22.  Pistils  few  or  many,  distinct  (at  least  as  to  the  styies) ...  23. 

22.  Pistils  (and  styles  also,  if  any)  completely  united 24. 

23.  Petals  5  or  more,  deciduous.  Leaves  not  peltate.  Order  of  the  *  Crowfoots,  I 
23.  Petals  3,  persistent  and  withering.  Floating  leaves  peltate.  Water-shields.  7 
2-3.  Petals  many,  deciduous.     Leaves  all  peltate.  *  Water-beam.      8 

24.  Sepals  2  only 26. 

24.  Gepals  4,  5,  or  6 ,  mostly  5  . .  .25 


134 


LESSONS  IN  BOTANY 


30 


25.  Petals  numerous,  imbricate  in  the  bud.  *  Watet'  Lilies.       9 

25.  Petals  5,  imbricate  in  bud.     Leaves  tubular.  *  Water-pitchers.     10 

25.  Petals  5,  convolute  in  bud.     Flowers  of  2  sorts.  *  Rock-roses.     17 

26.  Petals  5,  imbricate  in  bud.  *  Purselanes.     22 

26.  Petals  4,  usually  crumpled  in  bud.  *  Foppyivorts.     11 

27.  Filaments  united  into  a  tube.     Anthers  1-eelled.  *  Mallows.     24 

Sepals  2,  persistent.     Fruit  a  pyxis  (§  178).  * Furselaties.     22 

Sepals  3  to  5.... 29. 

29.  Petals  imbricate  in  bud.     Fruit  a  long  pod.     South.     *  Lindenb looms.     26 

29.  Petals  imbricate  in  bud.     Fruit  not  a  pod.  *  Roseioorts.     47 

29.  Petals  convolute  in  bud.     Fruit  compound.  Loasads.     53 

Stamens  opposite  to  the  imbricated  petals.     Pistil  one.  *  Berherids.       6 

SO.  Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals,  or  more  numerous.  *  Crowfoots.      1 

31.  Stamens  6  (tetradynamous,  §  108).    Pods  2-celled.  ♦  Crudfers.     13 

31.  Stamens  4,  or  8-12.     Pod  1-celled.  Capparids.     14 

32.  Sepals  and  petals  in  3's.     Stamens  6.     Small  herbs.  Limnanths.    36 

32.  Sepals  and  petals  in  4's.    Stamens  8.     Climbing.  *  Indian  Soap  worts.    41 

82.  Sepals  and  petals  in  5's 33. 

33.  Stamens  definitely  5 ....  34. 

33.  Stamens  indefinite,  3-80 36 

34.  Stamens  monadelphous.     Stems  climbmg. 

34.  Stamens  distinct 35. 

35.  Stem  climbing.     Flowers  greenish.  *(J/ea;w!aw  tjmg.)     Order 

35.  Stem  erect.     Flowers  yellow.  Turnerworts. 

S5.  Stem  erect.     Flowers  cyanic.  *  Sundews. 

36.  Flowers  perfect,  very  many  and  small.        *  Rock-roses. 

36.  Fls.  monoecious.  Plants  woolly,  scurfy,  or  downy.   Order 

37.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  5  petals.     Seeds  many.  *  Flaxworts. 

87.  Stamens  5,  opposite  to  the  5  petals.     Seed  1.       {Lead-worts.)      *  Order 

87.  Stamens  10  (twice  as  many  as  the  petals),  united  at  base.  *  Wood-sorrels. 

37.  Stamens  6-24  (twice  as  many  as  the  petals),  distinct.  *  Houseleeks. 

38.  Ovary  1-celled.     Leaves  radical,  spinous.     S.  *  Sundews. 

38.  Ovary  3-5-celled.    Leaves  mostly  radical,  dotless.  *  Order 

38.  Ovary  3-5-celled.     Leaves  cauline,  dotted,  pinnate. 

89.  Style  1,  but  the  carpels  (§124)as  many  as  the  petals  (2-6). 

39.  Styles  2,  carpels  2,  fewer  than  the  (5)  petals 40. 

39.  Styles  3-5 41. 

40.  Seeds  several. 
Seeds  two  only. 
41.  Sepals  2,  with  5  petals. 
41.  Sepals  as  many  as  the  petals. 
Ovaries  many  or  few,  rarely  1,  always  simple. 
Ovary  compound,  3-carpeled,  open  before  ripe. 


*  Fassionzcorts.     60 

105 

56 

19 

17 

112 

30 

80 

32 

56 

19 

73 

Euoworts.     37 

*  Onagrads.    52 


40. 


*  Saxifrages. 
^  Umbelworts. 

*  Furselanes. 
*  Araliads. 

*  Crowfoots. 
Mignonettes, 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE   ORDERS  135 


43.  Sepals  fewer  or  more  in  number  than  the  petals 44. 

43.  Sepals  and  petals  each  of  the  same  number 45. 

44.  Sepals  2  (or  vanished) ;  petals  4  (2  pairs),  with  1  or  2  spurs    * Fumcworls.  12 

44.  Sepals  4,  petals  2;  the  laro^est  sepal  spurred  behind.           *  Jewelwetds.  34 

44.  Sepals  5,  petals  3.     No  spur.                                                      *  MUkwuit^.  45 

45.  Flowers  4-parted,  not  very  irregular.     No  spur.              Capparids.  14 

45.  Flowers  5-parted ...  .46. 

46.  Stamens  8.     Spur  slender.                                       Trophyworts.  35 

46.  Stamens  5.     Spur  blunt,  or  none.                                  *  Violets.  16 

46.  Stamens  10  (or  more).   Fruit  a  legume.   No  spur.  *  Feaworts.  46 

47.  Pistils  many,  entirely  distinct,  simple.                                              *  Crowfoots.  1 

47.  Pistils  3  to  5,  united  more  or  less  completely.                         *  St.  Johnsivorts.  18 

47.  Pistils  5  to  10,  united,  with  sessile  stigmas  and  many  petals.         Ice-plants.  23 

48.  Pistil  only  1,  simple.     Petals  6-9.     Stamens  12-18.               *  Berberids.  6 

48.  Pistils  3  or  more,  distinct,  simple.  Flowers  all  symmetrical.  * Houseleeks.  56 

48.  Pistils  2,  covered  up  by  the  stamens     Juice  milky.                    *  Order  97 

49.  Carpels  as  many  as  the  sepals 49° 

49.  Carpels  fewer  than  the  sepals.   .  .50. 

49;  Anthers  opening  at  the  top.                                                      *  Melastomes.  50 

49.'  Anthers  opening  along  the  side.                                                *  Onagrads.  53 

50.  Seeds  numerous.     Styles  2.                                               *  Saxifrages.  57 

50.  Seed  1  in  each  cell.     Styles  2  or  S.                                   *  Araliads.  6J 

50.  Seed  1  in  each  cell.     Style  1  (double).                               *  Cornels.  65 

51.  Style  3-cleft  at  the  summit.                                      *  Furselanes.  22 

51    Style  and  stigma  1,  undivided.                                       *  Order  78 

52.  Leaves  pinnate,  with  stipules  between  the  petioles.                     Bean-capers.  3£ 

62.  Leaves  simple,  toothed  or  lobed. . .  .53. 

52.  Leaves  simple,  entire..  ..54. 

53.  Flowers  cruciforni,  with  6  stamens.                                           *  Orucifers.  13 

53.  Flowers  5-parted,  with  10  stamens.                                       *  Geraniums.  31 

54.  Petals  and  stamens  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.            *  Loosestrifes.  51 

54.  Petals  on  the  torus  (hypogynous) 55. 

55.  Flowers  irregular,  unsymmetrical  (§  110).             *  Milkworts.  45 

55.  Flowers  regular,  2  (or  3)-parted  throughout.    Water-peppers.  20 
55.  Flowers  regular,  5-partcd. ..  .56. 

56.  Leaves  dotted  with  pellucid  or  black  dots.  *St.  Johnsivorts.  18 

56.  Leaves  not  dotted.                                            *  Pinkworts.  21 

57.  Pistil  a  simple  carpel,  becoming  a  legume.    Stamens  10-100.       *  Peaworts.  46 

57.  Pistil  compound,  3-carpeled 58. 

67    Pistil  compound,  5-carpeled 59. 

58.  Flowers  perfect.     Leaves  digitate.                                            *  Buckeyes.  41 

58    Flowers  monoecious  (§  109).  Leaves  1-sided.     Cultivated.    Begoniads.  59 

59.  Stipules  present.   Plants  half-ahmbby.   Cultivated.  *  Geiuniums.  31 

59.  Stipules  none.    Shrubs  or  half-shrubs.     Native.                 *  Order  73 


136 


LESSONS   IN   BOTANY 


60.  Stameus  on  the  torus,  in  several  sets.     Leaves  dotted. 
GO.  Stamens  on  the  calyx  (perigynous,  §  83) ....  61. 

61.  Ovaries  many,  free,  but  inclosed. 

61.  Ovary  compound,  free  in  the  bell-shaped  calyx. 

61.  Ovary  compound,  adharent  to  the  calyx. . .  .62.  ■ 
62.  Leaves  with  a  marginal  vein. 
62.  Leaves  with  no  marginal  vein. 

63.  Petals  imbricate  or  vaivate  in  the  bud 65. 

63.  Petais  convolute  in  the  bud 64. 

64.  Anthers  1-celIed,  turned  inwards. 

64.  Anthers  2-celled,  turned  outwards. 


*  St.  Johmworts.     18 


South. 
..66. 


*  Calycanths. 
*  Loose-strifes. 

Myrtleblooms. 

*  Saxifrages. 


*  Mallows. 
SilTc-cottons. 


Erect  shrubs. 


65.  Ovaries  distinct,  many  or  few, 

65.  Ovary  compound 67. 

66.  Petals  6,  vaivate  (§  129). 

66.  Petals  8-9,  imbricate.     Trees  or  erect  shrubs. 

66.  Petals  6-9,  imbricate.     Climbing  shrubs. 

67.  Leaves  dotted  with  pellucid  dots. 

67.  Leaves  dotless.  Sepals  vaivate.  Fls.  ^xi\dX\.*Lindcnhlooms. 

67.  Leaves  dotless.    Sepals  imbricate.   Fls.  large.  *7tai<;o/-^s. 

Style  1,  with  many  stigmas.    Green,  fleshy  shrubs  Cacti),  *  Indian  Figs. 

Styles  several,  or  1  with  1  stigma.   Woody  trees  or  shrubs.   *  Moscivorts. 

69.  Pistils  many,  spicate  on  the  slender  torus.    Climbers.  Sddzanths. 


*Papaws. 

*  Magnoliads. 

Moonseeds. 

Orangeworts. 


Moonseeds. 

*  Berherids. 

*  Onagrads. 
*  Cornels. 

*AraUad.s. 

*  Currants. 

*  Saxifrages. 

*  Vineworts. 


69.  Pistils  2-6,  capitate  on  the  short  torus.     Climbers. 

69.  Pistil  1  only.     Stamens  opposite  the  petals. 
70.  Flowers  4-parted,  with  8  stamens. 
70.  Flowers  4-parted,  with  4  stamens. 
70.  Flowers  5-parted,  with  5,  10,  or  many  stamens 71. 

71.  Ovary  5-carpeled,  5-styled. 

71.  Ovary  2-carpeled.    Leaves  palmate-veined. 

71.  Ovary  2-carpeled.     Leaves  pinnate-veined. 

72.  Leaves  opposite.     Stem  climbing  by  tendrils. 
72.  Leaves  alternate.  Erect,  or  vine  without  tQndir\\s.*£uckthorns. 
78.  Carpels  8-5.... 74. 
73.  Carpels  1  or  2 75. 

74.  Styles  short.    Leaves  simple.  *  Staff-trees. 

74.  Styles  long  and  slender.     Leaves  pinnate,  serrate.      *  Soapworts. 

75.  Styles  2,  slender.     Samara  double.  * Ma'pleworts. 

75.  Style  1,  short.     (Drupe,  or  single  samara.)  *  Order 

76.  Filaments  10,  united  into  a  tube.    Leaves  bi-pinnate.    Pride-of- India. 

76.  Filaments  5,  distinct 77. 

77.  Leaves  pellucid-punctate.  Bueworts. 

77.  Leaves  not  dotted.     Ovary  3-carpeled,  1-seeded.  *  Sumacs. 

77.  Leaves  not  dotted.     Ovary  3-carpeled,  3  seeded.         *  Soapworts. 


4 

2 

5 

28 

26 

27 

58 

47 

4 

5 

6 

52 

65 

64 
55 
57 
44 
43 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  ORDERS  137 


78.  Petals  4,  yellow.  Witch-hazels  62 

78.  Petals  4-7,  cyanic. . .  .79. 

79.  Fruit  becoming  fleshy  drupes 80. 

79.  Fruit  becoming  dry  capsules 81. 

80.  Stigmas  3,  but  the  drupe  is  1-seeded.  *  Sumacs.  88 

80.  Stigmas  4-6,  and  the  drupe  4-6-seeded.  *  {Holly  ivorts.')    Order  74 

81.  Capsule  8-seeded.    Seed  with  a  scarlet  aril.  */S'tojf-i/'ees  .  42 

81.  Capsule  2  or  3-seeded,  seed  not  ariled.       §  3.     *  Order  73 

81.  Capsule  many-seeded.    §  2.    *  Ord.  73,  and  Pittospoi-es.  39 

B.  Gamopetal^,  or  Monopetalous  Exogens 

1.  Stamens  (6-100)  more  numerous  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla S. 

1.  Stamens  (2-12)  fewer  than  the  corolla  lobes,  or  of  the  same  number.... 2. 

2.  Ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx  tube,  that  is,  inferior 3. 

2.  Ovary  free  from  the  calyx  tube,  that  is,  superior. . .  .4* 

3.  Stamens  cohering  by  their  anthers 11. 

3.  Stamens  entirely  distinct. . .  .12. 

4.  Flowers  regular 5. 

4.  Flowers  irregular 28. 

5.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals 6. 

5.  Stamens  2,  fewer  than  the  petais. . .  .26. 
6.  Stamens  opposite  to  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  (and  free)..   .14. 
6.  Stamens  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  (rarely  connate)....  7. 
7.  Shrubs,  trees,  with  the  stigmas  or  carpels  3  to  6. . .  15. 

7.  Herbs  1-10-carpeled,  or  shrubs  2-carpeled 16. 

8.  Stamens  6,  united  below  into  2  equal  sets.     Herbs.  *  Order    12 

8.  Stamens  10,  united  into  a  split  tube  around  the  1  style.  *  Order    46 

8.  Stamens  many,  united  into  an  entire  tube  around  the  styles.       *  Order    24 

8.  Stamens  many,  united  only  at  the  base  into  1  or  5  sets 9. 

8.  Stamens  entirely  distinct 10. 

9.  Calyxof  5  leafy,  imbricated  sepals.  Shrubs,  trees.*(rea?wr;s.)  Order    27 

9.  Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  or  truncate.    ^hvwh&^ivQQ^.* Styracacex.    75 

10.  Stamens  8  or  10.     Flowers  all  perfect.  *  Heathworts.    73 

10.  Stamens  8  or  IG.  Fls.  not  all  perfect  (dioecious).  Persimmons.    76 

11.  Flowers  in  a  compact  head  surrounded  by  an  involucre.     *  Asterworts.     70 

11.  Flowers  separate,  irregular,  perfect.     Plants  erect.  *  Loheliads.    71 

11.  Flowers  separate,  regular,  imperfect.    Weak  vines.   (Oucurhits.)    Order    58 

12.  Leaves  alternate.    Flowers  o-parted,  regular,  separate.  *  Belhvorts.     72 

2.  Leaves  opposite,  with  stipules  between,  or  verticillate.  *  Madderworts.     67 

12.  Leaves  opposite.     Stipules  none 13 

13.  Stamens  4  or  5.     Ovary  2-5-celled.  *  Honey  suckles.     66 

13.  Stamens  2  or  3.     Ovary  1-celled,  1-seeded.  Valerians.     68 

13.  Stamens  4.     Ovary  1-celled,  1-seeded.  TeazelworU.     69 


138 


LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


14.  Herbs.     Ovary  with  5  styles  and  but  1  seed.  "^Leaduorts. 

14.  Herbs.     Ovary  with  1  style  and  many  seeds.  *  Frimworts. 

14.  Shrubs,  trees.     Ovary  1-styled,  5-celled,  1-seeded.       Soapworts. 

15.  Style  none.     Drupe  4-6-seeded.  *Eollyworts. 

15.  Style  one.     Drupe  4-seeded.  Vervains. 

15.  Style  one.     Capsule  3-5-celled,  many-seeded.  *  Heathworts. 

16.  Ovary  1,  deeply  4-parted  or  4-partible,  fonning  4  achenia.     *  Borrageworts. 

16.  Ovaries  2,  distinct,  often  covered  by  the  stamens 18. 

16.  Ovary  1,  compound 17. 

17.  Ovary  1-celled 20. 

17.  Ovary  2-6-celled.... 22. 

18.  Stigmas  united  or  connate.   .  .19. 
18.  Stigmas  distinct.     Flowers  minute,  yellow 
19.  Flower-bud  with  convolute  pieces. 
19.  Flower-bud  with  valvate  pieces. 

20.  Seeds  several 21. 

20.  Seed  one.     Corolla  limb  entire. 
21.  Leaves  cleft  and  lobed. 
21.  Lvs.  or  Ifts.  entire.    Fls.  not  spicate.*6'^en^ 


21.  Leaves  entire.     Flowers  spicate. 

22.  Leaves  opposite 23. 

22.  Leaves  alternate 24. 

23.  Ovary  2-celled. 

23.  Ovary  3-ceiled.     Plants  not  twining > 

2-^.  Ovary  3-celled.     Plants  not  twining.  \ 
24.  Ovary  2-celled,  2-6-seeded.     Twining 
24.  Ovary  2-eelled,  4-seeded.     Stem  erect,- 
24.  Ovary  2-celled,  many-seeded. .  ..25. 
25.  Styles  2. 
25.  Style  one. 
26.  Herbs.     Corolla  4-parted,  dry,  scarious. 
26.  Shrubs.... 27. 

27.  Corolla  5-parted,  imbricate  in  bud. 
27.  Corolla  4-parted,  valvate  or  none. 
28.  Ovary  deeply  4-parted,  forming  4  (or  fewer")  acbenia. 

28.  Ovary  entire,  of  one  piece 30. 

29.  Leaves  opposite.     Stems  square. 
29.  Leaves  alternate.     Stems  round. 


*  Bindweeds. 
*  Dogbanes. 

*  Asclepiads. 

*  Order 
Eydraphylls. 
ianworis. 
Ribworts, 


*  Loganiads. 

*  Phloxworts. 

*  Bindweeds. 
■  Borrageworts. 

*  Hydrophylls. 

*  Nightshades. 

Ribworts. 

Jasmineworts. 
*  Oliveioorts. 


*  Labiates. 
*  Borrageworts. 
30.  Ovary  with  4  or  fewer  seeds.     Leaves  opposite.       Vervains. 

SO.  Ovary  with  many  seeds,  or  more  than  4 31. 

31.  Trees  or  climbing  shrubs.   Seeds  winged.   *  Bignoniads. 
81.  Trees.     Seeds  wingless.  *  Paulownia,  m  Order 

81.  Erect  shrubs.     Seeds  wingless.  *  Eeathwo7'Ls. 

81.  Herbs.... 32. 


96 
9T 

101 
91 
95 

79 


85 


99 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  ORDERS 


139 


82.  Leatless  and  without  verdure.  * Broomrapes.  82 

32.  Leaves  only  at  base.     Fls.  spurred.  *  Butter woi'ts.  81 

82.  Leafy 33.  Fruit  4  or  5-celled.  Pedaliads.  84 

33.  Friiit  2-celled 34. 

34.  Corolla  convolute  in  bud.  Acanths.  87 

84.  Corolla  imbricate  in  bud.  *  Figtvorts.  86 

84.  Corolla  plicate  in  bud.  *  Nightshades:  94 


O.  Orders  of  the  Apetalous  Exogens. 

1.  Plants  heibaceous,  the  flowers  not  in  aments  (except  in  the  Hop,  115). . .  .2. 

1.  Plants  woody,— shrubs  or  trees 22. 

2.  Flowers  with  a  regular  qalyx  or  calyx-like  involucre. . .  .3. 

2.  Flowers  naked,  having  neither  calyx  nor  corolla 20. 

3.  Calyx  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  limb  lobed,  toothed,  or  entire.. 

3.  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  sometimes  inclosing  it 4. 

4.  Ovaries  several,  entirely  distinct,  each  1-styled,  1-seeded.  *  Order 

4.  Ovary  one  only,  simple  or  compound 5. 

5.  Style  or  stigma  one  only 6. 

5.  Styles  or  stigmas  2-12 7. 

6.  Ovary  1-ovuled,  bearing  but  one  seed 11. 

6.  Ovary  many-ovuled,  bearing  many  seeds. . .  .12. 

7.  Ovary  1-3-ovuled,  1-3-seeded 13. 

7.  Ovary  4-oo-ovuled,  4- co-seeded 17. 

8.  Stamens  1-12,  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  stigmas. . .  .9. 

8.  Stamens  2-10,  not  symmetrical  with  the  1  or  2  stigmas 10. 

9.  Stigmas  and  cells  of  the  ovary  1~4. 
9.  Stigmas  and  cells  of  the  ovary  6. 

10.  Ovary  many-seeded.     Styles  2. 
10.  Ovary  1  or  2-seeded.     Style  1. 
11.  Flowers  perfect.    Calyx  4-lobed.     Stamens  1-4. 
11.  Flowers  perfect.     Calyx  entire,  funnel-shaped,  c( 
11.  Flowers  imperfect.     Calyx  lobed,  green. 

12.  Stamens  4,  opposite  the  sepals.  =" 

12.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  sepals. 
18.  Fruit  o-6-seeded,  with  3  (often  cleft)  stigmas. 
13.  Fruit  1-seeded....  14. 

14.  Stipules  sheathing  the  stems.. 
14   Stipules  none. . .  .15. 

15.  Calyx  with  scarious  bracts  outside. 
15.  Calyx  double.     Climbing. 

15.  Calyx  naked 16. 

16.  Leaves  alternate. 
16.  Leaves  opposite. 


*  Ord^r 

52 

*  Birthworts. 

100 

*  Order 

57 

Sandahvorts. 

103 

*  Order 

47 

lored.    *  Marvekvorts. 

101 

Nettleworts. 

115 

{Loosestrifes.)     Order 

51 

*  Order 

78 

Spurgeworts. 

112 

*  Knot-grasses. 

102 

*  Amaranths. 

106 

*  Mexican  Vine. 

105 

*  Goose  foots. 

105 

S8.    *  Order 

21 

140  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY 


*  Order 

22 

*  Order 

21 

*  Order 

56 

*  Foleweeds. 

io;i 

*  Amaranths. 

1U(? 

*  Order  131 

Lizard-tails. 

123 

Starworts. 

124 

Threadfoots. 

125 

Eornworts. 

126 

17.  Leaves  opposite IS. 

17.  Leaves  alternate 19. 

18.  Fruit  a  pyxis,  opening  by  a  lid. 
18.  Fruit  a  capsule,  opening  by  4  or  5  valves. 
19.  Fruit  a  capsule,  5-celled,  5-horned. 
19.  Fruit  a  fleshy,  4:-oo-seeded  berry. 
19.  Fruit  dry,  1-seeded,  opening  by  a  lid. 
20.  Flowers  on  a  spadix  with  a  spathe. 
20.  Flowers  in  a  long,  naked  spike.     Stamens  6  or  7. 
20.  Flowers  solitary,  axillary,  minute.     Water-plants. ..  .21. 
21.  Stamen  1.     Leaves  opposite. 
21.  Stamens  2.     Leaves  alternate,  dissected. 
21.  Stamens  12-24.     Leaves  whorled,  dissected. 

22.  Flowers,  none  of  them  in  aments 23. 

22.  Flowers  (imperfect),  the  sterile  only  in  aments.. .  .34:. 

22.  Flowers  (imperfect),  both  the  sterile  and  the  fertile  in  aments.   ..35. 

23,  Leaves  opposite 24. 

23.  Leaves  alternate 27. 

24.  Stamens  2.  *  Order    99 

24.  Stamens  3.     Parasites.  Mistletoe— Lwanths.  108 

24.  Stamens  4-9 25. 

25.  Fruit  a  double,  2-winged  samara.  *  Oi'der    40 

25.  Fruit  not  winged 26. 

26.  Seeds  6.     Low  shrubs.     Box»  Spurgeworts.  112 

26.  Seed  1.     Shrubs.  Oleasters.  Ill 

27.  Stylo  or  stigma  1.     Seed  1 28. 

27.  Styles  or  stigmas  2 31. 

27.  Styles  or  stigmas  3-9 32. 

28.  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary. . . .29. 
28.  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary. . . .30 

29.  Anthers  opening  by  valves.  *  Laurels.  118 

29.  Anthers  opening  by  slits.  *  Daphnads.  107 

30.  Seeds  2-4.     Shrubs.  Sandalworts.  109 

30.  Seed  1.     Trees.  *  Order    65 

31.  Stamens  numerous.  *  Order    62 

31.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  calyx  lobes.  Elmworts.  113 

32.  Leaves  pinnate.     Pistils  5.  {PrickCy  Ash.)     Order    37 

82.  Leaves  simple,  linear,  evergreen.  Crowberries.  116 

32.  Leaves  simple,  not  linear 33. 

33.  Flowers  3- parted.     Fruit  dry.  {Stillingia.)    Spurgeworts.  112 

83.  Flowers  4  or  5-parted.  Fruit  fleshy.  *  {Buckthorns.)  Order  43 
34.  Nut  or  nuts  in  a  cup  or  involucre.  Leaves  simple.  *  Mastworts.  119 
84.  Nut  naked,  a  tryma  (§  172).    Leaves  pinnate.      ^Walnuts ';  Hickorywm'ts.  117 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  ORDERS 


141 


85.  Fruit  flesliy,  compound.     Juice  (sap)  milky.  Avtocarps    114 

85.  Fruit  dry  (except  iu  Myrica,  121).     Sap  watery 36. 

36.  Ameutsgloljular,  racemed.  Nutlets  2-celled.  (Z*j'M*rfam(5'ar.)  Order    62 
3G.  Aments  globular,  solitary.     Nutlets  1-celled.  Sycamores    116 

36.  Aments  cylindrical  or  oblong 37. 

37.  Ovary  1-celled,  1-seeded.    Fruit  dry  or  fleshy.      Galeworts.  120 
37.  Ovar^  2-celled,  2-ovuled,  1-seeded.  *  Birchworts.  121 

37.  Ovary  many-ovulcd,  many-seeded.  *WiUoiuxvorts.  122 


D.  Orders  of  the  Conoids. 

Leaves  simple.     The  fertile  flovi'ers  in  cones.     Stems  branched. 
Leaves  simple.     The  fertile  flowers  solitary.     Stems  branched. 
Leaves  pinnate.     Stems  not  branched,  palm-like. 


*Pin€wort8.  127 
*Yew8.  128 
129 


E.  Orders  of  the  Spadiciflor^. 

1.  Trees  or  shrubs  with  palmately- cleft  leaves  all  from  one  terminal  bud,  and 

a  branching  spadix  arising  from  a  spathe.  Falnis.  130 

1.  Herbs  with  simple  (rarely  ternate)  leaves.     Spadix  simple 2. 

2.  Plants  minute,  floating  loose  on  the  water.  Duchneats.  132 

2.  Plants  with  stem  and  leaves  rooting  in  the  soil. . .  .3. 

3.  Spadix  evident,  in  a  spathe  or  on  a  scape.  *  Aroids.  131 

3.  Spadix  obscure  or  spike-like.     Stems  leafy 4. 

4.  Flowers  with  no  perianth,  densely  packed.  *Typhads.  182 

4.  Flowers  with  a  perianth  or  not.     In  water.  *  Naiads.  133 


F    Orders  of  the  Floride^. 

1.  Flowers  (not  on  a  spadix)  in  a  small,  dense,  involucrate  head.   .  .17 

1.  Flowers  (not  on  a  spadix)  solitary,  racemed,  spicate,  &c 2. 

2.  Perianth  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary 4. 

2.  Perianth  free  from  the  ovary 3 

3.  Petals  and  sepals  differently  colored  (except  in  Medeola,  147;..  ..9 

3.  Petals  and  sepals  similarly  colored 12. 

4.  Flowers  imperfect. . .  .5. 
4.  Flowers  perfect , .   .6 

5.  Low  herbs,  in  water  *  Frogbits. 

5.  Woody  climbers.  ramroots. 

6.  Stamens  1  or  2,  growing  to  the  pistil  (gynandrous).  *  Orchids. 

6.  Stamen  only  1,  with  half  an  anther.  Arrawicorts. 

6.  Stamens  3  to  6,  distinct 7. 

7.  Perianth  woolly  or  mealy  outside.     Ovary  half-free.      Bhodivorts.  142 

7.  Perianth  glabrou's  outside ...  .8. 


184 
144 
138 
139 


14:2  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


.8.  Stamens  3,     Anthers  turned  inwards.  Burmaniads.  137 

8.  Stamens  3.     Anthers  turned  outwards.  *  Irids.  143 

8.  Stamens  6.  *  Amaryllids.  140 

9.  Pistils  many,  distinct,  achenia  in  fruit.  *  Water-plantains.  137 

9.  Pistils  3,  more  or  less  united....  10. 

10.  Leaves  verticillate,  in  1  or  2  whorls.   Stigmas  3.   *  Trilliads.  14 

10.  Leaves  alternate 11. 

11.  Stigmas  3.  Plants  growing  on  other  plants.  Bromeliads.  \'] 

11.  Stigmas  united  into  one.  ^  Spiderworts.  1;" 

12.  Leaves  net-veined,  broad 13. 

12.  Leaves  parallel-veined. . .  .14. 

13.  Flowers  perfect,  4-parted.  Oroomia — Eoxburgs.  146 

13.  Flowers  dioecious,  6-parted.  *  Greenbriers.  136 

14.  Styles,  and  often  the  stigmas  also,  united  into  1 15. 

14.  Styles  and  stigmas  3,  distinct 16. 

15.  Flowers  colored,  regular.  Stamens  6  (4  in  one  species).  *Lilywnrts.  148 

15.  Flowers  colored,  irregular,  or  else  3-stamened.        *  Pontederiads.  135 

15.  Flowers  greenish,  glume-like,  or  scarious.  *  Rushes.  Inl 

16.  Leaves  rush-like.     Ovary  of  three  1-seeded  carpels.     *  Arrow-grasses.  IZI 

16.  Leaves  linear,  lanceolate,  &c.     Ovary  6- co-seeded.  *  Melanths.  149 

17.  Petals  yellow,  small,  but  showy.     Leaves  radical.  Xyrids.  153 

17.  Petals  white,  minute,  fringed.    Leaves  radical.  Pipeworts.  154 

G.  Orders  of  the  Graminoids. 

Flower  with  a  smgie  oract  (giume).     Stem  solid.     Sheaths  entire.  Sedges    1 55 

Flower  with  several  bracts  (glumes  and  pales).     Stem  hollow.     Sheaths 

split  on  one  side.  Gi'osset    156 


THE   FLORA 


OK, 

SELECTIONS  FROM  THE  NATIVE  AND  CULTIVATED   PJiANTS 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Designed  as  first  exercises  in  Analytical  Botany. 


Explanations.— The  Tables  in  this  work  are  designed  to  be  eomplet',,  that  is,  each  Ordinal 
Table  includes  all  the  genera  belonging  to  that  order  known  within  the  limits  of  the  Flora  {i.  e..  the 
States  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains);  and  each  Generic  Table  includes,  in  like  manner,  all  its 
known  species.  The  numbers  annexed  to  the  genera  in  the  Ordinal  Tables,  refer  to  the  descrip- 
tions immediately  following.  If  no  number  be  annexed,  the  pupil  will  understand  that  that  genus 
is  not  further  noticed. 


COHORT    I. 

THE  POLYPETALOUS   EXOGENS. 

Essential  Character. — Flowering  Plants  (Ph^nogamta), 
with  their  stems  growing  by  additions  to  their  outside  in 
layers  (Exogens),  their  seeds  inclosed  in  a  seed-vessel  or  peri- 
carp (Angiosperms),  their  flowers  with  a  double  perianth  and 
their  petals  distinct  (Polypetal^).  (But  to  this  last  condition 
there  are  many  exceptions.) 

Order  I.    RANUNCULACE^.    The  Crowfoots 

Herbs^  rarely  shrubs^  with  a  colorless,  acrid  juice,  with 

leaves  mostly  alternate  and  much  divided,  without  stipules ; 

sepals  3-15,  deciduous,  distinct,  and  colored  when  apetalous; 

vetals  8-15,  distinct,  often  deformed  or  conti-acted  or  wanting; 

stamens  oo,  distinct,  hypogynous  ; 

pistils  00  (rarely  1  or  few),  distinct,  becoming  in 

fruit  either  achenia,  folliclefi,  or  berries. 


144 


THE  FLORA. 


Fig.  361.  Bulbous  Crowfoot;  2,  a  petal,  showing  the  honey-scale  at  base;  3,  a  single  ovary 
4,  section  of  it,  showing  the  ovule. 

Fig.  865.  "Wild  Columbine;  6,  one  of  the  hollow  petals  attp.ched  to  the  receptacle  with  tbs 
stamens  and  styles ;  7,  a  ripe  follicle ;  8,  a  seed  ;  9,  section  of  it,  showing  the  embryo. 

Fig  370.  Plan  of  the  flower. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

%  Sepals  4,  valvate  in  the  bud.     Achenia  tailed a 

§  Sepals  imbricate  in  the  bud 2 

2  Ovaries  1-seeded,  achenia  in  fruit 3 

2  Ovaries  with  2  or  more  seeds 4 

3  Corolla  0,  or  undistinguishable  from  the  colored  calyx. . .  .5 
3  Corolla  and  calyx  distinct  either  in  color  or  form. . .  .d 
4  Sepals  as  permanent  as  the  stamens.     Fruit  dry. . .  .6 

4  Sepals  falling  off  sooner  than  the  stamens k 

4  Sepals  persistent  with  the  fruit.     Petals  very  large m 

5  Sepals  persistent  with  the  stamens b 

5  Sepals  caducous  (falling)  sooner  than  the  fitamen.s...  .c 


Ordeii  1.— the  crowfoots.  145 


6  Flowers  regular 7 

6  Flowers  irregular h 

7  Petals  none..  ..e 

7  Petals  smaller  than  the  sepals . . .  .f 

7  Petals  larger  than  the  sepals g 

a  Petals  none  or  stamen-like.  Leaves  all  opposite.  \r^irgiii's  Bower.  Clem'atis.  i 
b  Stem  leaves  opposite,  remote  from  the  flower.  Anem'one.  Anemone.     2 

b  Leaves  all  radical.     8  bracts  close  to  the  flower.        Liverkaf.  Hepat''ica. 

c  Flowers  mostly  imperfect.     Leaves  conipound.       Meadow  Rue.  Thalic'trum.  12 

c  Flws.  perfect.     Lvs.  simple,  palinately  lobed.       Pmirie  Rue.  Trautvette'kia. 
d  Leaves  all  radical,  linear.     Torus  linear.     Small  plant. 

Moiisetail.  Myosu'rus. 
d  Lvs.  cauline.     Petals  with  a  honey-scale  at  base.   Crowfoot.  Ranun'cdlus.    4 
d  Leaves  cauline.     No  honey-scale.     Petals  red  or  yellow. 

FkeasanVs-eye.  Ado^'nis.     5 

e  Sepals  white,  5  in  number.     Leaves  compound.  False  Rue.  Isopy'rum. 

e  Sepals  yellow,  6-9.  Marsh  Marigold.  Cal'tha.     6 

f  Petals  tubular  at  apex.     Eoots  yellow.  Gold-thread.  Cop'tis.    7 

f  Petals  tubular  at  base,  1-lipped.  Globe-jioiver.  Trol'lics.    8 

f  Petals  tubular,  2-lipped.     Sepals  persistent.  Hellebore.  IIelleb'orus. 

f  Petals  concave,  2-lobed.     Flowers  racemed.      Yellow-root.  Zanthorhi'za. 

g  Petals  larger  than  the  colored  sepals,  3-Iobed.  Fennel-flower.  Nigel''la. 

g  Petals  larger  than  the  colored  sepals,  spurred  alike.  Columh'me.  Aquile'gia.  9 
h  Upper  sepal  spurred,  inclosing  spurred  petals.  Lar-kspur.  Delphin''ium.  10 
h  Upper  sepal  hooded,  covering  2  deformed  petals.  Monk^s-hood.  Aconi'tum.  11 

k  Flowers  numerous,  in  long,  slender  racemes.  Bugbam.  Cimicif'uga. 

k  Flowers  many,  in  short  racemes.     Berries  simple.  Baneberry,  Act^'a.  13 

k  Flower  one  only.  Leaves  2.  Berry  compound.  Turmeric-root.  Hydras'tis.  1-t 
m  Disk  sheathing  the  ovaries.    Very  Showy.  Peony.  P^o'nia. 


1.  CLEM'ATIS.     Virgin's  Bower. 

Calyx  ot  4  colored  sepals,  valvate-induplicate  in  the  bud.  Petals  none, 
or  small  and  stamen-like.  Stamens  many,  shorter  than  the  sepals.  Ova- 
ries many,  styles  becoming  long  and  feathery  upon  the  seed-like  achenia. 
—  IC  Mostly  climbing  vines,  with  twisted  petioles  for  tendrils,  and  with 
opposite,  compound  leaves. 

I  Leaves  verticillate.     Outer  stamens  petal-like.     Vine . . .  .No.  1 

Leaves  opposite.     Petals  none.     Calyx  colored a 

a  Erect  herbs  near  1  foot  high.    Flowers  solitary 10,  11,  12 

a  Vines  climbing. . .  b 

7 


14:6  THE   FLORA. 


b  Flowers  clnstcred  in  panicles 2,  3,  4,  5 

b  Flowers  solitary,  large,  showy 6,  7,  8,  9 

1  01era''atis  verticilla'ris.     Purfle    Virgin^ s  Boiver.      Leaves  ternate,  4  at  each  no(ie. 

Flowers  purple,  2  at  each  node.     Hills.  N.  W. 

2  C.  Virginia''na.    Virginian  V.  Leaves  ternate.   Leaflets  smooth,  lobed,  and  toothed. 

3  C  holoseric''ea.     Silk-y  V.     Leaves  ternate,  leaflets  downy  or  silky,  entire.     S. 

4  C  Caiesbya^na,     Gatesby's  V.     Lvs.  bi-ternate,  Ifts.  3-lobed.     Clusters  axillary.    S. 

I  O.  Flam'mula.     Sweet  V.     Lvs.  pinnate.     Lfts.  entire,  pointed.  Fls.  terminal,     t 

6  O.  cylin'drica.    Crisped  V.  Lfts.  acute,  thin,  3-15.  Sepals  wavy  at  edge,  b-p.   S. 

7  C.  reticula'ta.    Veiny  V,  Lfts.  obtuse  at  each  end,  thickish.    Sep.  wavy.  h-p.  S. 

8  0.  Vior'na.    Leather-flower.    Lfts.  ovate,  acute,  pinnate.    Sep.  not  wavy.   P. 

9  O.  Viticella.    Vine-Bower.   Lfts.  oval,  3-15.    Sepals  not  wavy,  obovate.    P.   t 
10  0.  ochroleu'ca.     Ground  V.    Lvs.  undivided,  ovate,  entire,  silky  beneath,     p-y. 

II  O.ova'ta.    Egg-leaved  V.    Lvs.  undivided,  broad-ovate,  smooth,  glaucous,     p.  S. 
12  0.  Baldwin 'ii.    Baldwin'' s  V.    Lvs.  3-cleft,  the  upper  lance-ovate,  entire,     p.  S. 

2.  ANEMO'NE.     Anemone,  or  Wind-Flower. 

Calyx  regular,  of  5-15  colored  sepals  resembling  petals.  Petals  prop- 
erly none.  Stamens  many,  mucli  shorter  than  the  sepals.  Pistils  many, 
collected  into  an  oblong  or  roundish  head.  Achenia  generally  without 
tails.  Leaves  mostly  radical,  palmately  lobed,  those  of  the  stem  opposite, 
forming  a  sort  of  involucre. 

§  Carpels  with  long,  feathery  tails  in  fruit.     Flower  large. . .  .1 

§  Carpels  without  tails a 

a  Stem  leaves  (involucre)  sessile 2,  3 

a  Stem  leaves  petiolate b 

b  Flower-stalk  1  or  several,  all  leafless 4,  5,  6 

b  Flower-stalks  2-5,  all  but  the  first  2-leaved  in  the  middle 7,  8 

1  A.  Wuttal'lii.   Pasque-flower.    Lvs.  cleft  into  linear  lobes,  very  hairy.  Apr.  N.  -W. 

2  A.  Carolima''na.     Carolina  A.     Flower  only  one,  with  15  sepals.     S.  W. 

3  A.  Pennsylvan''ica.     Pennsyhanian  A.     Flowers  1-5,  with   5   obovate,  pure 

white  sepals.     Height  12-20^     N.  W. 

4  A.  ttemoro'sa.     Wood  A.     Flower  1,  stalk  2  or  3Mong.    Sepals  rose-white.    Apr. 

5  A.  cylin'drica.   Gray'' s  A.  Flowers  mostly  several,  whitish,  stalks  6-12' long.  Fruit 

heads  oblong  or  cylindrical.     May.     N.  W. 

6  A.  thalictroiMes.    Rue  A.    Flowers  several  or  many,  rosy  or  white,  on  short  (1-2') 

stalks.     Leaves  of  the  invol.  2,  twice  ternate.     Apr.     Common. 

7  A.  Virginia^na.      Virginia  A.     Leaf-lobes,  lance-ovate.      Flowers  greenish 

white.     Height  2-3  feet.     Common. 

8  A.  muliif'xda.     Ped  A.     Leaf-bbes  linear.    Flowers  red.    Height  6-12'.  r.  ISl, 


OiiDEP.  1.— THE   CROWFOOTS.  14' 


8.  HEPAT'IOA.     Noble  Liverwort. 

Calyx  (generally  called  an  involucre)  of  3 
CQtire,  ovate,  green  sepals  (or  bracts),  situated 
«  very  little  below  the  corolla.  Corolla  of  5-9 
jietals,  arranged  in  2  or  three  rows.  Achenia 
without  tails. —  U  Pretty  little  plants  blossoming 
in  early  spring.  Leaves  all  radical,  thick, 
3-lobed,  green  through  the  winter.  Flowers 
numerous,  one  on  each  scape,  blue,  roseate,  or 
white. 

Fig.  371.  Flower  and  leaf  of  n.  triloba. 

1  H.  tril'oba.     Leaf-lobes  and  sepals  obtuse.     Scapes  hairy,  several  inches  high. 

2  H.  acutn'oba.     Leaf-lobes  and  sepals  acute.     Fls.  and  scapes  like  the  other. 

4.  EAj^UN'CULUS.     Crowfoot.     Buttercups. 

Calyx  of  5  ovate  sepals.  Corolla  of  5  roundish,  shining  petals,  each 
with  a  honeyed  scale  or  pore  at  the  base  inside.  Stamens  00.  Achenia 
numerous,  flattened,  crowded  in  a  roundish  or  oblong  head. — A  large 
genus  of  herbs  mostly  perennial  (U)  and  with  yellow  flowers.  Leaves  di- 
vided or  entire.     Juice  very  acrid. 

§  Petals  yellow.     Seeds  (carpels)  rough  with  prickles.     Fls.  small.     S 1,  2 

§  Petals  yellow.     Seeds  smooth  and  even ) 

§  Petals  white  (claws  yellow).     Seeds  wrinkled  crosswise j 

a  Leaves  all  undivided.     Plants  growing  in  wet  places 5-8 

a  Leaves  more  or  kss  divided,  not  growing  under  water b 

a  Leaves  in  fine,  thread-like  divisions,  growing  under  water. . .  .3,  4 

b  Boot  leaves  neither  divided  nor  cleft,  merely  crenate 9,  10 

b  Lower  leaves  3-cleft  but  not  divided  to  the  base.     Height  l-2f 11-13 

b  Leaves  all  ternately  divided  and  much  cleft.... c 

c  Sepals  reflexed  in  flower.     Plants  erect 14,  15 

c  Sepals  spreading  in  flower,  shorter  than  the  petals 16-18 

1  R.  murica'tus.     Ronghfruited  C.    Plant  smooth.    Seeds  with  large,  stout,  hooked 

beaks.     Sepals  spreading.     Leaves  3-lobed  and  cleft.     South. 

2  R  parviflo'rus.     Small-flowered  C.     Plant  hairy.     Seeds  with  a  very  short  beak. 

Sepals  finally  reflexed.     Leaves  3-lobed  and  cleft.     South. 
8  R.  aquat'ilis.      Water  Crowfoot.    In  ponds  and  rivers.    The  tvhite  petals  with  a 

cavity  at  base.     Only  the  flowers  above  water.     Summer. 
4  R.  Pursh'ii.     Fiirsh'a  Crowfoot.     In  stagnant  water.     The  yellow  petals  with 
a  scale  at  base.    Floating  leaves,  3-5-parted.    Spring. 


148  THE  FLORA. 


5  R.  Flam  mula.     Spear-Laved  G.     Stems  ascending  (l-2f).     Leaves  all  lanceolate, 

narrow,  entire,  on  sheathing  stalks.     Sum. 

6  R.  pusirius.     Tiny  C.     Stems  nearly  erect.     Leaves  ovate  and  lanceolate.    Petula 

mostly  but  3,  with  about  10  stamens.     Ma>j. 

7  R.  rep'tans.     Creepiny  C.     Stems  creeping  and  rooting  (4-8'').      Leaves  lance-lin- 

ear, and  linear.     Flower  1  at  a  node.     July. 

8  R.  Cymbala'ria.    Boat  G.    Stems  creeping  and  rooting  (1  foot).     Leaves  all  rjund- 

cordate,  creuate.     Salt-marshes.     June. 

9  R.  aborti'vus.    Abortive  G.     Plant  glabrous,  l-2f.  high.     Ptoot  leaves,  round- 

cordate.     Petals  smaller  than  the  sepals.     Spring,     c. 

10  R.  rhomboi'deus.      RhomUc    G.      Plant    hairy,   busliy,  4-10'  high.      Eoot 

leaves  rhombic-ovate.     Sepals  spreading.     N.  W. 

11  R.  palma'tus.    Falm  G.    Stem  hairy.     Seeds  with  a  straight  beak  in  a  round  head. 

Leaves  palmately  3-5-cleft,  with  sinus  closed.     South. 

12  R.  recurva'tus.    Hook-seed  G.    Stem  hairy.     Seeds  with  a  recurved  beak  in  a  rovind 

head.     Leaves  all  similarly  8-parted.     Flowers  small.     Spring. 

13  R.  scelera'tus.     Villainous  G.     Stem  glabrous.     Seeds  not  beaked,  in  an  oblong 

head.     Flowers  small.     Leaves  palmately  3-5-parted.    June.,  July. 

14  R.  bulbo'sus.    Bulbous   G.     Erect  (6-120  from  a  solid  bulo.     Petals  large. 

Head  of  fruit  round.     Eoot  leaves  ternate.     Spring. 

15  R.  Pennsylvan'icus.    Bristly  G.    Erect  (l-3f.),  very  hairy.     Head  of  fruit  ob- 

long.    Leaves  ternate.     Summer. 

16  R.  repens.     Large  creeping  G.     Stems  first  ascending,  then  creeping.     Flower- 

stalks  furrowed.     Petals  obovate,  large.     Wet  places.     June. 

17  R.  fascicula'ris.     Early  G.     Stem   erect.     Eoot  fibres  thickened.     Flower-stalks 

terete.    Petals  narrow.     Leaves  appear  pinnate.     May. 

18  R.  acris.     Tail  Buttercup.     Stem  erect  (2-3f.).     Leaves  palmately  divided,  and 

cleft.  Petals  roundish.  Flower-stalk  terete,  calyx  spreading.  Summer,  c. 
In  the  gardens,  it  becomes  double-flowered. 

5.  ADO'KIS.     Pheasant's- eye. 

Sepals  5,  colored.  Petals  5-15,  with  no  scale  on  the  claws.  Achenia 
in  a  spike,  egg-shaped,  and  pointed  with  the  hardened,  persistent  style. 
Leaves  numerously  cleft  into  linear  and  very  narrow  segments.  Flowers 
terminal,  solitary,  red  or  yellow. 

1  A.  autumna'lis.    Late  Ph.    A  fine,  hard  annual,  from  Europe,  cultivated  in  gardens, 

and  naturalized  in  some  places.  Stem  rather  thick  for  its  height,  branciied. 
Leaves  pinnately  parted,  with  very  numerous  segments.  Petals  5-8,  of  a 
bright  crimson  color,  U'  across. 

2  A.  verna'lis.     Early  Ph.     Petals   10-12,  oblong,  yellow,  c?3ntate.     Upper  leaves 

sessile,  all  much  divided.     Flowers  large.    Spring.     ] 


Order  1.— THE  CROWFOOTS.  149 


6.  CAL'TIIA.     Marsh  Marigold. 

Calyx  colored,  of  5  roundish  sepals  resembling  petals.  Corolla  0.  Sta- 
mens 00.  Follicles  5-10,  oblong,  compressed,  erect,  manj-seeded. — 
U  Smooth  marsh  plants. 

C.  palus'tris.  Cowslips.  Marsh  Marigold.  In  wet  meadows.  Eoot  large,  tliick. 
Stem  about  If.  high,  hollow,  round,  branched.  Leaves  large  (4-6^  wide), 
roandish,  cordate,  crenate — lower  on  long,  half-round  petioles,  upper  sessile — 
all  of  a  dark,  shining  green,  and  very  smooth.  Flowers  of  a  golden  yellow  in 
all  their  parts,  IV  broad.     Outer  row  of  stamens  club-shaped,  long.     Spring. 

7.  COP'TIS.     Gold-thread. 

Calyx  of  5  or  6  oblong,  colored  sepals.  Corolla  of  5  or  6  small  club- 
shaped  sepals,  holloAv  and  1-lipped  at  top.  Stamens  20-25.  Follicles  5- 
10,  stalked,  beaked,  spreading,  4-6-seeded. — U  Herbs  with  radical  leaves, 
and  long,  creeping  root-stocks. 

C.  trifo^lia.  Gold-thread.  Leaves  3-foliate,  all  radical,  the  divisions  broad,  4-8'' 
long,  crenate,  smooth  sliining,  sessile.  Petiole  1-2' long.  Stems  underground, 
creeping  extensively,  bright  yellow,  and  very  bitter.  Peduncles  3-4'  high, 
each  1-flowered.  Calyx  white.  Petals  yellow,  much  smaller  than  the  sepals, 
barely  distinguishable  among  the  stamens  by  their  color.     May. 

8.  TPwOL'LTUS.     Globe-flower. 

Calyx  of  5,  10,  or  15  concave  sepals  colored  like  petals.  Corolla  of 
5-25  small,  linear  petals,  which  are  tubnlar  at  base.  Stamens  many, 
much  shorter  than  the  sepals.  Pods  many,  each  many-seeded. — U 
smooth,  with  palmately-parted  leaves. 

1  T.  laxus.    American   G.     Sepals  5.      Petals   15-25,   shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Grows  in  swamps,  M.  r.     Calyx  yellow,  greenish  outside.     June. 

2  T.  Europaj'us.     European  G.     Sepals  10-15.     Petals  5-10,  as  long  as  the  stamens. 

Flowers  globular,  bright  yellow,     f 
S  T.  Asiat'icus.    Asiatic  G.     Sepals  10,  orange-colored.     Petals  10,  longer  than  sta- 
mens,    t 

9.  AQUILE'GIA.     Columbine. 

Sepals  5,  ovate,  colored,  spreading.  Petals  5,  tubular  with  a  wide 
month,  the  outer  margin  erect,  the  inner  attached  to  the  receptacle,  and 
behind  extended  into  a  long,  spurred  nectary.     Stamens  30-10,  the  inner 


150 


THE  FLORA. 


ones  longer  and  sterile.     Styles  5.     Follicles  5,  many-seeded. — U  Leaves 
twice  and  thrice  ternate.     Flowers  nodding. 

1  A.  Canaden'sis.   American  0.   Spiirs  straight,  longer  than  limb.   Stamens  exscrtcd. 
Flowers  scarlet. 
A.  vulga'ri.s.    European  G.     Spurs  incurred,  shorter  than  limb.    Stamens  included. 
Flowers  purple,     t 


Fig.  372.  Flower  of  Larkspur,  displayed :  s,  s,  s,  s,  s,  the  five  petals ;  a,  the  spurred  sepal ; 
c,  the  two  petals,  spurred,  which  spur  was  sheathed  in  the  spurred  sepal. 

Fig.  873.  Flower  of  Garden  Aconite,  displayed :  s,  «,  s,  s,  s,  the  five  sepals;  /),  />,  _p,  /),  71,  the 
five  petals. 

10.  DELPHIN'IUM.     Larkspur. 

Sepals  5,  colored,  the  upper  one  spurred.  Petals  very  irregular,  the  two 
upper  ones  extended  behind  into  a  tubular,  honeyed  spur,  sheathed  in  the 
spur  of  the  calyx.  Styles  1-5.  Follicles  1-5. — Showy  herbs  with  the 
leaves  much  divided.     Flowers  blue,  red,  or  purple,  never  yellow. 

§  Petals  united  into  1  piece.     Pistil  and  pod  1 1,  2 

§  Petals  4,  distinct.     Pistils  and  pods  2-5. . .  .(a) 

a  Leaves  many-parted  into  linear  segments 3 

a  Leaves  divided  into  3-7  wedge-shaped  lobes (b) 

b  Tall  (2-5f.),  with  slender,  many-flowered  racemes 4,  5 

b  Low  (6-18^),  with  few  (6-12)  flowered  racemes. .  ..6-8 
D.  consol'ida.  Field  L.  Fls.  loosely  scattered.    Ovary  smooth.    Lvs.  finely  cut.  © 
D.  Aja'cis.    Rocket  L.    Flowers  covering  the  branches.    Ovary  pubescent.    Leave 
finely  cut.     ®     t 
3  D.  azu''reum.   Azure  L.   Fls.  in  strict,  slender  racemes.  Ovaries  3-5.    %    W. 
4  D.  csalta'tum.    Tall  Wild  L.   Leaf-lobes  3-5,  curvate.  Spur  straight.  M.  Summer.  1 
6  D.  elatum.    Bee  L.     Leaf-lobes  3-7,  cr.rvate.     Spur  curved  downwards*     + 


Ordeii  1.— crowfoots.  15i 


6  D.  tric'ome.  Lolo  iVildL.  Leaf-lobes  linear.  Pods  recurved.  Height  6-12'.  M.W. 

7  D.  vires'cens.      Green-Jiowered  L.      Leaf-lobes   lanceolate.      Fls.    greenish- 

white.     S.  W. 

8  D.  grandiflorum.     Great-flowered  L.    Leaf-lobes  5-7,  linear.    Fls.  large,  h-p.   f 

11.  ACONI'TUM.     Moiik's-hood.    A'conite. 

Sepals  5,  irregular,  colored,  upper  one  vaulted  or  hooded.  Petals  5  or 
%  the  two  upper  on  long  claws,  concealed  beneath  the  upper  sepal,  re- 
'^urved  and  honeyed  at  top ;  the'  other  3  or  4  very  small.  Styles  3-5. 
Follicles  3  -6. — n  Leaves  palmately  cleft  or  divided.  Flowers  odd  and 
siiowy,  in  terminal  spikes. 

1  A.imrlna'tum.     Wild  M.    Stem  reclining,  widely  branched.   Helmet  conical.  M.S. 

2  A.  Napel'luB,     Garden  A.     Stem  erect,  nearly  simple.     Helmet  semicircular,     f 

12.  THALIC'TRUM.     Meadow  Rue. 

Petals  none.  Sepals  4  or  o,  i>etal-like,  caducous,  shorter  than  the 
stamens.  Ovaries  4-15.  Aclieoia  either  ribbed  or  inflated,  short-beaked. 
2f  Leaves  ternately  compound,  with  stalked  and  lobed  leaflets.  Flowers 
in  loose  clusters,  often  imperfect,  homely. 

§  Flowers  dioecioas^  paniculate.    Acheuium  subsessile Nos.  1-3. 

§  Flowers  perfect,  coiynibous.    Ackeuia  long-stiped No.  4. 

1  T.  Coxnu'ti.     Common  M.    Stem  tall  (3-4f.),  its  leaves  sessite  (no  oomnK)n  petiole) ; 

leaflets  3-lobed,  resembling  tlK)so  of  Columbine ;  fl-owei's  white,  in  large  panicles  ; 
stamens  clavate,  erect.    Meadows.    June-Atigust. 

2  T.  purpuras 'cens.    Parplish  M.    Leaves  as  in  No.  L,  but  the  leaflets  ai-e  thick,  firm, 

with  rolled  edges;  fl<nvcre  purplish-green;  stamens  drooping.    Stems  tall  <3-Gf.)i 
purplish.    Kock3'  woods  and  hills.    May^  June. 

3  T.  dioi'cum.    Early  3L   Leaves  all  pctiolate,  leaflets  thiiv,  glaucous,  5-7-lobe(i ;  flowers 

purplish-green,  stamens  drooi^ug,  cai)il]ary,  none  iu  the  fertile  fls.    l-2f.    Hilly 
woods.    ApHl.,  May. 
(i  T.  clava'tum.    Southern  M.    Leaves  all  petiolate,  biternate.    Flowers  white,  fewer; 
etamens  clavate  ;  achenia  5-10,  curved.    Mountains,  Soutlu 


13.  ACT^'A.    Baneberry, 

Sepals  4  or  6^  caducous-  Petals  4-8,  spatulate,  long-clawed.  Filamewfs 
slender.  Ovary  1,  with  a  sessile,  2-lobed  stigma.  Berry  with  a  lateral 
tuiTow,  many-seeded.  li  Leaves  ternately  divided,  leaflets  ovate»  cut- 
lobed  and  toothed.    Flowers  white,  in  a  short  raceme. 


152  THE  FLOKA. 


1  A.  spica'ta.  Bed  B.    Common  in  rocky  woods,  Can.  to  Penn.  andW.     Plant  smooth 

l-2f.,  bearing  2  or  3  large  bi-  or  triternate  leaves  and  a  sbort  terminal  raceane. 
Petioles*  4-7'  long.  Stems  hollow.  I'edicels  slender,  9"  long.  Berries  cherry-red, 
oval,  6".     May. 

2  A.  alba.     W/ii/e  B.    Foliage  the  same  as  in  No.  1.    Stem  solid.    Raceme  oblong,  petals 

very  slender.  Pedicels  in  fruit  as  thick  as  the  peduncle,  red.  Berries  smalier  (4-5"), 
milk-white,    May. 

14.  HYDRASTIS.    Turmeric-root. 

Petals  none.  Sepals  3,  petal-like,  soon  falling.  Ovaries  13  or  more,  be- 
coming a  fleshy  fruit  resembling  a  raspberry.  Acines  1-  or  2-seedecl. 
%  Roots  a  tangled  mass,  yellow,  sending  up  in  spring  a  single  radical  leaf, 
and  a  stem  wliicli  is  2-leaved  and  1-flowered. 

H.  Canaden'sis.    In  damp  Avoods,  Can.  to  Car.  and  Ky.,rare  eastward.    Leaves  palmately 
3-5-lobed.    Flower  terminal,  reddish-white.    Fruit  crimson.     May,  June. 


Order  IL     MAGNOLIA'CE^.     The  Magnoliads. 

Trees  and  shrvds  with  membranous  stipules  sheathing  the  buds,  with 
leaves  alternate,  leathery,  simple  entire,  or  lobed,  never  serrate ; 
flowers  solitary,  large  and  showy,  mostly  odorous  and  perfect; 
sepals  3-6,  colored  like  the  6-12  hypogynous  imbricated  petals; 
stamens  numerous,  hypogynous,  distinct,  and  many  ovaries ; 
fruit  compound,  composed  of  the  united  carpels. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

%  Pistils  arranged  in  a  cone 2 

§  Pistils  whorled  in  a  single  row.  Shrub.    South.  Star  Anise.  Illio'ium. 

2  Anthers  opening  inwards.  Magnc'lia.  1 

2  Anthers  opening  outwards.  Lirioden'dron.  2 

1.  MAGNO'LIA. 

Sepals  3.  Petals  6-9.  Anthers  longer  than  the  filaments,  opening  in- 
wards. Carpels  2-valved,  1-2-seeded,  imbricated  into  a  hard,  cone-like 
fruit.  Seeds  berry-like,  suspended  when  ripe  by  a  long  seed- stalk. — A 
noble  genus  of  trees  or  shrubs,  with  large,  fragrant  flowers. 

§  Native  Magnolias,  flowering  with  the  leaves a 

§  Exotic  Magnolias,  flowering  before  the  leaves  expand.... 8 


OiiDEii  2.— THE  MAGNOLIADS. 


153 


L 


a  Leaves  acute  at  the  base  (not  cordate) b 

a  Leaves  cordate  or  auriculate  at  the  base.     Trees  3'^-40f.  high 5-7 

b  Leaves  sliining  above,  wliite  or  rust-colored  beneath.     Petals  11-12 1,  2 

b  Leaves  dull  green  both  sides,  thin,  deciduous.    Petals  6-9 3,  4 

1  M.  grandiflo'ra.    Big  Laurel.    Tree  evergreen,  60-70f.  high.     Leaves  thick,  rust 

downy  beneath.     Flowers  8  or  9'  broad,  white.     S. 
£  M.  glauca.     White  Bay.     Shrub   deciduous,  6-25f.  high.    Leaves  very  smooth 
glaucous  beneath.     Flowers  2-3'  broad,  cream-color.     Swamps.    + 

3  M.  acumina'ta.     Cucumber-tree.     Tree  large.     Leaves  oval,  acuminate,  scat 

tered.     Flowers  small  (3-4'  broad),  petals  obovate.     M.  S. 

4  M.  umbrena.     Umbrella-tree.     Tree  small  (20-30f.).     Leaves  wedge-lanceo 

late,  whorled,  very  large,  as  well  as  the  flowers.     M.  S. 

5  M.  corda'ta.    Yellow  Gacumber-tree.    Petals  6-9,  yellow,  with  reddish  lines.    Lvs. 

broad-ovate,  slightly  cordate.     Flowers  4'  broad.    S. 

6  M.  Fra'seri.    Ear-leaved  M.     Petals  6,  pure  white.     Leaves  ear-shaped  at  base, 

obovate- spatulate,  near  If.  long.     Spring.     S. 

7  M.  macrophyl'la.     Great-leaved  M.     Petals  6,  white,  each  e-S'  in  length.    Leaves 

2-3f.  long,  obovate-spatulate,  cordate.     Tree  30-50f.  high.    S.  W.     t 
8  M.  conspic'ua.    Yulan.    Flowers  in  Spring,  large,  rose-colored  o»*  white,  with 
6-9  petals  or  sepals,  nearly  erect.     Japan. 


2.  LIRIODEN'DRON.  Tulip-tree. 

Sepals  3.  Petals  6,  in  two  rows. 
Anthers  opening  outwards.  Oar- 
pels  1-2-seeded,  imbricated  into 
a  cone,  indehiscent,  separating 
from  each  other  in  fruit. — Trees 
with  large  and  fragrant  flowers. 

L.  tulipifera.  Tulip-tree.  Whitewood. 
Poplar.  This  is  one  of  the  finest 
and  largest  trees  of  our  forests. 
The  trunk  is  generally  straight 
and  cylindric,  dividing  at  the  top 
rather  abruptly  in  a  few  coarse  and 
crooked  branches.  Leaves  dark 
green,  smooth,  square  at  the  end,  with  2  lobes  each  sido,  3-5'  in  length  and 
breadth.  Flowers  large  and  elegant,  greenish-yellow,  orange  within,  4-6' 
broad.     May^  June. 


Fig.  374  Young  branch  of  Tulip-tree,  unfold* 
ig  from  the  bud :  s,  s,  stipules. 


154  THE  FLORA. 


Ordek  III.    CALYCANTHACE^.    Calycanths. 

Slirubs  with  opposite  leaves,  destitute  of  stipules.  Flowers  axillary, 
solitary,  all  the  organs  GO  and  arranged  as  in  the  following  genus. 

CALTCANTHUS.     Sweet-scented  Shrub. 

Sepals  and  petals  similar,  imbricated  on  the  tubular  torus,  which  bears 
the  short  stamens  on  its  top,  the  distinct  achenia  within,  and  becomes 
fleshy  but  green  in  fruit.  Leaves  entire.  Flowers  brown-purple,  with 
the  fi-agrance  of  strawberries.  The  species  are  native  South.  Ajml- 
June. 

1  O.  flor-'ida.     Garden  SJitn/h.      Leaves  oval-elliptic,   some  pointed,    downy-  beneath; 

sepals  and  petals  about  20,  near  V  long.     Shrub  4-8f. 

2  O   laeviga'tus.    Smooth  S.    Leaves  thin,  oval,  smooth  and  green  both  sides. 

3  0.  glaucus.     Glaucous  S.    Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  glaucous  beneath. 


Oeder  IV.  AlSrONAOE^.    Anonads. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  entire  alternate  leaves  and  no  stipules ; 
flowers,  green  or  brown,  axillary,  polyandrous,  hypogynous,  valvate ; 
sepals  3,  petals  6,  in  two  circles  ;  pistils  several  or  many  ; 
fruit  fleshy  or  pulpy,  of  separate  or  united  carpels,  go  -  seeded. 

ASIM'INA.    Papaw.     Custard  Apple. 

Outer  row  of  petals  larger.  Stamens  densely  packed  in  a  round  mass. 
Pistils  several,  distinct,  but  few  ripening  and  becoming  large,  oblong, 
pulpy  fruits,  with  many  flat  seeds.  Fls.  solitary,  brownish.  We  have  only 
one  species  at  the  North. 

*  Flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves.    Petals  purple. . .  .Nos.  1,  2. 

*  Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves.    Outer  petals  yellowish Nos.  3,  4. 

1  A.  tril'oba.     Common  Papaw.    Leaves  obovate-oblong,  acuminate  ;  petals  dark-purple 

the  outer  roundish,  3  or  4  times  as  long  as  the  sepals.— A  small  handsome  tree  10-30f. 
high,  along  streams.  Middle,  Western  and  Southern  States.  Leaves  8  to  12'  long, 
very  smooth,  on  short  stalks.  Flowers  1'  broad.  Fruit  about  3'  long,  and  1'  thick, 
yellowish,  fragrant,  eatable,  ripe  in  October.    (Fig.  70.) 

2  A.  parviflo'ra.    Small-fiowered  P.    Leaves  obovate-oval,  abruptly  pointed ;  petals  oval, 

green-purple,  the  outer  hardly  twice  longer  than  the  sepals.    Dry  soils.    South. 

Shrub  2-3f.    Leaves  about  6',  flowers  half  an  inch  wide. 
8  A.  grandiflo'ra.  Large-flowered  P.    Leaves  obovate-oblong,  obtuse,  grayish-tomentous; 

outer  petals  very  large  (2' long),  yellowish-white.    Ga.,  Fla.    2-3f.     Ma7xh-April. 
4  A.  pigmae'a.  Pigmy  P.    Leaves  thick,  evergreen,  narrow,  obtuse,  smooth  ;  outer  petals 

many  times  longer  than  the  sepals,  pale  yellow.   Shrub,  6-12'.    S. 


Order  6.— THE  BERBERIDS. 


155 


Order  YL— BERBERIDACEJE.    The  Berberids. 

Herbs  and  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  perfect  flowers,  with 
sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud  in  2  or  more  rows; 
petals  opposite  the  sepals,  also  imbricated  in  two  or  more  rows ; 
stameiu  opposite  to  the  petals,  the  anthers  usually  opening  by  two  lidfl; 
wary  1-celled,  solitary  and  simple,  forming  a  capsule  or  berry. 


5.  Section  of  tbe  flower  of  Jeffersonia. 


Fig.  37  G.  A  leaf  of  tbe  same. 


Analysis  of  tlie  Genera. 

§  Herbs,  anthers  opening  by  two  valves  hinged  iit  top. .  ..a 

§  Herbs,  anthers  opening  by  2  slits  lengthwise.. .  .b 

§  Shrubs,  with  yell<3W  fiowers  and  acid  berries.  Ber''beris.  1 

a  Stamens  6.    Fruit  2,  drupe-like,  soon-niukcd  soeds.  ColiosTi.  Leon^tice. 

a  Stamens  6.     Fruit  a  2-4:-seeded  berry.  Umbr-eUa-Leaf.  Diphyllei'a, 

a  Stamens  8.     Fruit  a  capsule  opening  by  a  lid.  Twin-leaf.  Jefferso'nia.  2 

b  Stamens  9-18.     Flower  1,  with  2  leaves.  May  Aj^ple.  PoDOPHYL^LtM.  3 


1.  BER'BEKIS.     Barberry. 

Sepals  6,  obovate,  colored,  the  3 
outer  ones  smaller.  Petals  6,  round- 
ish, with  two  glands  at  the  base  of 
each,  inside.  Stamens  6.  Stigma  ses- 
sile, disk-like,  on  the  top  of  the  ovary. 
Berry  oblong,  sour,  1-celled,  2-3-seed- 
ed. — Fine,  hardy  shrubs,  with  the 
wood,  inner  bark,  and  flowers  yellow. 

Fig.  377.  a,  Flower  of  Berberis  vulgaris ;  1), 
c,  c,  petals  wltli  stamens  opposite;  9,  a  berry;  3S0,  &  seed  cut  open,  sliowing  the  oiiil 


156  THE   FLORA. 


1  B  vulga'ris.  Common  Barhervy-bnsh.  A  well-known,  bushy,  handsome  shrub,  in 
hard  soils.  Grows  3-Sf.  high.  Leaves  oval,  near  2'  long,  rounded-obtuse  at 
apex,  tapering  to  a  petiole,  with  bristly  serratures  on  the  margin.  Flowers 
yellow,  a  dozen  or  more  in  each  hanging  raceme,  with  entire  petals.  Stamens 
irritable,  springing  against  the  stigma  when  touched.  Berries  red,  very  sour. 
June. 

:?  B.  Aquifolium.  JTully-leaved  B.  Leaves  pinnate,  of  7-13  thick,  spiny-toothed 
leaflets.     Shrub  3-5f.  high.     Cal.     t 

2.  JEFFERSO'NIA.     Twin-leaf. 

Sepals  4,  colored,  caducous.  Petals  8,  spreading.  Stamens  8,  with 
(inear  anthers.  Pod  on  a  short  stipe,  opening  by  a  lid. —  if  Flowers  and 
eaves  from  the  root.     Scape  1-flowered.     (Figs.  375,  376.) 

i'.  diphyria.  Twin-leaf.  A  very  curious  plant,  acaulescent.  Leaves  each  with  two 
blades,  about  If.  high.  Flowers  same  heiglit,  white.  Koot-stock  black,  with 
a  thick  mass  of  fibres,  supposed  good  in  rheumatism.    M.  W. 

3.  PODOPHYL'LUM.     Mandrake. 

Sepals  caducous.  Petals  6-9,  obovate,  concave.  Stamens  12-18,  with 
inear  anthers,  the  lids  scarcely  opening.  Berry  large,  egg-shaped,  1 -celled, 
•jrowned  with  the  solitary  stigma. — Low,  somewhat  poisonous  herbs,  with 
one  or  two  leaves  and  one  flower. 

P.  pelta'tum.  May  Apple.  Wild  Mandrake.  A  singular  and  interesting  plant,  in 
woods  and  fields.  Height  about  If.  The  barren  plants  bear  but  a  single  leaf, 
which  is  5-8''  broad,  5-7-lobed,  and  centrally  peltate.  The  flowering  plants 
have  a  pair  of  leaves,  with  the  flower  at  the  fork  of  the  two  petioles— the  leaves 
not  peltate,  but  with  a  deeply-hollowed  base,  about  7-lobed.  Flower  droop- 
ing, white,  about  2'  across.  Fruit  yellowish,  with  the  flavor  of  the  Strawberry. 
May. 


Order  YIII.— NELUMBIACE^.    The  Water-beans. 

Rerls  aquatic,  prostrate  root-stock,  and  radical,  peltate  leaves,  with 
flowers  large,  solitary,  on  long,  upright  scapes,  4  or  5-sepaled  ; 
petals  numerous,  arranged  in  many  rows,  as  are  also  the  many  stamens ; 
ovaries  separate,  each  with  a  simple  style  and  stigma,  becoming  in 
fruit  1-secded  nuts,  half  sunk  in  the  hollows  of  the  very  large  torus,  the 
seeds  with  a  very  large  Gmbryo  and  no  albumen. 


Order  9.— THE  WATER  LILIES. 


157 


NELUM'BIUM.     Nelumbo. 


The  character  of  the  genus  the  same  as  that  of  the  order. 
N.  luteum.  Yellow  Xelumbo.  A  magnificent  flowering  plant,  frequent  in  the  stag' 
nant  waters  of  the  South  and  West,  rare  in  N,  Y.  and  Conn.  The  leaves  are 
l-2f.  broad,  round,  entire,  peltate  in  the  centre,  which  is  concave,  and  elevated 
above  the  water  more  or  less  on  the  long  petioles.  Flowers  several  times 
larger  than  the  White  Water  Lily,  but  without  fragrance.  Petals  concave,  of 
a  brilliant  white  at  edge,  becoming  yellow  towards  the  base.  Nuts  (called 
Water-beans)  about  as  large  as  acorns,  eatable.     June^  July. 


Order  IX.— NYMPH^ACK^.     The  Water  Lilies. 

Herl}s  aquatic,  with  roundish  leaves  from  a  prostrate  rhizoma; 

flowers  large  and  showy,  the  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  gradually  passing 

into  each  other,  imbricated  and  arranged  in  many  rows ; 
sepals  few,  colored  inside,  persistent ;  stigmas  radiating  and  crowning  the 
ovary ^  which  in  fruit  becomes  a  capsule  compound  and  5-celled  ; 
seeds  minute,  numerous,  with  the  embryo  at  the  end  of  the  albumen. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

Petals  large  as  the  sepals,  white,  red, 
or  blue.  •       Ni-MPH^'A. 

Petals  smaller  than  the  sepals,  stamen- 
like, yellow.      Frog  Lily,  Nuphar. 


Fig.  3S1.  Nymphaea  odorata:  a,  the  leaf;  a 
tbe'flower;  7^  the  bud;  cf,  e.f^g,  stamens  grad 
Tially  changing  into  petals;  h,  a  seed  cut  open, 
showing  the  embryo  in  a  little  sac.  Fig.  8S3, 
the  many-rayed  stigma ;  3S4,  cross-section  of  th« 
many-celled  ovary. 


158 


THE  FLORA. 


NYMPHtE'A.     Water  LHy. 

Sepals  4  or  5,  green  outside.  Petals  in  many  rows  inserted  on  the  re- 
ceptacle beneath  the  ovary.  Stamens  inserted  above  the  petals.  Anthers 
slender,  opening  inwards,  the  outer  filaments  gradually  widening  and  pass- 
ing into  petals.     Capsule  ripening  under  water. 

N.  odora'ta.  White  Water  Lily.  Oue  of  the  loveliest  of  flowers,  frequent  in  ponds 
and  sluggish  streams.  The  root-stock  is  long  and  thick,  running  in  the  mud 
where  the  water  is  from  8-lOf.  deep,  sending  up  leaves  and  flowers  to  the 
surface.  Leaves  5-6'  long,  roundish,  cleft  at  the  base  to  the  centre,  where  the 
long  petiole  is  inserted,  margin  entire.  Petals  lanceolate,  1^-2''  long,  of  the 
most  delicate  texture  and  whiteness,  often  tinged  with  purple.  Filaments  yel- 
low.   July. 


Order  X.   SARRACENIACEJE    The  Water-pitchers. 


887 


Fig.  385.  Sarracenia  purpurea,  with  bud,  flower,  and  fruit. 

Fi^.  386.  Section  of  the  5-celled  ovary. 

Fig.  887.  A  seed  (magnified),  with  small  embryo  and  large  albumen. 


Order  11.— THE  POPPYWORTS.  159 


Eerls  aquatic,  in  bogs,  with  fibrous  roots,  and  with  the 
leaves  all  radical,  urn-shaped,  hollow,  and  large  flowers  on  scapes; 
sepals  5,  with  3  little  bracts  at  base;  ^:>e^a7s  5,  clawed,  incurved; 
stamens  hypogynous;  ovary  5-celled,  with  a  single  style,  the 
stigma  very  broad,  peltate,  and  5-angled,  crowning,  in  fruit,  the 
mpsule,  which  is  5-celled  and  full  of  minute,  albuminous  seeds.  ' 

SAPwRACE'NIA.     Pitcher-plant.     Trumpet- leaf. 

Character   essentially  as  expressed  in  the  order.     Nos.  2,  3,  5,  6,  are 
probably  varieties^  not  species. 

1  Leaf-blade  inflected  over  the  throat  of  the  tube 7,  8 

T[  Leaf-blade  erect,  cr  nearly  erect ;  throat  of  the  tube  open. . .  .a 
a  Leaf-tube  pitcher-shaped,  with  a  broad  wing. . .  .1-3 
a  Leaf-tube  trumpet-shaped,  with  a  narrow  wing. . .  .4-6 

1  S.  purpu'rea.    Purple  Pitcher-plant.     Flowers  purple.     Leaves  all  inflated  alike, 

dark  green  with  purple  veins,  6-9''  long.     Scapes  1-flowered,  l-2f  high.    June. 

2  S.  heterophyl^la.  Yellow  Pitcher-plant.  Fls.  yellow.  Lvs.  pale,  the  outer  slender.  Jn.  r. 
S  S.  ala'ta.  Narrow-winged  P .  Fls.  yellow.  Lvs.  all  more  slender  than  in  No.  1.  S.-W. 

4  S.  (Grono'vii)  flava.    Yellow  Trumpet-leaf.    Flowers  yellow.     Leaves  18-36' 

high,  all  yellowish  green,  veins  not  purple. 

5  S.  rubra.  Red  Trumpet-leaf.  Fls.  reddish  purple.  Lvs.  (l-2f )  purple-veined.  S. 

6  S.  Drummondii.  DrummonWsT.  Fls.  purple.  Lvs.(18-36'')  mottled  with  colors.  S. 

7  S.  psittacina.    ParroVs  Pitcher -plant.    Fls.  purple.   Lvs.  (3-5^)  spotless,  hooded.  S. 

8  S.  variolaris.    Mottled  P.    Flowers  yellow.     Lvs.  (12-18')  spotted  with  white.    S, 


Order  XI.   PAPAVERACE^.     The  Poppyworts. 

Herls.,  generally  with  a  colored  juice,  with  alternate  leaves ; 

flowers  on  long  peduncles,  solitary,  never  blue  ; 

sepals  2  or  3,  falling  off  when  the  flower  expands  ; 

petals  generally  4,  sometimes  8  ;  stamens  4,  8,  12,  16,  or  20,  &c. ; 

stigmas  2,  or  if  more,  star-like  on  the  flat  apex  of  the  compound  ovary ; 

fruit  a  pod-shaped  or  roundish  capsule  ;  seeds  numerous  and  minute. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

1  Plants  with  a  yellow  juice.     Petals  yellow,  crumpled  in  bud. . .  .a 

a  Stigmas  and  placentse  3,  4,  or  6,     Capsule  ovoid c 

a  Stigmas  and  placentae  2  only.     Capsule  long,  pod-shaped. . .  .b 


160 


THE  FLORA. 


1  Plants  with  an  orange-red  juice.  Bloodroot,  Sanguina'ria.  1 

\  Plants  with  a  milk-white  juice.  ^oppy.  Papa^ver.  2 

%  Plants  with  a  colorless  juice.     Calyx  a  cap,  falling  off  whole. 

Petals  4,  orange-yellow.  Lvs.  dissected.   California  Poppy.  Eschscholt'zia. 
b  Pod  1-celled,  smooth.     Leaves  pinnately  divided.     Fls.  yellow. 

Stamens  24-32,  shorter  than  the  4  petals.  Celandine.  Cuelido'nium. 

b  Pod  2-celled,  rough.    Leaves  palmate.    Stig.  2-horned.    Horn  Poppy.  Glau''cium 

c  Style  present,  stigmas  3  or  4.  Stem  lvs.  2,  opposite.  Yellow  Poppy.  Meconop'sis 

c  Style  none,  stigmas  4  or  6.    Stem  lvs.  alternate.   Prickly  Poppy.  Arqemo'ne 


1.  SANGUINATJA.     Bloodroot. 

Sepals  2,  caducous.  Petals  8-12,  the  outer  longer. 
Stamens  about  24.  Stigma  sessile,  1  or  2-lobed.  Cap- 
sule pod-like,  oblong,  1-celled,  2-valved,  acute  at  each 
end,  and  many-seeded. — U  A  low,  acaulescent  plant, 
with  white  flowers,  and  full  of  a  red  or  orange-colored 
juice. 

S.  Canadensis.  Bloodroot.  An  interesting  plant,  in  shady,  rich 
soils,  flowering  in  early  spring.  Rhizoma  thick,  fleshy,  and 
when  broken  or  wounded  exudes  a  blood- colored  juice,  as 
does  every  other  part.  From  each  joint  of  the  root-stock 
springs  a  single  large  glaucous  leaf,  and  a  scape  about  6'' 
high,  bearing  a  single  flower.  Leaf  kidney-shaped,  with 
lobes  separated  by  rounded  sinuses  between.  Flower  of  a 
square  outline,  white,  scentless,  and  of  short  duration. 

Fig.  38S.  Sanguinaria  Canadensis :  h,  the  pod ;  c,  cross-section  of  it ; 
d,  seed  cut  open,  showing  the  embryo. 


2.  PAPA'VER.     Poppy. 

Sepals  2,  caducous.  Petals  4.  Stamens  00.  Stigmas 
many,  united  into  a  star-like  crown,  sessile  upon  the 
thick  ovary.  Capsule  1-celled,  opening  by  pores  beneath 
the  edges  of  the  stigma.  Exotic  herbs,  mostly  0,  with 
a  rcilk- white  juice  abounding  in  opium. 


*  Bristly  or  hairy.    Leaves  pinnatifid.     Flowers  scarlet 2,  3 

•  Smooth,  glaucous.     Leaves  cut-trothed,  clasping.     Flowers  white  ...1 


Order  12.— THE  FUMEWORTS.  161 


P.  sommf'eram.     Opium  P.     Fls.  large,  often  doable.     +     Summer. 

2  P.  dubium.     Small  Bed   P.      Pod   club-shaped,   smooth.     Leaves   coarsely 

divided.     Flowers  light  red,  smaller  than  in  No.  1.     M.  S.     Summer. 
2  P.  Rheas.     Cor-n  P.     Pod  globular,  smooth.     Leaves   more  finely  divided. 
Flowers  large  and  brilliant,  deep  scarlet,  often  double,    t    Sum. 


Order  XII.   FUMARIACEJE.     The  Fumeworts. 

tierhs  smooth  and  delicate,  with  brittle  stems  and  watery  juice  ; 

leaves  usually  alternate,  many  cleft  or  compound  ; 

flowers  irregular,  purple,  white  or  yellow ;  sepals  2,  very  small ; 

'petals  4,  more  or  less  cohering,  one  or  both  of  the  outer  saccate,  the  two 

inner  inclosing  the  anthers  in  their  coherent  tips ; 
stamejis  6,  in  2  sets  of  3  in  each ;  ^J^s<^7  1 ;  pod  1-celled. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

*  Corolla  equally  2-spurred  or  2-saccate  at  base a 

♦  Corolla  unequal,  only  1  of  the  petals  spurred b 

a  Petals  slightly  united  or  distinct,  deciduous.     Not  climbing.  Dicen''tra.  1 

a  Petals  firmly  united,  persistent.    Plants  climbing.  Mountain  Fringe.  Adlu'mia. 
b  Ovary  with  several  seeds,  forming  a  slender  pod.  Corydal.  Coryd'alis.  2 

b  Ovary  with  1  seed,  becoming  a  globular  nut.  Fumitory.  Fuma'ria. 

1.  DICEN'TRA.     Ear  drop. 

Sepals  2,  very  small,  sometimes  -disappearing.  The  2  outer  petals  alike, 
saccate  at  base,  with  spreading  tips;  the  2  inner  alike,  spoon-shaped, 
meeting  face  to  face  over  the  stamens  and  pistils.  Filaments  flat,  separate 
or  not.  Middle  anther  of  each  set  2-celled,  the  outer  1-celled.  Pod 
many-seeded. — U 

%  Low  herbs  (6'),  with  white  flowers  in  simple  racemes 1,  2 

§  Taller  (l-2f.),  with  purple  flowers  racemed  or  panicled 3,  4 

I  D.  cuculla''ria.   White  Ear-drop.     Root  bulb-like.     Spurs  of  the  flowers  divergent 

acute,  straight.     Flower  nearly  as  broad  as  long.     Spring. 
!  D.  Canaden'sis.     Squirrel-corn.     Root  bearing  yellow  tubers  as  large  as  peas.  Fls 
much  longer  than  broad,  spurs  rounded,  incurved.     May,  Jn. 
3  D.  exim''ia.     Wild  Purple  Ear-drop.     Racemes  panicled.     Flowers  oblong 

with  very  short  blunt  spurs.     Sepals  manifest.     M.  S.  t 
3  D.  spectab'ilis.    Chinese  E.    Raceme  simple.     Flowers  nearly  as  broad  as  long 
(1'),  very  fine  and  showy  ;  sepal:;  obsolete,  t 


162 


THE  FI.ORA. 


2.  CORYD'ALIS.     Corydal. 
Sepals  2,  very  small.     Petals  4,  one  of  which  is  spurred  at  base.     Fila- 
ments with  broad  bases  united  into  2  sets,  sheathing  the  ovary.     Pod  2- 
valved,  slender,  many-seeded.    Leaves  twice  ternate,  on  the  stem.     In 
rocky  places.     Spring. 

C.  glau'ca.     Finl  C.     Erect.     FIs.  pink-yellow,  panicled.     Leaf-lobes  obtnso.   @ 
C.  au'rea.     Golden  O.     Diffuse.     FIs.  yellow,  racemed.     Leaf-lobes  acute,   (i) 


Fig.  3S9.  Dicentra  cucullaria,  entire  plant.    Fiff.  390.  Enlarged  view  of  a  flower.   Fig.  391.  A 
section  of  the  same.    Fig.  392.  A  flower  (enlarged)  of  D.  Canadensis. 


Order  XIII.   CPvUCIFERJE.    The  Crucifers,  or 
Mustardworts. 

fferls  with  alternate  leaves  and  no  stipules,  and  regular  flowers,  with 
sejaah  4,  and  petals  4,  spreading  in  the  form  of  a  cross ; 


Order  13.— THE  CRUCIFERS. 


163 


stamens  6,  2  of  tlicm  on  opposite  sides  shorter  tlian  tlie  rest ;  an 

omry  of  2  united  carpels,  forming  in  fruit  a 

dlique  or  silide,  with  2  cella  and  few  or  many  seeds ; 

seeds  without  albumen,  the  large  embryo  variously  bent  and  folded. 

Note.— Under  this  large  Order,  as  under  others,  we  present  to  our  young  readers  a  complete 
analysis,  by  which  they  may  trace  to  its  genus  any  Mustardwort  growing  in  the  United  States. 
But  as  the  genera  are  so  nearly  alike,  great  care  and  close  observation  will  he  needful  in  avoid- 
ing mistakes.     The  plants  for  examination  must  he  in  fruit  as  well  as  in  flower. 


Fig.  393.  Flower  of  "White  Mustard.     Fig.  304.  Same,  with  its  parts  separated.     Fig.  395.  A 
Bilique,  ripe  and  open.    Fig.  396.  Draba  verna.    Fig.  397.  A  pod  open. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 
*  Garden  plants  cultivated  for  ornament  or  art. 

1  Fruit  a  silique  or  long  pod  (§  3fi3) 5 

1  Fruit  a  silicle  or  short  pod  (§  3()4) 2 

2  Silicle  2-celled,  with  2  or  more  secd.s. , .  .3 
2  Silicle  1-celled,  with  one  seed  only. 

3  Petals  all  equal 4 

3  Petals  unequal,  the  2  outside  ones  larger, 
4  Some  of  the  stamens  toothed.     Gardens. 
4  Stamens  all  toothless.     Silicles  very  large  and  thin 

5  Seeds  flat.     Stigma  rounded  or  head-shaped, 

6  Seeds  flat.     Stigmas  2-horned,  spreading. 


Woad.  Isa'tia, 


Candy-tuft.  Ibf/ris, 
Madwort.   ALYS''suii, 
Satin-flower.  Lun.^'ri.v, 
Wull-floiver.  Chkikan'tiil-s, 
^tock.  Mattiii'ola. 
5  Seeds  egg-shaped.    Stignaa  witli  2  converging  lobes.       Rocket.  IIks'i'sris 


164  THE  FLORA. 


**  Plants  growing  ivild,  or  cultivated /or  food. 

(  flowers  yellow 8 

1  Fruit  a  siliqne,  2-celled  lengtLwise,  ]  ^^^^^^  ^,^^.^^^  ^^^^.^1^^  ^^_ 

,   „     .        .,-,^,111       .1     •       (  flowers  yellow,... 5 

1  Fruit  a  silicle,  2-celled  lengthwise,  <  .  *'  ,  .  ,      „ 

'  =  '  /  flowers  white,  purple,  &c. . 


I  Fruit  a  jointed  pod,  with  the  partitions  crosswise 11 

3  Silicle  flattened  or  turgid,  with  a  broad  partition 4 

2  Silicle  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition. . .  .3 

3  Silicle  triang.,  seeds  several  in  each  cell.  Shepherd' s-pune.  Ca-Psel'la. 

3  Silicle  roundish,  with  one  seed  in  each  cell.  Pepper-grass.  Lepip'ium.  4 

3  Silicle  double,  with  one  seed  in  each  lobe.     S.       Swine  Cress.  Senebie'ua.  5 

4  Silicle  flattened.    Leaves  cauline  or  radical.  Whitlow-grass.  Draba.  6 
4  Silicle  turgid.     Loaves  cauline.                                      Horse  Radish.  Armora'cia 

4  Silicle  turgid.     Leaves  all  radical.  r.  Awlwort.  Subula'ria. 

5  Silicle  obovoid,  i.e..,  inversely  egg-shaped,  turgid.  False  Flax.  Cameli'na. 

5  Sil.  globose,  turgid,  membranous.     Style  long.      Bladder-pod.  Y ksicx' r\x. 

5  Silicle  oblong,  turgid,  and  somew'hat  terete.  Cress.  Nastdr^'tium. 

6  Seeds  arranged  in  two  rows  in  each  cell,  not  winged.  Cress.  Nastur^tium. 

6  Seeds  in  two  rows  in  each  cell,  wing  margin.  Tower-mustard.  Tur'ritis. 

6  Seeds  arranged  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell 7 

7  Sil.  linear,  flattish,  each  valve  with  1  central  vein.        Rock  Cress.  Ar'abis.  7 

7  Silique  lanceolate,  flat,  the  valves  veinless.  Tooth-root.  Denta'ria.  S 

7  Siliqnes  linear,  veinless,  terete.     Flws.  purple.      False  Rocket.  Iodan^thus. 

7  Siliqnes  linear,  veinless,  flat.    Fls.  whitish.       Cuckoo -flovjer.  Cardami'ne.  9 

8  Seeds  ovate  or  oblong 9 

8  Seeds  globose 10 

8  Seeds  flat,  with  a  broad,  winged  margin.     S.  Leavenworth'ia. 

9  Calyx  2-open.  Lvs.  runcinate,  or  finely  dissect.    Hedge-mustard.  Sisym'brium. 

9  Calyx  closed.     Leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid.  Winter  Cress.  Barba''rea.  10 

9  Calyx  closed.    Leaves  lanceolate.  False  Wall-Jlower.  Erys^imum.  11 

10  Calyx  spreading.     Valves  of  the  pod  1-3- veined.  Mustard.  Sina'pis.  12 

10  Calyx  mostly  erect.    Valves  of  the  pod  1-veined.         Cabbage,  d:c.  Bras'sioa. 

II  Pods  short,  2-jointed,  with  1  seed  in  each  joint.  Sea-rocket.  Caki''le. 
11  Pods  with  several  transverse  joints  and  cells.             Radish.  Raph^anus. 

1.  IBE'EIS.     Candy-tuft. 

The  two  outside  petals  larger  than  the  two  inside  ones.     Pods  flattened, 
truncate,  emarginate,  the  cells  one-seeded. — Foreign,  ornamental  plants. 

1  Flowers  white.     Plain  about  If.  high 2-4 

1  I.  umbella''ta.     Purple  C.     Fls.  purple,  in  umbels.    Lvs.  serrate,  upper  entiie. 
2  I.  ama'ra.     Bitter  C.     Corymbs  lengthening  into  racemes.     Lvs.  slightly  toothed, 
8  I.  pinna'ta.    Wing-leaved  C.     Corymbs  scarcely  lengthening.     Leaves  pinnatifid. 
4  I.  saxat'ilis.    Rock  C.     Corymbs  not  lengthening.     Shrubby.     Lvs,  linear,  entire. 


Oedek  13.— the  CRUCIFERS.  165 


2.  LUNA'RIA.     Satin-flower. 


Sepals  somewhat  2-lobed  at  base  of  the  flower.  Petals  nearly  entire. 
Stamens  without  teeth.  Silicle  oval  or  lanceolate,  flat,  usually  very  large, 
with  a  stalk.  Seed-stalk  adhering  to  the  partition.— Foreign,  ornamental 
plants. 

L.  rediviVa.     Perennial  S.    Pods  lanceolate,  narrowed  to  eaeli  end.    Lvs.  Hliarp 

toothed,    n. 
Ik  bien'nis,     Biennial  S.     Pods  broad-oval,  rounded  at  each  end.     Lvs.  bhmt- 

toothed.     @ 

3.  OAPSEL'LA.     Shepherd's-purse. 

Calyx  equal  at  base.  Silicles  triangular,  wedge-shaped  at  base,  notched 
at  top,  compressed  laterally,  that  is,  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition. 
Valves  boat-shaped.  Style  short.  Seeds  00,  oblong,  small. — A  common 
weed,  with  white  flowers. 

C.  Bursa-Pasto'ris.  Shepherd^ s-purse.  Found  everywhere,  in  fields,  pastures,  and 
road-sides.  Stem  growing  to  a  foot  in  height,  hairy  below,  branching.  Root 
leaves  many  (when  the  plant  has  room),  half  a  foot  long,  deeply-lobed  and 
toothed.  Stem  leaves  much  shorter,  with  tv\^o  ear-shaped  stem-clasping  lobea 
at  base.  Flowers  very  Bmall,  in  racemes  which  become  very  long,  and  are  suc- 
ceeded by  the  little  purse-shaped  pods.     Apr-Sept.     (See  Fig.  331.) 

4.  LEPID'IUM.     Pepper-grass. 

Sepals  ovate.  Petals  ovate,  entire.  Silicles  roundish  or  oval,  notched 
at  the  end,  flattened  contrary  to  the  very  narrow  partition.  Cells  1 -seed- 
ed.    Valves  boat-shaped,  dehiscent.     Flowers  white,  racemed,  numerous. 

1  Stem  leaves  undivided.     Flowers  from  June  to  Sept 2 

1  L  sativum.     Leaves  all  divided  and  lobed.     Pods  round.     Gardens.     Juli/. 

2  L  Virginicum.     Tongue-grass.     Pods  round,  wingless.     Stem  leaves  toothed. 

3  L  rudera'le.     Pods  roundish-oval,  wingless.     Petals  0.    Stem  leaves  entire.    W, 

4  L  campes''tre.    Pods  ovate,  winged,  rough-scaly.    Leaves  arrow-shaped.    W. 

5.  SENEBIE'RA.     Swine  Cress. 

Sihcle  2-lobed,  appearing  double.  Valve  somewhat  turgid  and  inde 
hiscent.  Cells  each  with  1  roundish  and  3-cornored  seed.  Flowers 
white,  in  short  racemes  which  stand  opposite  to  the  leaves. 


166  THE  FLORA. 


S.  pinnatif^ida.  A  prostrate,  weed-like  plant,  common  at  the  South,  in  fields  and  ii\ 
river-banks.  Leaves  divided  in  a  pinnate  manner,  into  oblong,  toothed  lobes. 
Flowers  obscure,  with  scarcely  any  petals.  Silicles  flattened,  notched  at  apex, 
wrinkled  on  the  surface.     Feb. -July, 


6.  DRA'BA.     V/hitlow- grass. 

Calyx  equal  at  base.  Petals  equal.  Filaments  without  teeth.  Siliclo 
oval-oblong,  entire,  flattened  parallel  to  the  broad  partition.  Cells  2, 
many-seeded.  Seeds  not  margined. — Low  herbs,  with  small  white  or 
yellow  flowers  in  racemes.     (See  Fig.  396.) 

§  Petals  2-cleft,  white.     Leaves  all  radical 1 

I  Petals  entire  or  merely  notched.     Stems  more  or  less  leafy. . .  .a 

a  Style  present.     Plants  perennial 2,3 

a  Style  none.     Plants  annual  or  biennial b 

b  Pedicels  as  long  or  longer  than  the  pod. . .  .4,  5 

b  Pedicels  shorter  than  their  pods 

1  D.verna.  Spring  W.  Leaves  oblong,  hairy.  Scape  1-5'' high.  Q  (See  Fig.  396.) 

2  D.  arabi'sans.     Rock  W.     Leaves  minutely  toothed.     Silicle  twisted,  longer  than 

the  pedicel,  oblong-lanceolate,  4-6''''  long.     Lake  shores.     (Figs.  155-159.) 

3  D.  ramosis'sima.     Bushy  W.     Leaves  with  remote  and  slender  teeth.     Silicle  as 

long  as  its  pedicel,  style  half  as  long.  Flowers  white.  Kocks. 
4  D.  nemora'lis.      Wood  W.     Petals  notched  at  end.     Pod  half  as  long  as  iis 

pedicel.  Seeds  near  30.  Flowers  yellowish-white.  N-W. 
4  D.  brachycar'pa.     Short-fruited,   W.     Petals  entire.     Pod  as  long  as  pedicel, 

10-12-seeded.     Leaves  round-ovate.     S.  W.    March,  April. 

5  D.  Carolinia'na.     Leaves  round-ovate,  entire.     Pods  linear,  in  a  £ort  of  corymb. 

Flowers  white.     Plant  hispid,  1-3'  high.     E.  S.     April-June. 

6  D.  cuneifo'lia.     Wedge-leaved  W.    Leaves  wedge-oblong.     Pods  lance-oblong,  20- 

30-seeded,  racemed.     Plant  3-S'  high.     S-W. 


7.  AR'ABIS.     Rock  Cress.     Sickle-pod. 

Sepals  erect.  Petals  clawed,  entire.  Silique  linear,  flattened,  valves 
one-veined  in  the  middle.  Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell.  Flowers 
white.     April-June. 

§  Leaves  all  (or  at  least  the  radical)  pinnatifid. . .  .1,  2 
§  Leaves  all  undivided  ;  toothed  or  entire,  often  clasping.... a 
a  Siliques  short  (6-12'''')  and  straight.     Seeds  not  winged. . .  .3,  4 
a  Siliques  longer  (1-2''),  straight  or  curved.     Seeds  not  winged. . .  .5,  6 
a  Siliques  long  (3''),  curved,  hanging.     Seeds  winged 7,  8 


Oeder  13.— the  CRUCIFERS.  16' 


1  A.  Ludovicia'na.     LonUiana  R.     All  the  leaves   feather-cleft.     Seeda  bor- 

dered.    Plant  slender,  6-10'  high.     S.     i/ar.,  Afr. 

2  A.  lyra'ta.    Lyre-leaved  R.     Only  the  root  leaves  feuther-cleft.     Seeds  nol 

bordered.     Plant  6-12^  high.     Pods  li-2Mong. 
8  A.  Thalia''na.    Mouse-ear  R.     Steins  erect.     Leaves  nearly  entire.     Petals  twice 

longer  than  the  sepals.     Pods  erect.     Plant  dcwny.    May. 
4  A.  denta^ta.     Toothed  R.    Stems  diifuse.     Leaves  sharply  toothed.     Petals  scarce 

longer  thif.  sepals.     Pods  spreading.     Eough.     M.  W. 

5  A.  patens.    Patent  R.    Downy.    Pods  spreading  and  curved  upwards,  beaked 

with  a  distinct  style,     w.     W.  S. 

6  A.  hirsu'ta.    Hairy  R.     Plant  hairy.     Siliques  straight,  erect.     Style  none. 

Leaves  arrow-shaped.     Fls.  g. 

7  A.  laeviga^ta.     Smooth  Sickle-pod.     Stem  leaves  arrow-shaped,  clasping,  narrow. 

Pod  spreading.     Plant  glabrous,  2f.  high. 

8  A.  Canaden'sis.     True  Sickle-'pod.     Stem  leaves  pointed  at  both  ends,  sessile.    Pod 

curved,  pendulous.     Tall,  downy. 

8.  DENTA'RIA.     Tooth-root.     Pepper-root. 

ISepals  converging  or  closed.  Silique  lanceolate,  with  flat,  veinless 
valves  opening  elastically.  Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  ovate,  not 
bordered. — Plants  %.  Rhizoma  prostrate,  jointed.  Stem  leaves  but  2  or 
3.     Elowers  white  or  purplish. 

T[  Stem  leaves  almost  opposite  or  whorled. . .  1,  2,  3 

H  Stem  leaves  alternate  or  scattered.     Koot-stock  moniliform 4,  5 

1  D.  diphyl'la.     Two-leaved  P.     Stem  leaves  2  only,  leaflets  3,  ovate,  toothed. 

2  D.  lacinia'ta.     Gut-leaved  P.     Stem  leaves  3,  leaflets  3-5,  linear,  cleft. 

3  D.  multif'ida.     Stem  leaves  2-3,  numerously  divided  into  linear  leaflets.     S. 

4  D,  max'una.     Leaflets  8,  ovate,  cut  and  cleft.     Lvs.  3-7.     Fls.  purple.     M. 

5  D.  heterophyl'la.    Lflts.  3,  nearly  entire  ;  of  the  rt.  lvs.  round-ovate,  toothed. 

9.  OARDAMI'NE.     Bitter  Cress. 
Calyx  a  little  spreading.     Silique  linear,  with  flat,  veinless  valves  whicli 
are  narrower  than  the  partition.     Stigma  entire.     Seeds  not  margined, 
with  a  slender  seed-stalk.     Flowers  white  or  purple. 

*  Leaves  pinnate  with  many  leaflets.     April- June 1,2 

*  Leaves  simple  or  partly  ternate.     Mojstly  perennials.  ...a 

a  Style  slender.     In  low,  wet  grounds 

a  Stylo  none.     In  high  mountains 

1  C.  hirsu'ta.    Pennsylvanian  G.    Smooth,  about  If.  erect.    Leaves  5-11-foliatc,  tli 

terminal  lobe  largest,  3-lobed.     Stigma  sessile.     Wet.     (3)     c. 

2  C.  praten^sis.     Guckoo-Jknver.     Stem  simple,  ascending.  If.     Leaves  7-15-foliate, 

with  stalked,  roundish  leaflet*     Style  present.     Flowers  large.    Wet.    U 


168  .  THE  FLORA. 


a  C.  rhomboid'ia.    Ehombic  G.    Stems  upriglit,  bearing  tubers  at  base.     Pods 
linear-lanceolate.     Leaves  roundish  and  rliomboidal.     w.  or  p.    c. 

4  0  rotundifo'lia.   Round-leaved  C.    Stems  decumbent,  branched.     Pods  linear 
subulate.     Leaves  roundish,  lower  3-lobed.     ic.     By  streams. 

5  0  billidifo'lia.     Daisy-leaved  0.     Leaves  smooth,  roundish.     Pods  erect.     Heigh 

1-3^     N.  IL 

6  .0.  spatula'ta    Spath-leaved  C.    Leaves  hairy,  spatulate.     Pods  spreading.     Q\   S 

10.  BARBA'EEA.     Winter  Cress. 

Sepals  erect,  nearly  equal  at  base.  Silique  columnar,  2-4-cornered. 
Valves  concave  or  keel-shaped  by  means  of  a  strong  central  vein.  Seeds 
in  a  single  row.     Leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid.     Flowers  yellow. 

B.  vulga'ris.  Winter  Cress.  Common  in  old  fields,  also  brook-sides.  Whole  plant 
ghibrous.  Stem  l-2f.  high,  branching  above.  Leaves  lyrate  with  the  terminal 
lobe  roundish,  upper  leaves  obovate,  pinnatifid  at  base,  crenate,  or  repand- 
deutate— all  dark  green,  shining.  Flowers  showy,  in  racemes.  Pods  ob- 
scurely 4-cornered,  slender,  %'  1.)-  ".  curved  upward^s.     May.  June.     % 

IL  ERYSIMUM.     False  Wall-flower. 

Calyx  closed.  Silique  linear,  4-sided.  Stigma  capitate.  Seeds  m  a 
single  row  in  each  cell.     Mostly  @ .     Flowers  yellow. 

1  E.  cheiranthoi'des.     Stem  ascending.  Fls.  small.  Pods  spreading,  l''in  length.  M. 

2  E.  Arkansa'num.     Yellow  Phlox.     Stem  strictly  erect.    Flowers  large  (i'  broad). 

Pods  2-3'  long.     River  blufl's.     A  fine  plant.  W. 

12.  SmATIS.     Mustard. 

Sepals  spreading.  Petals  ovate,  with  straight  claws.  Silique  nearly 
terete,  valves  3-veined.  Style  short.  Seeds  in  a  single  row,  globular. — 
©or  ©  with  yellow  flowers.     (Figs.  393,  394.) 

1  S.  nigra.     Blach  M.    Upper  leaves  lance-linear,  entire.     Pod  4-cornered,  smooth. 

2  S.  arven'sis.     Field  M,    Leaves  all  repand-toothed.     Pods  torose,  smooth. 

8  S.  alba.    White  M.    Leaves  all  lyrate-pinnatifid.    Pods  bristly,  shorter  than  beak. 


Order  XVI.     YIOLA'CE^.     Violets. 

Herbs  with  simple  (often  cleft),  alternate  leaves  with  stipules  ; 
flowers  irregular,  spurred,  with  the  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  in  5's ; 
corolla  spurred  at  base ;  antliers  united  :  2  of  the  filaments  appendaged ; 


Order  13.— V10LE'J»S. 


160 


style  1,  witl.  a  one-sided  stigma;  capsule  1-celled,  3-valvod; 
seeds  many,  with  the  embryo  nearly  as  long  as  the  albumen. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 
Sepals  unequal,  with  ear-shaped  lobes  at  base. 
Sepals  nearly  equal,  not  appendaged  at  base. 


Viola.  1 
Green  VioUt.  So'^lka. 


1.  VI'OLA.  Violet. 
Sepals  5,  prolonged  at  base  into  two  auricnlate 
lobes.  Petals  more  or  less  unequal,  the  largest 
one  spurred  at  base,  the  2  cpposite  ones  at  the 
sides  equal,  the  2  upper  ones  all  equal.  Stamens 
cohering  by  their  anthers,  2  of  them  spurred  at 
base.  Seeds  attached  to  the  valves  of  the  capsule. 
— 11  Low  herbs,  caulescent  or  acaulescent.  Pe- 
duncles angular,  solitary,  1 -flowered,  nodding  at 
the  top. 

*  Acaulescent :  leaves  and  flowers  all  radical a  Fig.  S9S.  Violet  No.  1 :  section. 

*  Caulescent :  stems  leafy d 

a  Flowers  bine b 

a  Flowers  white Nos.  2-4. 

a  Flowers  yellow No.  1. 

b  Petals  beardless 5-7 

b  Petals  bearded c 

c  Leaves  divided 8.9  [otic  22. 

c  Leaves  undivided....  10-12,  and  the  Ex- 

d  Pet.  yellow.   Stems  leafy  at  the  top  only 13-15 

d  Petals  not  yellow,  or  but  partly  yellow e 

e  Stipules  entire.     Summer 16 

e  Stipules  fringe-toothed.    May,  June 17-19 

e  Stipules  lyrate-pinnatifid,  very  large 20-21 

1  v.  rotundifo'lia.   Early  YeUoiv  Violet.   Lvs.  round-ovate, 
cordate,  smooth.     Sepals  blunt.     April. 

2  V.  lanceola'ta.  Lance-leavedV.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  base.  Some  bearded. 

3  V.  primulaefo'lia.    Primrose  V.     Lvs.  lance-ovate,  abrupt  at  base.     Fls.  beardlest^. 

4  V.  blanda.  Sweet  Wild  F.  Leaves  round-cordate.  Fls.  beardless,  fragrant.  1/ay. 
V.  palus'tris.  Bog  V.  Lvs.  reniform-cordate.  Spur  very  short.  Stips.  ovate.  White  Mts 
V.  Selkir'kii.   Selkirk" sV.   Lvs.  round-cor.    Spur  near  as  long  as  petals,  blunt.  May. 

7  V.  peda'ta.  Fo"t-Uaved  P.Lvs.  pedate,  5-9-part.,segm.  narrow,  entire.  Root  premort^L'. 
8  V.  delphinifo'lia.  Larkspur  V.  Leaves  in  7-9  linear,  3-elfcft  segments.  W.ApriU 
9V.  palma'ta.    Pahn-leaved  V.    Leaves  hastate-lobed.  cordate.     Tam-^y  of  No.  10. 


Fig.  S99.  Ripe,  open  cap- 
sule of  Violet. 


170  THE  FLORA. 


10  V.  cuculla'ta.  Hood-leaved  V.  Leaves  reniform-cordtite.  base  lobes  involute,  com. 

11  V.  villo'sa.     Woolly  V.     Leaves  round-ovate,  cordate,  obtuse,  flat,  downy.     M.  8. 

12  V.  sagitta'ta.  Ai'row-lvd.  V.  Lvs.  lance-oblong,  some  sagittate  or  cut-toothed  at  base. 

13  V.  hasta'ta.    JIalherd-leaved  V.    Smooth.    Lv.i.  hastate.    Stip.  ovate,  minute.   S. 

14  V.  tripar'tita.    Three-cleft  V.    Hairy.    Lvs.  deeply  S-parted.    Stip.  lanceolate.    S. 

15  V.  pubes'cens.    Downy  V.    Downy.    Lvs.  broad-cordate.     Stip.  ovate,  large,    c. 
16  V.  Canaden^sis,    Canada  V.     Plant  If.  high.     Leaves  cordate,  pointed,  smooth. 

17  V.  stria'ta.  Cream-colored  V.  Spur  ^  the  length  of  the  corolla.  Stip,  large,  oblong 

18  V.  Muhlenber'gii.  Muhlenberg^ sV.  Spur  i  the  length  of  corolla.  Stip.  lanceolate. 

19  V.  rostra 'ta.     Long-spurred  V.     Spur  longer  than  corolla.     Stipules  lanceolate. 

20  V.  tric'olor.  Pansy.  HearUease.  Stipules  as  large  as  the  le&ves.  Fls.  three-colored. 

21  V.  grandiflo'ra.    Great-JloweredV.     Stip.  much  smaller  than  the  leaves.    Purple,   •f 
22  V.  odora'ta.    Sweet  English  V.    Stolons  creeping.    Lvs.  cordate.     Fragrant.    \ 


Order  XVIL     CISTACEiE.    Rock  Roses. 

Herhs  or  low  shrubs;  leaves  simple,  entire,  mostly  alternate  ; 
flowers  perfect,  regular,  liypogynous,  lasting  but  a  day ; 
sepals  5,  unequal,  the  3  inner  contorted,  all  persistent ; 
petals  5,  rarely  3,  or  0,  twisted  contrary  to  the  sepals  ; 
ovaries  3,  united,  forming  a  1-celled,  3-valved  capsule  ; 
seeds  many,  on  the  parietal  placentae.    (See  the  Glossary.) 

*  Petals  5,  yellow,  larger  than  the  sepals.    Low  shrublets.  Hudsonia.  i 

*  Petals  3,  narrow,  brown -pnrple,  as  short  as  the  sepals.  Lechea.  2 

*  Petals  5,  yellow,  large  and  showy,  sometimes  0.  Helianthemum.  3 

1.  HUDSO'NIA.     Hudsonia. 

Little  heath-like,  very  leafy  and  branching  shrublets,  growing  in  sands. 

1  H.  tomento'sa.    Hoary-tomentons  ;  leaves  oval,  appressed  ;  flowers  subsessile. 

2  H.  ericoi'des.    Downy;  leaves  subulate,  loose;  flowers  pedicelled. 

2.  LECH'EA.    Pinweed. 
Perennial  herbs,  often  woody  at  base,  much  branched,  bearing  the  small 
obscure  flowers  in  axillary  clusters.     Pods  as  large  as  a  pin's  head,  their  3 
partial  cells  each  1-2-seeded.    Summer. 

§  Pedicels  longer  than  the  oval  pod Nos.  1,  2. 

§  Pedicels  shorter  than  the  globular  pod  . .  .Nos.  3,  4. 

1  L.  minor.    Lesser  P.    Leaves  linear;  2  outer  sepals  minute.    5'-15'  high. 

2  L.  Novae-Caesare'ae.    Neiv  Jersey  P.    Leaves  elliptical ;  2  outer  sepals  slender,   often 

longer  than  the  others.    About  If.    N.  Y  and  N.  J. 


Order  18.— ST.  JOHNSWORTS. 


171 


3  L.  major.     Larger  P.      Hairy  ;  leaves  elliptical ;  pods  angular.     l-2f. 

4  L.  thj^mifo'lia.     Iloarj^-puberulcnt  ;  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate  ;  pods  quite  rounded, 

larger  (near  1"),  polished.    10-20'  high. 


3.  HELIAN'THEMUM.     Rock  Rose. 

Petals  5  (wlicn  present),  crumpled  in  biul,  fugacious.    Stamens  few  or 
many.     Stigma  3-lobed.     Capsule  triangular,  3-valved,  opening  at  the  top. 

*  Flowers  of  two  sorts,  the  later  ones  apetalous.    Stamens  3-10 Nos.  1,  2. 

*  Flowers  all  alike,  5-petalled.     Stamens  CO Nos.  3,  4. 

1  H.  Oanaden'se.     Flowers  solitary,  tei*minal,  the  apetalous  flowers  in  axillary  clusters  ; 

sepals  acute  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  with  rolled  edges.    In  dry  soil.     Can.  to  Va. 
Stems  8-12'  high.    Plant  hoary-pubescent.    Juhj-Angvst. 

2  H.  corymbo'sum.     Flowers  all  terminal,  crowded ;  sepals  obtuse,  woolly.    N.  J.  and  S. 

3  H.  Carolinia'num.     Flowers  subterminal,  large  ;  sepals  acuminate.    South. 

i  H.  arenic'ola.     White-tomentous;  leaves  and  sepals  obtuse.    3-G'.     In  sand.    S. 


Order  XYIII.  HYPERICACE.E.     St.  Johnsworts. 

Herhs  or  shruhs  with  opposite,  entire 
dotted  leaves,  and  no  stipules ; 

flowers  mostly  yellow,  in  cymes  ; 

sepals  unequal,  4-5,  dotted; 

petals  4-5,  twisted  in  the  bud,  dotted, 
and  with  the  veins  oblique ; 

stamens  hypogynous,  in  3  or  more  par- 
cels; 

ovary  superior;  style  1 ; 

fruit  a  capsule  or  berry,  many-seeded. 


Analysis  of  tlie  Genera. 

Petals  and  sepals  5 2 

Petals  and  sepals  4.     Flowers  yellow. 

St.  Peterswort.  As'cyrum. 
2  Fls.  yellow.  St.  Johnswort.  Hyper'icum.  1 
2  Flowers  purplish.  Elode'a. 


Flq.  400.  Hypericum  perforatum  (Common  St. 
Johnswort):  stem,  leaves,  and  flowers.  Fig.  401. 
The  stamens  in  3  sets  siirronndiiig  the  ovary  witli  3 
Gtyles.    Fig.  402.  Cross-section  of  the  ovary 


400 


172  THE  FLORA. 


HYPERICUM.     St.  Johns  wort. 


Sepals  5,  connected  at  base,  nearly  equal,  leaf-like.  Petals  5,  oblique. 
Stamens  many  (sometimes  few  and  distinct),  united  into  3-5  parcels  witb 
no  glands  between  them.  Styles  3-5,  either  distinct  or  united  at  base. 
Capsule  1-celled,  or  3-5-celled. — Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  branching  stems, 
opposite,  entire  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers.     (Figs.  210,  211,  400-402.) 

§  Stamens  25  to  100,  more  or  less  united  into  sets a 

§  Stamens  5  to  15,  not  at  all  united g 

a  Carpels  (pistils)  and  styles  5  or  more.     Capsule  5-celled Nos.  1,  2 

a  Carpels  3.     Capsule  3-celled  (the  partitions  meeting) b 

a  Carpels  3.     Capsule  1-celled  (the  partitions  not  quite  meeting) c 

b  Shrubby.     Petals  not  dotted.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate...  .8-6 

b  Shrubby.     Petals  not  dotted.     Leaves  linear 6,  7 

b  Herbaceous.     Petals  sprinkled  with  black  dots. . .  .8-10 

c  Shrubs.     Styles  united  into  1 d 

c  Half-shrubby.     Styles  united  into  1 e 

c  Herbaceous.     Styles  distinct,  at  least  at  the  top f 

d  Flowers  solitary  or  in  3's,  axillary.     Stems  2-edged 11,  12 

d  Flowers  clustered  in  a  compound,  terminal  cyme 13,  14 

e  Flowers  in  a  leafless,  stalked  cyme.     Leaves  obtuse 15,  16 

e  Flowers  in  a  leafy  (few-leaved)  cyme.     Leaves  acute 17,  18 

f  Stem  or  branches  4-cornered  or  square 19,  20 

f  Stem  and  branches  terete,  not  angular 21,  22 

g  Flowers  in  corymbous  cymes 28,  24 

g  Flowers  racemed  on  the  slender  branches 25,  26 

1  H.  pyramida'tvim.    Giant  S.     Herb  3-4f.,  flowers  2''  broad.     Leaves  lance-oblong. 

2  H.  Kalmia'num.     Kalm's  S.     Shrub  l-2f ,  flowers  1'  broad.     Leaves  lance-linear. 

3  H.  Buckle'yi.     Buckley's  S.     Leaves  obovate.     Flowers  terminal,  solitary.     8. 

4  H.  prolif' icum.     Prolijic  S.     Lvs.  lance-oblong.     Cymes  compound.    W, 

5  H.  galeoi'des.     Bedstraw  S.     Lvs.  lance-linear.     Clusters  axillary.     S. 

6  H.  rosmarinifo'lium.     Rusemary  S.     Lvs.  petioled,  shorter  than  internodes.     S. 

7  H.  fascicula'tum.     Clustered  S.     Lvs.  sessile,  longer  than  the  internodes.     S. 

8  H.  perfora'tum.     Panctured  S.     Stem  2-edged.     Lvs.  small,  light-dotted,     c. 

9  H.  corymbo'sum.     Corymbed  S.     Stem  terete.     Lvs.  large,  black-dotted,     c. 

10  H.  macula 'turn.     Spotted  S.     St.  terete.     Ali  over  black-dotted.     Sty.  long. 

11  H,  au'reum.  Golden  S.  Lvs.  thick,  obtuse,  sessile.  Fls.  large  (U').  Stam.  500  !    S. 

12  H.  ambig'uum.  D\~hiousS.  Lvs.  thin,  acute,  sessile.   Fls.  8'''' broad.  Pet.  toothed.  S. 

13  H.  myrtifo'lium.    Myrtle  S.    Branches  terete.    Lvs.  clasping.    Cyme  leafy.   S. 

14  H.  cistifo'lium.  Rockrose  S.  Branches  2-edged.  Lvs.  sessile.  Cyme  leafless  S. 
15  H.  nudiflo'nim.  iSaked-jiouoered  S.  Lvs.  lance-ovate.  Pod  ovoid-conic-.  M.S. 
10  H.  spheBrocar'pon,     Round-fruited  S.     Lvs.  linear-oblong.     Pod  globular.    W. 


Order  19.— THE  SUNDEWS.  173 


17  H.  adpres'sum.     Closed  S.     Lvs.  half-erect.    Petals  obovate,  longer  than  scp 

18  H.  dolabrifor'rae.    Jlutchet  S.    Lvs.  spreading.    Pet.  dolabriform,  long  as  scp. 

19  H.  angulo'sum.     Angled  S.     Lvs.  ovate,  acute.     Style  thrice  longer  than  ovary. 

20  H  ellip'ticum.    Elliptic  S.     Lvs.  elliptic,  obtuse.    Style  as  long  as  ovary.    N.  M. 

21  H.  grave'olens.    Strong-scented  S.    Smooth.    Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  clasping.    S. 

22  H.  pilo^sum.     Hairy  S.     Hairy.     Lvs.  lance-ovate,  apprcssed.     S. 

23  H.  mu'ticum.     Dwarf  S.     Lvs.  ovate,  clasping,  5-veined.     Cymes  leafy,     c. 

24  H.  Canaden'se.     Canada  S.     Lvs.  linear,  black-dotted.     Cymes  leafless,     c. 

25  H.  Saro'thra.     Pine-weed  S.     Lvs.  awl-shapcd,  minute.     Fls.  sessile. 

26  H,  Drummon''dii.    Druinmond^s  S.    Lvs.  linear.    Fls.  stalked.    W. 


Order  XIX.   DROSERACE^.     The  Sundews. 

Eerls  growing  in  bogs,  often  covered  with  glands,  with 
leaves  alternate,  circinate  (rolled  from  top  to  base)  in  the  bud ; 
flowers  regular,  of  5  persistent  sepals  and  5  withering  ^eto?s; 
stamens  5,  distinct,  and  a  single,  compound  ovary  ; 
styles  1-5,  and  fruit  a  1-3-celled  many-seeded  capsule,  and  with 
seeds  having  a  small  embryo  at  the  base  of  the  albumen. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

c  Stamens  5.  Dros^era.  1 

t  coiled  (circinate)  in  the  bud.  |  Stamens  10-15.  Dioisr^''A.  2 

Leaves  (  not  coiled  in  the  bud.     Sterile  stamens  many.  Parnas'sia.  3 

1.  DEOS'ERA.     Sundew. 

Sepals  5,  united  at  base,  persistent.  Petals  5.  Stamens  5.  Styles  3-5, 
each  deeply  2-parted,  so  that  there  seems  to  be  6-10.  Capsule  8-5-valved, 
1-celled,  many-seeded. — U  Small  aquatic  herbs.  Leaves  (all  radical  in 
the  American  species)  clothed  with  long,  reddish,  gland-bearing  hairs, 
exuding  a  clear,  sticky  fluid.  Flowers  in  a  raceme  on  a  slender  scape, 
which  is  at  first  coiled  downward,  but  uncoils  as  the  flowers  open. 

*  Scape  4-6  times  longer  than  the  spreading  leaves 1-3 

*  Scape  1-2  times  longer  than  the  ascending  leaves 4-6 

1  D,  rotundifo'lia.    Round-leaved  S.     Leaves  round,  on  long  hairy  stalks.    Fis  wbitu, 

small  (about  2>''  broad).     Scapes  5-8'  high.    c. 

2  D.  minor.    Lesser  S.   Lvs.  wedge-obovate,  on  snooth  stalks.     Scape  3-6''.    p.     ?,. 
8  D.  brevifc'lia.    Tiny  S.    Lvs.  spatulate,  on  short,  hairy  stalks.     Scape  2-3^    p.    S 


174 


THE  FLORA. 


4  D  longifolia.    Long-leaved  S.    Lvs.  spatulate,  on 

long,  smooth  stalks.  4-7'.  White.  (Fig.  20,  21.) 

5  D.  linearis.   Linear-leaved  S.     Lva.  linear,  obtuse ; 

stalks  smooth.     3-6'.     White. 
€  D.  filiformis.    Thread-leaved  S.   Lvs.  filiform,  long. 
S:ape  If.     Purple. 

2.  DION^'A.     Venus'  Fly-trap. 

Sepals  5,  spreading.  Petals  5,  obovate,  with 
pellucid  veins.  Stamens  10-15.  Style  1.  Stig- 
mas 5,  many-cleft.  Capsule  breaking  irregularly 
in  opening,  1 -celled,  many-seeded. — U  Glabrous 
herbs.  Leaves  all  radical,  sensitive,  closing  con- 
vulsively when  touched.     Scape  umbelled. 

D  Muscip'ula.  A  very  remarkable  plant,  in  sandy  bogs, 
at  the  South,  sometimes  cultivated.  Leaves  spread- 
ing, the  petiole  broadly  winged,  ending  in  a  roundish 
blade  which  is  fringed  with  spines,  instantly  closing 
upon  insects  which  alight  upon  it.  Scape  6-12' 
high,  bearing  an  umbel  of  8-10  white,  handsome 
flowers.     Apr.,  May.     t 

Fig.  403.  Venus'  Fly-trap.  Fig.  404.  Ovary  and  stylo. 
Fig.  405.  Section  of  ovary. 

Grass-of-Parnassus. 


8.  PARNAS'SIA. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  inserted  on  the  calyx  (pe- 
rigynous).  Stamens  also  perigynous,  in  2  rows, 
the  outer  row  of  numerous  sterile  filaments,  united 

in  5  sets,  the  inner  row  of  5  perfect  stamens.  Stigmas  4,  sessile.  Cap- 
sule 4-c.elled.  Seeds  very  numerous. — 11  Elegant  herbs,  with  radical 
leaves  and  1-flowered  scapes. 

1  p.  Carohnia'na.     Meadow    G.     Sterile   filaments,    3   in   each   set.     Leaves   about 

7-veined,  broadly  oval  or  ovate,  radical  ones  on  long  stalks,  cauline  few,  new 

the  ground,  sessile,  clasping.     Scape  about  If.  high,  bearing  one  flower  at  top, 

which  is  about  V  across.     Petals  marked  with  green  veins.     July.,  Aug. 

P  asarifolia.    Broad-leaved.  G.    Sterile  filaments,  3  in  each  set.    Lvs.  reniform.    S 

8  F  palus'tris.   Swamp  G.    Sterile  filaments,  9-15  in  eaoii  set,    Lvs,  cordate.   N,  W 


Order  21. --PINK WORTS. 


175 


Order  XXI.    CARYOPHYLLACE^.     Pinkworts. 


Fig.  406.  Pink  (Pheasant's-eye) :  &,  the  bracts ;  c,  the  tubular  calyx.  Fig.  407.  The  ovary 
n-ith  its  2  styles,  Fig.  408.  A  petal  of  the  Diurnal  Lychnis,  2-clefl:  c,  the  claw.  Fig.  409 
Arenaria  stricta,  showing  the  spreading  cyme.    Fig.  410.  A  flower  enlarged,  calyx  not  tubular. 

Herbs  with  the  stems  swelling  at  the  nodes ;  opposite,  entire  leaves  ; 
sepals  4  or  5,  sometimes  distinct  and  sometimes  united  into  a  tube; 
petals  4  or  5  (sometimes  0),  with  or  without  claws,  hypogynous ; 
stamens  generally  twice  as  many  as  the  petals ;  styles  2-5 ; 
fruit  a  1-celled  (rarely  2-5-celled)  capsule  with  numerous  seeds,  and  aa 
enibryo  coiled  around  fleshy  albumen. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

§  Stipules  dry,  scale-like,  between  the  leaves  at  base ...  .6 

§  Stipules  none 2 

2  Sepals  united  into  a  tube.     Petals  with  lon^  claws 3 

2  Sepals  distinct  or  nearly  so.     Petals  sessile  or  none 4 

3  Calyx  with  2  or  more  bractlets  at  base a 

S  Calyx  naked,  i.  e.,  with  no  bractlets b 

4  Pod  1-celled  and  with  several  seeds.     Petals  generally  present. 

4  Pod  1-celled,  with  1  seed.     Petals  none,  calyx  green g 

4  Pod  completely  8-celled.     Petals  none,  calyx  white..  ..h 

5  Petals  2-parted  or  2-lobed c 

6  Petals  undivided  and  entire d 


176  THE  FLORA. 


6  Styles  or  stiormas  3  or  5.     Pod  l-celled,  many-seeded e 

6  Styles  or  stigmas  2  or  united  into  1.     Pod  1 -seeded f 

Styles  2.     Petals  varicualy  notched  or  fringed.  Pinh.  Dian'thus.  T 

b  Styles  2.     Capsule  4-tootlied  when  open.  '  Soapwort.  Sapona'kia. 

b  Stylos  3.     Capsule  6-toothed  when  open.  Silene.  Silene.  2 

b  Styles  5.     Calyx  5-toothed,  teeth  short  or  long.      Rose  Campion.  Lychnis.  3 
Styles  5.     Pod  opening  at  top  by  10  teeth.  Mouse-ear.  Cerastium.  i 

Styles  3.     Pod  splitting  into  6  valves.  Chichweed.     Starwort.  Stella'ria. 

d  Styles  3.    Valves  oftlie  ripe  pod  3,  each  2-toothed.   Sandwort.  Arenv'ria. 

d  Styles  3.     Valves  of  the  pod  3,  entire.  Grove  Sandwort.  Alsi'ne. 

d  Styles  4  or  5,  always  as  many  as  the  sepals.  Pearliooit.  Sagi'na. 

d  Styles  3  and  5.     Plant  fleshy.     Disk  10-lobed.     Sea  Sandwort.  B.o-hk^^'yk. 
e  Styles  5.     Leaves  linear,  whorled.     Flowers  white.  Spurry.  Spek'gula. 

e  Styles  3  and  5.  Lvs.  linear,  opposite.  Fls.  red.  Sand  Spurry.  Spergula^'ria. 
e  Styles  3  in  all  the  fls.  Leaves  in  4's.  Stipules  ovate.  Allseed.  Polycar'pon. 
e  Styles  3  in  all  the  fls.     Leaves  opposite.     Stipules  many-cleft.        Stipulic'ida. 

f  Sepals  green,  distinct  or  nearly  so Nailwort.  Paronych^ia. 

f  Sepals  white  above,  united  into  a  tube  below.  Syphonych'ia. 

%  Styles  2.  Utricle  inclosed  in  the  hardened  calyx  tube.  Knawell.  Scleran'thus. 
h  Styles  3.     Stamens  3  or  5.     Herb  flat  on  the  ground.      Carpet-weed.  Mollu^go.  5 

1.  DIAN'THUS.     Pink.     Carnation. 

Calyx  tubular,  cyliudrical,  striate,  with  2  or  more  pairs  of  opposite,  im- 
bricated scales  at  base.  Petals  5,  with  long  claws,  limb  unequally  notched. 
Stamens  10.  Styles  2,  with  revolute  stigmas.  Capsule  cylindrical,  one- 
celled. 

Tf  Bracts  as  long  as  the  calyx  tube 1,  2,  3 

T[  Bracts  much  shorter  than  the  calyx 4,  5,  6 

1  D.  Arme'ria.     Wild  Pink.     Bracts  erect.     Leaves  linear.    Flowers  small,  pink-red 

in  cymes  of  about  3.     Stem  18-24' high.     In  sandy  fields.    July.     E. 

2  D.  barbatns.     Sweet  William.,  or  Buncli  Pinh.     Bracts  erect.     Leaves  lanceolate, 

cymes  large,  many-flowered.    Ked  or  variegated  with  white.     May-July,   -f 
D.   Chinen'sis.     China  Pink.     Bracts   spreading.     Leaves   lance-linear.     Flowers 
solitary,  red,  large.     Plant  evergreen,  not  glaucous,     t 

4  D.  caryophy-rius.     Carnation  Pink.     Bracts  rounded.     Petals  crenate,  beard- 

less.    Whole  plant  glaucous.     Many  beautiful  varieties,     t 

5  D.  pluma'rius.    Pheasanfs-eye.    Bracts  ovate.     Petals  fringe-toothed,  bearded. 

Plant  glaucous.     Flowers  solitary,  white  and  purple,     t 
6.  D.  super''bus.    Svperb  P.     Bracts  mucronate,  ovate.    Petals  pinnatifid  fringet', 
bearded,  cymes  level-topped.    Wh'te.    t 


Order  21.— PINKWORTS.  177 


2.  SILE'NE.     Catch-fly.     Campion. 

Calyx  tubular,  swelling,  without  scales  at  base,  5-toothed.  Petals  5, 
2  cleft,  the  claws  oft^n  crowned  with  a  stiff  scale.  Stamens  10.  Stylea 
3.     Capsule  partly  3-celled,  opening  by  6  teeth  at  top.     (Fig.  116.) 

*  Petals  many-cleft  and  fringed.     Fls.  white  or  roseate,  large.    Perennial 1-3 

*  Petals  bifid  or  entire,  not  fringed a 

a  Calyx  inflated  and  netted  with  veins.     Perennial 4,  5 

a  Calyx  close  upon  the  pod,  not  inflated b 

b  Flowers  spicate,  alternate.     Annual ...  .6,  7 
b  Flowers  not  spicate, . .  .c 

c  Petals  white,  closed  in  sunshine.... 8,  9 

c  Petals  red,  purple,  &c.,— (d)  bifid 10,  11 

—(d)  entire 12-15 

1  S.  stella'ta.      Wkoi'led  0.     Lvs.  in  4's.     Calyx  inflated.     Fls.  white,  many.     Juli/. 

2  S.  ova'ta.     Ovate  C.     Leaves  opposite.     Calyx  not  inflated.     Flowers  wliite.     S. 

8  S.  Baldwin'ii.    Baldwin^s  C.     Lvs.  opposite,  obovate.    Fls.  very  large,  roseate.    S. 

4  S.  infla'ta.     Bladder  G.     Petals  not  crowned.     Flowers  few,  white. 

5  S.  nivea.    Snowy  0.     Petals  with  a  little  crown.     Flowers  many,  white. 

6  S.  qmnquevul''nera.     Variegated  0.     Woolly.     Petals  entire,  red,  white-edged.     S. 

7  S.  noctur'na.     Spiked  G.     Downy.     Petals  narrow,  2-parted,  greenish-white. 

8  S.  Antirrhi^na.    Snapdragon  G.     Sticky  in  spots.     Calyx  egg-shaped, 

9  S.  noctiflo^ra.    Night  G.     Viscid-downy.     Calyx  cylindric.    Petals  2-parted. 

10  S.  Virgin'ica.      Virginian  G.     Leaves  spatulate.     Fls.  large  (2^),  crimson,     M.  S. 

11  S,  rotundifo'lia.    Round-lea'oed  G.    Leaves  round,  large.    Fls.  large,  scarlet.     W. 

12  S.  Pennsylvan'ica.    Perennial.     Petals  rose-purple,  toothed  at  end. 

13  S.  re'gia.    Eoyal  G.     Perennial.    Petals  scarlet,  entire,  oblanceolate. 

14  S.  Arme'ria,     Garden  G.     Annual.    Stem  sticky  in  spots.    Flowers  rose-p.    \ 

15  S.  acau'lis.    Stemless  G.     Annual.     Scape  2'  high,  1-flowered.     Mountains. 

3.  LYCH'NIS.     Cockle.     Rose  Campion. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  without  scales  at  base.  Petals  5,  clawed. 
Stamens  10.  Styles  5.  Capsule  1 -celled,  or  5-celled  at  the  base,  opening 
at  the  top  by  5  or  10  teeth.     Petals  sometimes  crowned. 

*  Petals  broad,  entire.     Plants  very  hairy 1,2 

*  Petals  2-cleft,  crowned  with  2  scales  at  top  of  claw. . .  .3,  4 

*  Petals  gashed  or  4-cleft.    Plants  nearly  smooth 5,  6 

1  L.  Gritha'go.     Gochle.     Sepals  longer  than  tlie  crownless,  purple  petals. 

2  L,  Corona'ria.     MuUeinPink.     Sepals  shorter  than  the  stiflf-crowned  petals,     t 

3  L.  Chalcedon'ica.  Sweet  William.  Fls.  scarlet,  in  a  crowded,  compound  cyme,  t 

4  L.  diu'rna.     Diurnal  L.     Flowers  light  purple,  in  an  open,  loose  cyme,     t 

(See  Fig.  406.) 

a* 


178  THE  FLORA. 


5  L.  corona'ta,    Chinese  L.     Petals  very  broad,  fringed  -with  numerous  teeth,     t 

6  L.  Floscu'culi.    Ragged  Bobin.     Petals  divided  into  4  long  teeth,  crowned.    + 

4.  CERAS'TIUM.     Mouse-ear.     duckweed. 

Sepals  5,  ovate,  acute.  Petals  5,  bifid  or  2-cleft.  Stamens  10,  some 
times  5  or  4.  Styles  5.  Capsule  cylindrical  or  roundish,  opening  at  top 
by  10  tooth-like  valves.   Seeds  numerous.    Fls.  white,  in  cymes.    (Fig.  114. 

Petals  about  as  long  as  the  calyx.     Plants  hairy. , .  .1,  2 

Petals  much  longer  than  the  calyx.     Plants  hairy  or  downy 3,  4,  5 

1  C.  vulga'tum.     Common  M.     Lvs.  obovate.    Sepals  acute.     Fls.  at  first  crowded. 

2  C.  visco'sum.    Sticky  M.     Hairs  sticky.     Leaves  lance-ovate.     Sepals  obtuse. 

3  C.  arven'se.     Field  M.     Lvs.  linear.     Eipe  pods  as  long  as  the  calyx.     N.  E. 

4  0.  oblongifolium.     Leaves  lance-obl.     Pods  longer  than  calyx.     M. 

8  O.  nu^tans.     Nodding  M.     Eipe  pods  curved,  thrice  longer  than  calyx.     N  W. 

5.  MOLLU'GO.     Carpet-weed. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  0.  Stamens  3-5,  opposite  to  the  sepals.  Styles  3. 
Capsule  3-ceUed,  3-valved,  many-seeded. — ©  Low  or  prostrate  herbs, 
with  the  leaves  appearing  whorled. 

M.  verticilla'ta.  Stems  slender,  jointed,  much  branched,  lying  flat  on  the  ground. 
At  each  joint  stands  a  whorl  of  wedge-shaped  or  spatulate  leaves  of  unequal 
size,  usually  about  5  in  number,  and  a  few  flowers,  each  solitary  on  its  stalk, 
which  is  shorter  than  the  petioles.  Flowers  small,  sepals  white  inside.  In  dry 
places.    July-Sept. 


Order  XXII.    POKTULACACE^.    The  Purselanes. 

Herbs  with  thick,  entire  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  regular  flowers ; 
flowers  with  2  sepals,  5  petals,  open  only  in  the  sunshine ; 
stamens  opposite  to  the  petals  when  of  the  same  number,  often  more ; 
pistils  several,  with  their  ovaries  united,  free,  or  half-free,  forming  in 
fruit  a  pyxis  (§  1T8)  or  a  capsule. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

^  Sepals  flve.   Petals  none.   Fruit  a  pyxis.  Stamens  oo.   Sea  Purselane.  SEsu''vinM. 
1  Sepals  2.     Petals  5 a 

a  Stamens  5,  opposite  the  petals.  Spring  Beauty.  Clayto'nia. 

a  Stamens  8-30,  on  the  torus.     Pod  3-valved.  Tali'num. 

a  Stamens  8-30,  on  the  calyx.    Pyxis  opening  by  a  lid.  Portula'c  \. 


Order  24.— THE  MALLOWS. 


17S 


1.  CLAYTO'NIA.     Spring  Beauty. 

Sepals  2,  ovate.  Petals  5,  emai*ginate  or  obtuse.  Stamens  5,  inserted 
on  the  claws  of  the  petals.  Stigmas  3,  on  1  long  style.  Capsule  3-valved, 
2-5-see(led.— They  are  small,  fleshy,  U,  early-flowering  herbs,  arising 
from  a  small  tuber. 

1  C.  Carolinia'na.     Leaves  ovate-lanceolate.     Sepals  and  petals  obtuse. 

2  C.  Virgin'ica.    Leaves  linear  or  Lince-liuear.     Sepals  acute,  petals  obovate. 

2.  PORTULA'OA.     Purselanes. 

Sepals  2.  Petals  5,  equal.  Stamens  8-20.  Styles  8-6.  Pyxis  lid 
opening  oflf  near  the  middle. — Low  and  fleshy  herbs. 

1  P.  olera'cea.     Common  P.     Leaves  thick,  wedge-shaped.     Stem  fleshy,  reddish, 

prostrate.     Flowers  sessile,  small,  yellow.     A  common  weed.    Summer. 

2  P.  grandiflo'ra.     Great  P.     Leaves  cylindric  tmd  flesliy.     Stems  ascending.     FIs. 

large,  red  or  scarlet.     Cultivated.    June. 


Order  XXIY.   MALYACE^.     The  Mallows. 

Herbs.^  shrubs.,  or  trees.^  with  alternate,  stipulate,  divided  leaves,  with  the 
flowers  showy,  axillary,  regular,  often  with  an  involucel  at  the  base ; 
5  se'pals  valvate  and  the  b  petals  convolute  in  the  bud,  hypogynous; 
stamens  indefinite  and  monadelphous,  the  anthers  splitting  across; 
carpels  several,  united  into  a  ring  or  forming  a  several-ceUed  capsule  \ 
seeds  with  a  curved  embryo  in  a  little  albumen. 


Fig.  411.  Hibiscus  Trionum  (Flower-of-an-hour);  2,  cross-section  of  tlie  flower,  sliowing 
th<3  arriinafcinont  of  its  parts;  3.  cross-section  of  tlie  5-celled  capsule;  4,  capsule  open  by  its  live 
valves ;  5,  Malva  sylvestris;  6,  its  fruit,  consisting  of  10  carpels  arranged  in  a  circle  ;  7,  section  o< 
one  of  the  carpels,  showing  tlie  curved  embryo. 


180  THE  FLORA. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 


%  Calyx  naked,  i.  «.,  having  no  involucel b 

§  Calyx  furnished  with  an  involucel  as  if  a  second  calyx.... 2 

2  Pistils  and  carpels  more  tlian  5 a 

2  Pistils  and  carpels  5  only,  each  1-seeded. . .  ,c 

2  Pistils  and  carpels  5  or  3,  each  8- go -seeded d 

a  Involucel  of  6-9  bractlets.     Carpels  1-seeded.  Marsh  M.  Alth^'a, 

a  Involucel  of  3  united  bractlets.     Carpels  1-seeded.  Tree  M.  Lavate'ka. 

a  Involucel  of  3  distinct  bractlets.     Carpels  1-seeded.  Mallow.  Malva.  2 

a  Involucel  of  8  distinct  bractlets.     Carpels  2-seeded.  Basket  M.  Modi'ola. 

b  Flowers  dioecious.    Stigmas  10,  linear.  Naixza.  Nap^'a. 

b  Flowers  perfect.     Carpels  5  or  more,  1-seeded.  Sida.  Sida. 

b  Flowers  perfect.     Carpels  5  or  many,  3-9-seeded.       Indian  M.  Abu'tilox. 
c  Stigmas  10.     Carpels  5,  baccate,  united.  Glxit-  M.  Malvavis'cus. 

c  Stigmas  10.     Carpels  5,  dry,  distinct.  Peacock  M.  Pavonia. 

c  Stigmas  5.     Carpels  5,  dry,  united. into  a  pod.  Marsh  M.  Kostelets'kya. 

d  Involucel  of  many  bractlets.     Calyx  regular.  Eihiscus.  Hibis'cus.  3 

d  Involucel  of  many  bractlets.    Calyx  split  on  one  side.    Ohra.  Abelmos''chus. 

d  Involucel  of  3  incisely-toothed  bractlets.  Cotton.  Gossyp'idm. 

1.  ALTH^'A.     Hollyhock,  &c. 

Calyx  surrounded  at  base  by  a  6-9-cleft  involucel.  Carpels  oo,  1-seed- 
ed, not  opening,  arranged  circularly  around  the  axis. 

1  A  officina'lis.     Marsh  M.     Lvs.  downy,  entire  or  3-lobed.     FIs.  rose-col.,  stalked. 

2  A.  rosea.     Hollyhock.     Leaves  rough-hairy,  roundish,  5-7-lobed.     Flowers  sessile. 

3  A  ficifo'lia.     Fig~leaved  Hoi.    Lvs.  hairy,  deeply  7-parted.     FIs.  orange- colored. 

2.  MAL'VA.     MaUows. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  with  a  3-leaved  involucel  at  its  base.  Carpels  and  styles 
numerous.  Fruit  cheese-form,  separating  when  ripe  into  many  1-seeded 
pieces,  arranged  circularly. 

*  Flowers  white  or  rose-colored 1,  2,  3 

*  Flowers  deep  red  or  purple 4,  5,  6 

1  M.  rotundifo'lia.     Cheese  M.     Stem  prostrate.     Lvs.  round-cordate.     FIs.  small. 

2  M,  crispa.     Crisp  M.     Stem  erect,  tall.     Lvs.  abundantly  crisped  and  curled,     f 

8  M.  moscha'ta.  Musk  M.     Sts.  ascend.    Lvs.  deeply  5-part.     FIs.  large,  showy,    f 

4  M.  sylves'tris.     Wood  M.    Lvs.  roundish,  lobed.     Petals  obcordate. 

5  M.  trian^la'ta.    Lvs.  triangular-ovate.    Petals  wedge-obovate.     N.-W. 

6  M.  papaver.    Brppy  M.    Lvs.  palmately  parted.    Petals  erose.    Stalks  very 

long.    S.-W. 


Order  26. -THE  LINDENBLOOMS.  181 


3.  HIBIS'OUS.     Hibiscus. 
Calyx  5-cleft,  surrounded  by  a  many-leaved  involucel.     Styles  united, 
stigmas  5,  distinct.     Fruit  a  5-celled,  5-mauy-seeded  capsule.     Flowers 
large,  often  nearly  a  foot  broad. 

§  Calyx,  &c.,  hispid.    Leaves  palmately  divided 1,  2 

§  Calyx,  &c.,  velvet-downy.     Leaves  undivided,  angularly  lobed....3,  4 

§  Calyx,  &o.,  glabrous,  i.  e.,  smooth a 

a  Leaves  deeply  lobed  or  parted 6,  6 

a  Leaves  undivided  or  slightly  lobed 7,  8 

1  H.  aculea'tus.     Pt'icHy  H.     Bractlets  of  involucel  forked.     Fls.  sulph-yellow.     S. 

2  H.  Trio'num.    Flower-of-an-hour.    Bractlets  entire.    Fls.  chlorine-yellow,    c.     t 

3  H.  Moscheu'tos.    Marsh  H.     Lvs.  ovate,  toothed.     Sepals  abruptly  pointed. 

Rose-red.     c. 

4  H.  grandiflo'rus.    Giant  E.    Leaves  cordate,  lower  3-lobcd.     Sepals  gradually 

pointed,    p-r.     S. 

5  H.  milita'ris.    Sword  H.    Lvs.  hastately  3-lobed.    Flowers  tubular-bell-shaped, 

flesh-color.     W. 

6  H.  cocci'mus.  Scarlet  H.  Lvs.  palmately  5-parted.  Cor.  expanding,  carmine-red.  S 

7  H.  Carolinia'nus.    Lost  H.     Herb.     Lvs.  cordate.     Fls.  purple.    Very  ran.     8. 

8  H.  Syri'acus.     Tree  H.     Tree  8-15f  high.     Lvs.  wedge-ovate,    w.p.     t 


Order  XXVI.     TILIACE^.    Lindenblooms. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  simple,  stipulate,  alternate,  toothed  leaves  ; 
flowers  perfect,  axillary,  wnth  4  or  5  sepals  and  petals ; 
stamens  many,  hypogynous,  commonly  united  in  sets  ; 
3-10  united  into  1,  forming  a  dry  or  fleshy  fruit. 


1.  TIL'IA.  Linden.  Basswood, 
Sepals  5,  valvate  in  bud,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  oblong,  obtuse.  Stamens 
CO  in  5  sets.  Ovary  5-celled,  but  in  fruit  becoming  1-celled,  1-2-seeded. 
Large  handsome  trees  with  a  tough  bark,  and  soft  wood.  Flowers  in 
small  cymes,  w^ith  the  peduncle  attached  part  way  to  the  midvein  of  a 
large  bract. 

1  T.  Europae'a.     Linden  or  Lime-tree.    Stamens  slightly  united  and  having  no  scales  or 

staminodia  (as  in  the  next) ;    leaves   roundish,  smooth.    A  fine   shade-tree.    40f. 

2  T.  Americana.     Lassicood.     Stamens  having  a  petal-like  scale,  witli  each  of  their  5 

sets  opposite  to  the  petals  ;  leaves  broad-cordate,  pointed,  green  both  sides,  often 
downy  beneath  ;  stjic  as  long  as  the  blunt  petals.  A  fine  tall  foreet-trec.  There 
is  another  epecies  West. 


182 


THE  FLORA. 


Order  XXVII.    CAMELLIACE^.    Teaworts. 


Trees  or  shi'ubs  with  alternate,  simple,  feather-veined  exstipulate  leaves  ; 
flowers  reiiular,  showy,  with  sepals  and  petals  imbricated ; 
stamens  very  oo  ,  hj^pogynous,  more  or  less  united  at  their  bases ; 
fruit  a  woody  pod,  3-6-celled,  few-seeded. 

*  Exotics.    Some  of  the  inner  etamens  distinct  and  free ....  Genus  1,2 

*  Natives  of  the  South.    Stamens  all  conjoined  at  base Genus  3,  4 

1  CAMEL'LIA  Japonica.  Japan  Eose.  The  free  stamens  numerous  (or  transformed  intc 

petals).  Leaves  oval,  pointed,  serrate,  thick,  evergreen  and  shining  Flowers 
white  varying  to  red,  single  or  double.  Beautiful  shrubs  of  the  greenhouse.  Native 
of  Japan. 

2  THEA.     Tea.    The  free  stamens  only  5  or  6.  Sepals  scarcely  bracted  at  base.    Petals 

5  or  6,  very  concave,  white.  Shrubs  4-9f.  ;  native  of  China.  Leaves  oblong  to 
lanceolate,  serrate,  smooth  and  shining,  and  when  cured  or  dried  they  form  the 
various  kinds  of  tea. 

3  STUAR'TIA.    These  are  beautiful  shrubs,  with  large  deciduous  leaves,  large  showy 

fragrant  flowers  (2-3'  broad),  axillary,  and  nearly  sessile.  Stamens  all  united  at 
base  into  1  set.     Styles  5,  united  or  separate.    2  species. 

4  GORDO'NIA.    Loblolly  Bay.    Trees  witli  large,  white,  axillary,  stalked  flowers.   Leavee 

evergreen  and  shining  (in  G,  Lasianthvs)  or  deciduous  (in  O.  imhescens).,  oblong. 
Stamens  united  below  into  5  sets.    Va.  to  Fla.    May-Aug. 


Order  XXX.  LIXACEJE.     The  Flaxworts. 


420 
Fig.  418.  Common  Flax.    Fi^.  419.  Plan,  showing  the  posi 
tions  of  the  parts  of  the  flower,  the  imbricated  sepals,  the  con 
torted  sepals,  the  5  stamens,  and  the  5  carpels.    Fig.  420.  Crim- 
son Flax. 


Order  31.— GERANIA.  183 


Eerls  witli  entire,  simple  leaves  and  no  stipules ;  with 
fiowers  regular,  symmetrical,  perfect,  and  5-parted ; 
'ialyx  imbricate,  and  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud; 
stamens  and  styles  each  5 ;  cajmile  with  5  double-cells,  10-seeded. 
Our  only  genus  is 

LI'NUM.     Flax. 

The  character  is  sufficiently  indicated  in  the  Order.     The  long,  tough 
fibres  of  the  bark  constitute  the  linen  of  commerce. 

§  Flowers  blue  or  red,  large  (1'  broad), ...  .Nos.  1-3 

§  Flowers  yellow.     Leaves  linear.     Sepals  ciliate 4,  5 

§  Flowers  yellow,     Leaves  lanceolate.     Sepals  entire 6-8 

1  L.  usitatis'simum.     Common  F.     Flowers  blue,  in  a  sort  of  corymb.    Leaves 

lance-linear,  acute.     The  seed  yields  linseed  oil.     Fields. 

2  L.  peren'ne.     Perennial  F.     Flowers  blue,  axillary  and  terminal.    Leaves  lin- 

ear, acute,  scattered.     Gardens. 
8  L.  grandiflo'rum.   Crimson  F.  Flowers  crimson,  axillary.  Leaves  lance-elliptic, 

ac-ute,  sessile.     Gardens. 
4L.rig'idum.    Rigid  F    Sepals  longer  than  the  globular  pod.   Styles  united  at  base. 
5  L.  simplex.     Simple  F.     Sepals  shorter  tban  ovate  pod.     Styles  distinct.     S.-W. 

6  L.  virginia'num.     Stems  and  branches  erect.     Flowers  6''  broad,     c. 

7  L.  diffu'sum.     Stems,  branches,  leaves  diffuse.     Flowers  2''  broad.     W. 

8  L.  trig'ynum.     Tkree-styled  F.     Flowers  large  (1^  with  3  styles,     f 


Order  XXXI.   GERANIA'CE^.     Gerania. 
Herbs  or  shrubby  plants  with  the  lower  leaves  opposite ;  with  the 
fioicers  regular  or  irregular,  terminal  or  opposite  the  leaves ;  with  the 
sepals  5,  persistent,  &n^ petals  5,  clawed,  twisted  in  the  bud;  the 
stamens  10,  monadelphous,  and  pistils  5,  united;  the  carpels  in 
fruit  separating  and  bending  upwards  on  the  elastic  style,  each  with  on« 
seed.     Albumen  0. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

(  Stamens  10,  all  of  them  perfect Gera'n/*  ^ 

(  regular,     i  Stamens  5  perfect,  5  imperfect Eko/^" 

Corolla    I  irregular.    Stamens  7  perfect,  3  imperfect Pelarg/"^'^* 

GERA'NIUM. 
Sepals  and  petals  5,  regular.     Stamens  10,  all  perfect.    l/it  beaked, 


184 


THE  FLORA. 


at  last  separating  into  5,  long-styled, 
1 -seeded  carpels.  Styles  smooth  in- 
side, finally  curling  from  the  base 
upward,  but  still  adhering  at  top  to 
the  axis. — Herbs  with  forked  stems, 
much  divided  leaves.  Flowers 
mostly  purple. 

Petals  entire,   twice  as    long    as  the 

awned  sepals 1,  2 

Petals    notched    or    2-lobed,    short. 

Leaves  palmately  5-7-lobed.  Pods 

hairy  ® 3,  4 

1  G.  macula'tum.  Spotted  G.  Erect.  Lvs. 

pahnately  3-5-parted.  Flowers  large 
(1'  broad),  showy.  Sepals  mucro- 
nate.    Spring,     c. 

2  Gr.  Robertia'num.     Herb   Robert.      Dif- 

use,  weak.  Lvs.  prinaately  3-parted  ~^^ 
to  the  base.  Flowers  small  (7^'  ' 
broad).    Sepals  mucronate.     June. 

3  G.  pusirium.      Dwarf    G.      Diffuse. 

Sepals  veinless.  Leaves  parted 
into  5-7  linear  lobes,  lobes 
3-cleft.    Fields  and  hills.    July. 

4  G.  Carolinia'num.  Stems  diffuse.   Se- 

pals with  an  awn.  Lvs.  parted 
into  5  wedge-oblong,  many-cleft 
lobes.    Fields.    July. 

Fig.  421.  Herb  Robert,  leaves,  flowers,  and  fruit;  3,  fruit  enlarged,  showing  one  carpel  on 
its  elastic  style;  4,  cross-section  of  a  seed,  showing  the  large  embryo  filling  the  whole 
space ;  2,  the  10  stamens. 

Observation.— The  pupil  will  perceive  by  the  table  above,  that  the  parlor  "gera- 
•ums"  belong  to  the  genus  Pelargo^ nium. 


<-DER  XXXII.   OXALIDACE^.    Wood  Sorrels. 


Low  herl. 


fl'Oicer 


with  a  sour  juice,  and  alternate,  compound  leaves ;  with 


•5  regUar  and  symmetrical,  5-sepaled  and  5-petaled ; 


Order  34.— THE  JEWEL-WEEDS. 


185 


stamens  10,  monadelphous,  hypogynous,  the  alternate  ones  longest; 
carpels  5,  united  and  forming  in  fruit  a  5 -celled  pod ;  seeds  albuminous. 

OX' ALTS.     Wood  Sorrel. 

Sepals  0,  distinct  or  united 
at  base,  persistent.  Petals 
much  longer  than  the  sepals. 
Stamens  united  at  the  base. 
Styles  5.  Capsule  roundish  or 
pod-shaped,  cells  several-seed- 
ed. Herbs  mostly  2^,  with  J  j 
trifoliate  leaves. 

1  O.  Acetoseria,    Wood  Sorrel.  Fls. 

white,  \Yith  purple  veins.  Plant 
acaulescent,  arising  from  a 
creeping  root-stock,     c.  N.  Ju. 

2  O.  viola'cea.    Violet  W.    Flowers 

violet-purple.  Plant  acaules- 
cent, arising  from  a  scaly  Wulb. 
Scape  with  an  umbel.  May. 
8  O.  stricta.  Yellow  W.  Flowers 
yellow.  Plant  with  leafy  stems, 
weak,  branched.  Flowers  um- 
belled.     Grows  everywhere. 

Fig.  425.  Oxalis  Acetosella.     In  the  plan  of   the    flower, 
8,  the  10  stamens  in  two  rows;  p,  the  5  petals;  c,  the  5  sepals, 


the  5  carpels  hi  the  centre. 
Fig.  426.  The  ripe  pod. 


Order  XXXIV.   BALSAMINACE^.     The  Jewel-weeds. 

Herbs  annual,  with  a  fleshy  stem,  watery  juice,  and  simple  leaves ; 
flowers  very  irregular  and  unsymmetrical ;  calyx  spurred ; 
»tamens  5,  on  the  torus ;  pod  bursting  by  5  elastic  valves. 

IMPA'TIENS.     Touch-me-not. 

Sepals  colored,  apparently  but  4  (the  3  upper  being  united),  the  lowest 
{y)  enlarged  into  a  sac  tipped  with  a  bent  spur.  Petals  4,  united  into  2 
double  ones  (jk»,  p).     Stamens  5  short,  the  anthers  united  over  the  pistil. 


186 


THE  FLORA. 


Fmit  a  pod  of  5  strong 
elastic  valves  which  break 
and  coil  at  the  slightest 
touch  when  ripe,  scatter- 
ing the  seeds.  Stem  ten- 
der, thickened  at  tlie 
nodes     Leaves  alternate. 

1  I.  pal'lida.  Pale  Jeioel-weed. 

Lvs.  oblong-ovate.  Fls. 
pale  yellow,  sparingly 
dotted,  with  a  very  short, 
recurved  spur. 

2  I.  fulva.   Tawny  Jeioel-toeed, 

Leaves  rhombic-ovate. 
Flowers     deep     orange,  -- 

thickly  spotted,  with  a  long  clorie-reflexed  spur. 
8  I.  Balsami''na.     Balsamine.     Leaves  lanceolate.     Flowers  very  large  and  showy, 
white,  crimson,  scarlet,  flesh-colored,  &c.     + 


Fig.  428.  Flower  of  the  Pale  Jewel-weed.  Fig.  429.  Itfl 
parts  displayed :  s,  s,  s,  y,  the  four  sepals,  the  latter  spur- 
red ;  p,  p,  the  2  petals,  each  double. 


Order  XXXVIII.    ANACARDIACEzE.    Sumacs. 

Shrnhs  or  trees,  with  a  resinous  or  milky  caustic  juice  ; 

leaves  alternate,  without  stipules  or  pellucid 
dots ; 

Jloicers  small,  regular,  pentandrous,  com- 
monly imperfect. 

RHUS.     Sumac.     Poison  Oak. 

Sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  each  5.  Styles 
3.  Fj'uit  a  small  1-seeded,  roundish,  dry 
drupe.     Flowers  greenish. 

§  Leave?  simple.     Flowers  perfect  (or  all  abortive  by 

cultiva.tion) Nos.  1,  2. 

§  Leaves  compound.    Flowers  polygamous (a) 

a  Flowers  in   chaptered    spikes  preceding  the 

3-foliate  leaves No.  3. 

a  Flowers  in  axillary  panicles  with  the  3-13-fo- 

liate  leaves.    Poisonous 4-6. 

a  Flowers  in  terminal  thyrses  with  the  9-31-fo- 
liate  leaves  —  (b) 


Fig.  429',  Rhus  venenata,  leaf 
and  panicle.  2.  A  staminate  flower. 
3.  Section  of  a  fertile  flower. 


Order  40.— THE  MAPLES.  ig^ 

b  Common  petiole  winged  between  the  leaflets. . .  .No  7 
b  Common  petiole  not  winged..     Nos  8-10 

Va^eHanSvmac.    Smoke  Tree.    Leaves  obovatc,  entire,  thick.    Flowers 
.       ortive,  pedicels  diffusely  branched,  hairy     Italy  -^JO^^eis 

p::lt°::t-    ^!--r\^"^^"^^:-"^^^^.^--    Flowersmmute.    Mts.  S. 


or?    ,^„_  *,.  ^  '    --1  "^"i^  «.i  uase.     r  lowers  minute.    Mts.  S 

%Z  J'^'fi^-''   ,^,H    aromatic    shrub,    2-6f.      Leaflets  sessile,    ovate 

4R  vf^rta''/Z     .   ^;7-S'^'-^-'--"y--ecl,sour.    Ma,.    Not  poiso  .  ' 

4R.venenata.    /ot,o«^.    2>05r-^6W^.    Very  smooth;    leaflets  7-13,  oval,  pointed   verv 
entu-e.    Drupes  greenish  yellow,  smooth.    A  small  tree,  10-15f.  i.^^'^^TstZ 
Tiie  most  venomous  of  the  species.    (Fig.  429'.)  '■^^an^ps. 


Jnne. 


......in  wi  mc  epecies.     ^J^ig.  429'.) 

5  R.  toKicoden'dron.  Poison  Oak.  Poison  Ivy.  Erect  or  declining  2-3f  Leaflets  3 
fiR    'r"^'''?;'^''"''"*-^^'^^^'^^^^'"y-    drupes  smooth.    June  ^'^^''^  ^^ 

6  R.  radicals.  r/z^;.ir«^  Ivy.  stems  climbing  trees,  etc.,  by  innumerable  radi-itin. 
TRcZmt  ^;;««^;-f,—th,  entire.  Eeputed  poi'so/ous.  ^if  '  ^^'"^ 
8rX^    %  "'"'^""^"'-     S^™b'l-6f.    Leaflets  9-21.    July. 

liZI^        Cr..w^.    Leaflets  9-17,  coarsely  toothed.    Poisonous.    Carolina 
9R.typh'ma.     Stag-horn  S.    Branches  and  petioles  woolly.     Leaflets  1^31    lance  ob 
10  R  JiaL    T'rrf'c  I^™P- red,  acid;  wood  yello.'     ^.„..    Su  i  10  J  ' 

hthFlorin.  ^--/V^"'^^^'^"^^^'^^^'  -^^tened  beneath.  Shrub6-15f. 
ni„li  Flowers  in  terminal,  dense  panicles,  greenish  red.  Fruit  clothed  witl,  rrim 
son  fur  which  is  excessively  sour  to  the  tastl    Bark  used  in  tanning: 


Order  XL.     ACERACE^.     The  Maples. 

Trees  or  shruls  with  opposite,  usually  simple  palmate-veined  leaves  •  the 
flowers  often  imperfect,  with  the  5  sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud   and'the 
petaU  5,  hypogynous,  sometimes  0  ;  the  stamens  mostly  8,  and  the 
fruit  a  double  samara,  with  two  opposite  wmgs,  2-seeded. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 
Leaves  simple,  palmate- veined.    Very  common.  Mavle    Aovn   i 

Leaves  compound,  odd-pinnate.    Leaflets  3-5,  toothed.       £ox-i;ider.  N^otZo. 

1.  ACER.     Maple. 

Calyx  of5  united  sepals,  5-lobed.     Petals  5  or  0.     Styles  2.     Stamens 
6-8.     Leaves  simple,  palmate-lobed.     Flowers  mostly  polygamous. 

§  Pedicels  short,  in  side  clusters,  flowering  be/ore  the  leaves.     Trees        1   2 
§  Pcd.ce  s  long,  slender,  drooping,  flowering  with  the  Ivs.  Large  trees "..'3  4 
§  Pedicels  in  racemes,  flowering  after  the  leaves        5-7 

'  ^''ZZl^O   "^'"'!,^'     ^T"  '^^^'^  Jobed,';q;,are  at  base,  silver-white 
beneath.     Ovaries  downy.    Fruit  very  large,    Petals  0.     Tree  50f. 


188 


THE  FLORA. 


Fig.  430.  Eed  Maple  {_Acer  nibruni)^  a  leaf  and  several  samara.    Fig.  431.  Sugar  Maple 
{^Acer  saccharinvm).,  leaf,  floAvers,  and  fruit. 


2  A.  rubrum.    Eed  M.    Swamp  M.    Leaves  loted,  cordate  at  base,  paler  beneath. 
Petals  linear-oblong.     Ovaries  and  fruit  smooth.    40  to  lOOf.     Flowers  red. 
B  A.  sacchari'num.    Eoch  M.    Sugar  M.    Leaves  cordate,  5-lobed,  with  deep, 

rounded  openings  between.    Bark  light  gray.    g-y. 
4  A.  ni'grum.     Blaclc  M.    Svgar-tree.    Leaves  cordate,  with  the  sinus  closed, 
roundish,  with  3  broad,  shallow  lobes.    Bark  dark  gray.    y. 

5  A.  spicatnm.     Mountain-Bush  31.     Eacemes  erect,  thyrse-like.     Shrub  10-15f. 

high,  in  clumps.    Bark  gray.    Leaves  3-5-lobed.    g. 

6  A.  Pennsylvan'icum.    Striped  M.    Whistle-wood.     Eacemes  drooping.    Tree  small, 

with  striped  bark  (green  and  black).    Leaves  3-lobed.    g. 
1  A.  Pseudo-Plar'anus.      Sycamore  M.    Eacemes  long,  drooping.    A  large  tree,  in 
parks.    Leaves  5-lobed,  broad,  rounded.    Flowers  green. 


Order  41— INDIAN  SOAP  WORTS. 


189 


Order  XLI.     SAPINDACE^.     Indian  Soapworts. 

Plants  of  various  habit,  mostlj  with  uusyminetrical  flowers  ; 
sepals  and  petals  both  imbricated  in  the  bud  ; 
stamens  5  to  10,  inserted  on  a  thick  disk  under  the  ovary  ; 
fruit  usually  colored  and  showy,  lobed,  1  or  few-seeded. 

The  Order  includes  the  following  three  Tribes. 

Analysis  of  tJie  Genera. 

§  1.  The  BucKEYK  Tribe.    Leaves  opposite,  carpels  2-ovaled a 

a  Petals  unequal.     Stamens  7.     Leaves  digitate.  Buckeye,  ^s'culus.  1 

§  2.  The  Soapberry  Tribe.     Leaves  alternate.     Carpels  1-ovuled b 

b  Trees,  vrith  pinnate-leaves  and  fruit  with  soapy  pulp,  covering  a 

large  seed.     Stamens  8-10.     South.  Soapwort.  Sapin'dcs. 

b  Herbs  climbing  with  tendrils.     Leaves  biternate.    Fruit  a  large, 

inflated,  3-carpeled  pod.  Balloon-vine.  Cardiosper''mdm. 

§.3.  The  Bladder-nut  Tribe.     Leaves  opposite,  pinnate.  STApnYi,E''A.  2 


436 


Fig  434.  Branchlet  of  Bladder-nut,  with  2 
ternate  leaves  and  a  hanging  cyme.  435.  The 
stamens  and  pistil  enlarged.  436.  A  flower  of 
Ohio  Buckeye. 


1.  ^S'CULUS.     Buckeye. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  of  4  or  5  unequal  petals.  Stamens  7,  distinct, 
unequal.  Style  filiform.  Ovary  3-celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell,  but 
only  1  of  the  6  ovules  grows,  becoming  a  large  seed.  Flowers  in  terminal 
panicles. 


190  THE  FLORA. 


§  Fruit  covered  with  prickles.     Petals  4  or  5,  spreading 1,2 

§  Fruit  smooth.     Petals  4,  erect,  2  of  them  clawed 3-5 

1  iE.  Hippocasta'neum.   Horse  Chestnut.    Leaves  of  7,  obovate  leaflets.    Petals  5 

Fruit  prickly.     Panicles  large,  handi^ome.     f 

2  2B.  glabra.     Ohio  Buckeye.     Leaflets  5,  oval  or  oblong.     Petals  4.     Tree  ill 

scented.     Flowers  yellowish.     Seed  mahogany-color.     W. 

3  .E.  fla'va.    Big  Buckeye.     A  large  tree,  with  pale-yellow  flowers.    Leaflets  5-7 

Petals  very  unequal,  longer  than  stamens.     W. 

4  IE.  PaMa.    Bed-flowered  B.    Shrub  3-lOf.    Fls.  large,  red,  in  thyrse-lise  racemes. 

Very  handsome.     S.     t 

5  .S3,  parviflo'ra.     White  B.     Shrub  2-3f.     Petals  4,   somewhat  alike,   spreading, 

thrice  shorter  than  the  stamens.    S. 

2.  STAPHYLE'A.     Bladder-nut. 
Flowers  perfect.     Sepals  5,  colored  like  the   5   petals.     Stamens  5. 
Styles  3.     Capsules  2  or  3,  with  thin,  inflated  walls.— Shrubs. 
1.  S.  trifo'lia.     Ternate  B.    A  handsome  shrub,  6  Sf.  high.    Leaves  ternate,  leaflets  ovate. 
Racemes  pendulous.    Petals  ciliate  below.    Fruit  very  large,  8-celled,  inflated  like  a 
bladder. 


Okder  XLIL    CELASTEACEiE.    Staff-trees. 

Shnibs  or  small  trees,  with  simple  leaves ; 
floioers  small,  4  or  .5-parted,  with  imbricated  sepals  and  petals ; 
stamens  perigynous,  alternate  with  the  petals.     Style  1  ; 
fndt  2-5-celled.     Seeds  enclosed  in  a  fleshy  aril. 

1  Staff-tree.    Shrubs  climbing  and  twining.     Leaves  alternate,  oblong, 

acuminate,  serrate.    Cappule  3-valved.    Seeds  with  a  scarlet  aril.       Celas'trus. 

2  Burning  Bush.    Erect  or  trailing.    Leaves  opposite,  seirate.    Flowers 

perfect,  greenish  or  purplish.    Pods  lobed,  red  ;  arils  scarlet.  Euon'tmus. 


Order  XLIII.    KHAMNACEJi].    Buckthorns. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  simple  mostly  alternate  leaves  ; 

calyx  valvate.     Stamens  opposite  to  the  small  petals,  both  perigynous. 

fruit  2-5-celled,  cells  each  1-seeded. — We  have  4  genera. 

1  Buckthorn.    Leaves  alternate.    Petals  shorter  than  the  calyx  or  none. 

Flowers  axillary.    Fruit  blackish,  drupe-like,  seeds  2-4.  RHAMNrs. 

2  Jersey  Tea.    Leaves  alternate.    Petals  longer  than  the  calyx,  clawed, 

white  in  our  species.    Flowers  in  dense  terminal  clusters.  Ceano'thus. 

3  Supple  Jack.    Leaves  alternate.     Petals  not  clawed.    Flowers  in  small 

terminal  panicles.     Drupe  purple.     Shrub  climbing,  twining,  Beeche'mia. 

4  A  slender  trailing  shrub  with  opposite  leaves  and  spiked  fls.    South.        Sageue'tia. 


(a) 


Oeder  XLIV.    VITACE^.    Grapevines. 

S/u-ubs  climbinii:  by  tendrils  ;  flowers  small,  regular,  clustered  ; 

cali/x  miuute,  with  scarcely  any  limb  ;  petals  valvate,  caducous  ;' 

stamens  opposite  to  the  petals,  ovary  2-celled,  beriy  4-seeded.  ' 

Fio-  4?)fi 
VITIS.     Grapevines. 

§  True  ViTis.    Petals  cohering  at  top  and  falling  off  without  expanding.    (Tig.  43G'.) 
§  Ci!«sus.    Petals  free,  expanding  before  falling.    Tendrils  coiling. . .  .Nos.  6,  7,  8 
§  Ampelopsis.    Petals  free,  expanding.    Tendrils  with  an  adhesive  foot. . . . No!  9 
a  Leaves  beneath  clothed  with  a  whitish  or  rusty  avooI.  . .  .Nos.  1,  2.  3 
a  Leaves  glabrous  except  the  veins,  and  green  both  sides ....  Nos.  4,  5,  10 

1  V.  labrus'ca.    Fox  G.,  Catawba,  Isabella.    Berries  large,  pale-green,  or  amber. 

2  V.  ffistiva'lis.    Summer  G.,  Clinton  G.    Berries  small,  deep-bine.    Clusters  slender. 

3  V.  Carib^a.     Caribean  G.    Berries  medium  size  (X  inch).    Downy  all  over.    Florida. 

4  V.  cordifo'lia.    Frost  G.    Clusters  large,   loose;  berries  small,  blackish,  in  Nov. 

5  V.  vulpi'na.    Mvscadine.    Clusters  small ;  berries  large.     Leaves  shining.    S. 

6  V.  indivi'sa.    Leaves  simple,  angular  or  entire  ;  berry  small  (2").     Swamps.     S. 

7  V,  bipinna'ta.    Leaves  bipinuate,  cut-serrate.    Tendrils  none,  or  few.     Berries  black. 

8  V.  inci'sa.    Leaves  3-foliate,  thick,  lobed  •  berry  1-seeded.    Florida  to  La. 

9  V.  quinquifo'lia.     Virginia  Creeper.    Leaves  digitate,  Avith  5  leaflets. 
10  V.   vinife'ra.       European  Wine-grape. 
Leaves  not  shining.    Berries  large, 
variable  in  form,  size,  and  color.  '^f^<C^  '^^'  ^  A^  <i^ 


Order    XLY.       POLYGALA- 
CE^.    The  Milkworts. 

Plants  without  stipules,  bearing  very 

irregular  ^owe^-^; 
stamens  4-8,  diadelphous; 
anthers  opening  at  the  top,  1 -celled ; 
fruit  a  flattened,  2-celled,  2-seeded 

capsule,  free  from  the  calyx. 

Fig.  437.  Polygala  polygama:  a,  rhe  radical 
flowers;  8,  P.  paucifolia;  /  the  crest  on  tlie 
lower  petal;  9,  the  stamens  in  2  sets,  and  the 
style  seen  beneatli  the  hooded  lower  petal. 

Fig.  440.  The  ovary  and  the  style:  1,  seed  of  " 
P.  sanguinea,  with  its  2-lobed  caruncle;  2,  seed 
of  P.  Nuttallii. 

POLYG'ALA.     Milkwort. 
Sepals  5,   persistent,   2   of  them 
Cwings)   wing-shaped   and   colored. 


192  THE  FLORA, 


Petals  3,  the  lower  one  boat-shaped,  and  often  tipped  with  a  crest.  {Sta- 
mens united  by  the  filaments  into  a  split  sheath,  or  into  2  sets,  cohering 
more  or  less  with  the  claws  of  the  petals.  Fruit  a  small  2-celled,  2-seeded 
capsule,  flattened  on  the  sides  and  notched  on  the  top.  Seeds  with  an 
appendage  at  one  end. — Low,  bitter  herbs  (sometimes  shrubs),  with  simple 
entire  leaves,  sometimes  bearing  underground  flowers.     {Fig.  437,  a.) 

*•  Leaves  all  alternate  and  scattered a 

♦  Leaves  whorled,  at  least  the  lower  ones e 

a  Flowers  purple,  or  reddish,  or  white b 

a  Flowers  yellow  or  yellowish  green d 

b  Flowers  solitary  or  in  racemes,  purple Nos.  1-3 

b  Flowers  in  spikes  which  are  oblong  or  slender c 

c  Leaves  lanceolate,  large,  pointed  at  each  end.... 4 

c  Leaves  linear,  1  to  2^'  wide 5-7 

c  Leaves  awl-shaped  or  bristle-shaped 8-10 

d  Spikes  solitary,  large,  thick.    Biennial 11,  12 

d  Spikes  numerous,  corymbous,  small.    Biennial.. .  .13,  14 

e  Spikes  acute,  slender 15,  16 

e  Spikes  obtuse,  thick 17,  18 

1  P.  paucifo'lia    Showy  M.   Fls.  2  or  3,  large  (root  fls.  small).    Lvs.  ovate.   {Fig.  438.) 

2  P.  grandiflo''ra.     Fls.  racemed,  crestless.     Lvs.  lance-ovate.     S. 

3  P.  polyg'ama.     Flowers  racemed,  crested.     Lvs.  linear-oblong.     {Fig.  437.) 

4  P.  Sen'ega.     Seneca  Snake-root.     Fls.  white,  in  slender  spikes.    Stem  If.  higk 

5  P.  sanguin'ea.     Bloody  M.     Spikes  oblong,  obtuse,  dense.     Wings  sessile. 

6  P.  fastigia^ta.    Roofed  M.     Spikes  roundish,  loose-flowered.     Wings  clawed. 

7  P.  Nuttariii.     NuttalVs  M.     Spikes  roundish,  acute,  dense.     Wings  elliptic. 

8  P.  incarna^ta.  Flesh-colored  M.  Lvs.  few,  subulate.  Pet.  much  longer  than  calyx. 

9  P.  seta'cea.    Nahed  M.     Leaves  very  minute.     Petals  longer  than  calyx.     S. 

10  P.  Chapman''ii.     GiiapmarC'8  M.     Lvs.  subulate.     Calyx  long  as  petals.     S. 

11  P.  lu'tea.    Yellow  M.     Tall  (8-120,  with  orange-yellow  flowers.     M.  S. 

12  P.  na'na.     Dwarf  M.     Low  (3-5'),  with  greenish-yellow  flowers.     S. 

13  P.  cymo'sa.     Gyme-Jlowered  M.     Lvs.  mostly  cauline.     Seed  not  bracted.     S. 

14  P.  ramo'sa.    BrancMiig  M.     Lvs.  mostly  radical.     Seed  bracted.     S. 

15  P.  verticilla'ta.      Whorled  M.     Lvs.  linear.    Wings  roundish.    Fls.  greenish.    W. 

16  P.  Boykin'ii.     Boykin's  M.     Lvs.  lance-obovate.     Wings  round-obovate.     S. 

17  P.  crucia'ta.     Gross  M.     Spikes  obt';se,  thick,  sessile.    Wings  pointed. 

18  P.  brevifo'lia.    Sliort  leaved  M.     Spikes  obtuse,  loose,  stalked.    Wings  acute. 


Order  XLYI.   LEGUMINOS^.    Leguminous  Plants. 

Plants  with  alternate,  mostly  compound  stipulate  leaves,  with 

•1-5  sejmls ;  5  petals^  more  or  less  papilionaceous,  sometimes  regular; 


Order  4G.— LEGUMINOUS  PLANTS. 


193 


about  10  stamens,  monadelplious,  dij^delphous,  or  distinct; 
a  single,  simple  2>istil,  producing  a  legume  in  fruit,  and  with 
no  all)U7nen  in  the  seeds. 


Fig.  443.  Flower  of  the  Pea.    Fig.  444.  Its  petals  displayed;  «,  the  banner;  a,  a,  the  winge; 
c,  c,  the  2  keel  petals.    Fig.  445.  A  legume  (pea-pod). 

Analysis  of  the  Genera, 

§  Flower.s  papilionaceous  (§  89).     Upper  petal  (banner)  coverinoj  the  rest  in  bud. .  .2 

§  Flowers  nearly  regular,  or  upper  petal  covered  by  the  rest  in  bud * 

%  Flowers  regular,  in  dense  heads.     Petals  valvate  in  bud.    Leaves  bipepoate  ...n 

2  Stamens  10,  all  distinct s 

2  Stamens  10,  all  or  9  united 3 

3  Leaves  cirrhous  {Fig.  96),  the  rachis  ending  with  a  tendril.   .  .r 

3  Leaves  not  cirrhous 4 

4  Pod  a  loment  (§  180),  i.  e.,  jointed  between  the  seeds  . .  .6 
4  Pod  a  legume,  1,  2,  or  oo  seeded,  not  in  joints 5 

5  Erect  (or  if  prostrate,  with  palmately  3-foliate  leaves) ...  .7 

6  Trailing  or  twining  vines,  leaves  pinnately  compound. . .  .9 

6  Flowers  yellow q 

6  Flowers  cyanic  (not  yellow) p 

7  Leaves  simple,  with  yellow  flowers o 

7  Leaves  palmately  5-15-foliate  (rarely  simple)  .   .n 
7  Leaves  palmately  3-foliate . . . .  m 

7  Leaves  pinnately  3-foliate k 

7  Leaves  pinnate  with  no  odd  leaflet,  15-25  pairs.    ..h 
7  Leaves  piimate  with  an  odd  leaflet. . .  .8 
9 


194  THE   FLORA. 


8  Leaflets  dotted  with  dark  glands g 

8  Leaflets  not  dotted.     Herbs f 

8  Leaflets  not  dotted.     Shrubs  or  trees . . . .  e 

9  Leaves  pinnately  5-15-foliate d 

9  Leaves  pinnately  3-(rarely  1-)  foliate.     Flowers  yellow....© 

9  Leaves  pinnately  3-foliate.     Flowers  cyanic 10 

10  Calyx  4-tool,hed  or  entire b 

10  Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-cleft a 

a  Keel  with  the  stamens  and  style  spirally  coiled.  Bean.  Phase'olus.  I 

a  Keel  obtuse,  on  short  claws.  Fls.  very  large,  blue.  S.  Blue  Banner.  Centrose^ma. 
a  Keel  acute,  on  long  claws,  Fls,  very  large,  roseate.  Butterfly  Pea.  Clito'ria. 
b  Calyx  4-cleft,  supported  by  2  braetlets,  Fls,  purple.  Milk-vine.  Galac'tia. 
b  Calyx  4-toothed,  with  2  braetlets.  Fls.  purple.  Sds.  flattened.  Dol'ichos. 
b  Calyx4-toothed,  without  braetlets.  Fls.  pale  p,  H<)g-Peanut.K^vi\\Qp^.-RviE.' k. 
b  Calyx  entire.  Flowers  and  seeds  scarlet,  S,  Red  Bean.  Erxthri''na. 
c  Legumes  5-seeded.     S,  Vio'na. 

c  Legnmes  1-2-seeded.     S.  Ehynco'sia. 

d  Herbs.     Keel  (straight  in  Galactia,  2)  spirally  twisted.  Pea-vine.  Apios.  2 

d  Shrubs,     Keel  curved.     Fls.  bhve,  in  hanging  racemes,     t  Wista'ria. 

e  Flowers  white  or  red,  in  racemes.  Locust.  Eobin'ia.  3 

e  Flowers  yellow,  few  in  a  cluster.  Pods  inflated.  Bladder  Senna.  Colu''tea. 
f  Pod  2-celled  lengthwise,  turgid.  Milh  Vetch.  Astrag'alus. 

f  Pod  half-2-celled  lengthwise.  Bastard  Vetch.  Phaca, 

f  Pod  1-celled.     Style  hairy  outer  side,  GoaVs  Rue.  Tbphro'sia. 

f  Pod  1-celled.     Style  not  hairy  at  all.     S.  Indigo.  Indigo'fera. 

g  Shrubs,  Fls.  spicate,  only  1  petal  (the  banner).  W.S.  Lead  Plant.  Amor'pha. 
g  Herbs.     Flowers  with  10  stamens,  bluish,  spicate.     W.  Da^lea. 

g  Herbs.  Flowers  with  5  stamens,  white  or  red,  capitate.  W,  Petaloste'mon, 
h  Pod  1-2-seeded,  valves  double.     Tall,  with  yellow  flowers,     S.        Glotid'ium. 
h  Pod  many-seeded,  very  long.     Tall,  with  yellowish  flowers,     S,         Sesba'nia. 
k  Pod  few-seeded.     Flowers  scarlet  in  Erythri'na. 

k  Pod  few-seeded.     Flowers  wliite  or  yellow,  Melilot.  Melilo'tus.  4 

k  Pod  1-seeded.     Flowers  yellow.     Leaves  resinous-dotted  in      Ehyncosia. 
k  Pod  1-seeded,     Flowers  cyanic.    Leaves  dark-dotted.  Psora'lea. 

k  Pod  1-seeded.     Flowers  cyanic.    Leaves  not  dotted,      Melilot.  Melilo^tds.  4 
m  Herbs  with  curved  or  spiral  pods.  Medic.   Medica'go,  11 

m  Herbs  with  small  1-4-seeded  pods  not  coiled.  Glover.    Trifo'lium.  5 

m  Tree  with  yellow  flowers  in  hanging  racemes.     +       Golden  Chain.  Labur'ndm, 
n  Statnens  all  united.     Calyx  2-lipped.  Lupine.'-l.vvi'^VB.  6 

n  Stamens  all  but  1  united.     Calyx  bill-shaped.  Psora 'lea. 

e  Shrubby.     Keel  oblong,  straight,  Scotch  Broom.    Genis'ta, 

o  Herbs.     Keel  curved,  acuminate.  Rattle  Pod.  Crotala'ria, 

p  Leaves  pinnate,  5-21-foliate.     Umbels  stalked.  Coronil'la. 

p  Leaves  pinnate,  5-21-foliate.     Racemes  stalked.    Vt.  Hedvs'arum. 


Ordek  46.— leguminous   PLANTS. 


195 


p  Lvs.  pinn'ly  3-fol.,  stipellate.  Pod  3-7-jointed.  Tick  Trefoil.  Des^o'dium. 

p  Lvs.  pina'ly  3-fol.  Stipcls  none.  Pod  1-jointed.  Buih  Trefoil.  Lkspedk'za.    7 

q  Leaves  palinately  4-tbliate.     Stamens  all  united.  Zoh'nia. 

Leaves  pinnate,  7-49- foliate.     Stamens  9  united.  ^EscHYNOJi'iiNE. 

Leaves  pinnately  3-foliate.     Pod  slender  at  base.  Stvlosan'thks. 

Leaves  pinnately  4-foliate.     ^od  cribbous  at  base.  Peanut.   Ar'achis. 

r  Leaflets  serrate.     Pods  2-seeded.  GJdck  Pea.  Cicer. 

r  Leaflets  entire.     Style  grooved  outside,  hairy  inside.  Pea.  PisuM.     8 

r  Leaflets  entire.  Style  flattened,  hairy  most  inside.  Sweet  Pea.    LATn'YRUS.   12 

r  Leaflets  entire.     Style  filiform,  hairy  most  outside.  Vetch.  Vic'ia.  13 

s  Podlegumeflat  and  thin,  short-stiped.  Lvs.  pinnate.  Tree.  S.W.  Cladas'tris. 
s  Pod  inflated,  stipitate  (stalked  at  base).     Lvs.  1-3-foliate,  Baptis'ia.     9 

t  Fls.  perfect,  purple,  papilionaceous.  Tree.  Lvs,  simple.  Judas-tree.  Cercis. 

t  Fls.  perfect,  yellow.     Lvs.  equally  pinnate.  Senna.  Cassia.  10 

t  Fls.  imperfect,  green.    Sta.  5.    Trees  thorny.    Honey  Locust.  Gledits'chia. 

t  Fls.  imp.,  greenish.  St.  10.  Trees  unarmed.  Ky.  Coffee-tree.  Gymnoc'ladus. 
u  Pods  flat,  jointed  between  the  seeds.  Shrubby.  Sensitive  Plant.  Mimo'sa. 
u  Pods  prickly,  4-sided,  4-valved.  Sensitive  Brier.  Schran'kia. 

u  Pods  smooth,  turgid,  filled  with  pulp.  Tree.  S.  Sponge-tree.  Vachel''lia. 
n  Pods  smooth,  flat,  dry.  Petals  distinct.  Stani.  5-10.  Herbs.  Desman^thus. 
u  Pods  smooth,  flat,  dry.    Petals  united.   Stam.  S-200.    S.  Julibragsin.  Aca'cia. 


1.  PHASE'OLUS.     Bean,  &c. 


Calyx  5-toQthed  or  cleft,  the  2 
upper  teeth  half  united.  Keel  in- 
cluding the  stamens  and  style,  and 
with  them  spirally  coiled  or  twisted. 
Legume  straight  or  curved,  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  oblong,  kidney- 
shaped. — Herbs  twining  or  trailing. 
Leaves  pinnately  trifoHate,  stipellate. 
Juner-Oct. 


*  Native  species,  growing  in  fields  and 

woods a 

■  Exotic  species,  growing  only  by  culti- 
vation  b 

a  Flowers  racemed.     Pods  curved 1 

a  Flowers  1  or  few  in  a  head.     Pods  straight. 

b  Stems  climbing 5-7 

b  Stems  erect,  bushy 8 


Fig.  446.  Section  of  flower  of  the  Beun, 
showing  tlie  spirally  coiled  stamens  Riid  styles 
the  simple  ovary,  ifcc. 


.2-4 


196  THE   FLORA. 


1  P.  peren'"nis.  Perennial  Wild-iean.  Leaflets  ovate,  pointed.  Eacemes  in  pairs.  4-7 f.  jt?. 

2  P.  diversifo''lius.    Trailing  W.    Leaflets  angular,  2-3-lobed.     Peduncle  longer 

than  leaf.     c. 

3  P.  hel'volus.    Long-stalked  W.    Leaflets  lance-ovate,  not  lobed.     Peduncle  3-4 

times  longer  tlian  the  leaf.     M.  S. 

4  P.  pauciflo'rus.  Few-Jloivered  W.  Leaflets  linear-oblong,  hairy.  Peduncle  longer 

than  the  leaf.     W. 
6  P.  \rulga''ris.     Common  Garden-hean.     Leaflets  ovate,  pointed.     Eacemes  solitary, 
shorter  than  leaves. 

6  P.  multiflo'rus.  Scarlet  Pole-bean.  Fls.  scarlet,  showy.  Eoot  tuberous.  Pedicels  opp.  t 

7  P.  lima'tus.   Lima  B.  Flowers  white.  Lfts.  ovate-deltoid,  acute.  Pods  broad,  large. 

8  P.  na'nus.    Bush-hean.     Erect,  bushy.     Leaves  broad-ovate,  acute,     t 

2.  ATIOS.     Ground-nut. 

Caljx  bell-shaped,  somewhat  2-lipped,  the  2  side  teeth  nearly  obsolete, 
the  lower  tooth  longest.  Keel  incurved  and  at  length  coiled  against  the 
very  broad,  reflexed  banner.  Ovary  sheathed  at  base. — Twining,  smooth 
herbs.     U  Root  bearing  eatable  tubers.     Leaves  pinnately  5-T-fohate. 

A.  tubero'sa.  Stem  round,  twining  about  other  plants,  2-4f.  in  length.  Leaflets 
mostly  7,  narrow-ovate,  more  or  less  acuminate,  on  short  stalks.  Eacemes 
axillary,  solitary,  dense-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves.  Flowers  dark  pur- 
ple. The  tubers  on  the  root  are  oval,  thick,  and  very  nutritious.  In  thickets 
and  shady  woods.     July^  -4w^. 

3.  ROBIN'IA.     Locust. 

Calyx  short,  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  the  2  upper  divisions  more  or  less 
united.  Banner  large,  wings  obtuse.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1). 
Style  bearded  inside.  Legume  flattened,  long,  many-seeded. — Trees  and 
shrubs  with  stipular  spines.  Leaves  unequally  pinnate.  Flowers  showy, 
in  axillary  racemes.     April,  May. 

R.  visco''sa.     Clammy  Locust-tree.     Eacemes  rather  compact,   rose-white,   erect. 

Branchlets  and  stalks  sticky.     Leaflets  ovate.     In  parks.    Native  South. 
R  Pseudaca'cia.     Common  Locust-tree.     Eacemes  rather  loose,  drooping,  white, 

fragrant.     Leaflets  oblong-ovate,  smooth,  as  well  as  the  branchlets. 
R,  his'pida.     Rose  Acacia.     Shrub  4-9f.  high,  hispid,  with  clusters  of  large,  pn"ple 

flowers.     Leaflets  5  or  6  pairs,  broadly  oval. 

4.  MELILO'TUS.     Melilot.     Sweet  Clover. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed.  Keel  petals  completely  united,  shorter  than 
the  others.    Of  the  10  stamens  9  are  united,  one  separate.     Pod  1  or  few- 


ORt)Eii  46.— LEGUMINOUS  PLANTS. 


197 


Leaves  pinnatelj  trifoliate. 


seeded,  longer  than  the  permanent  calyx. 
Flowers  in  racemes. 

1  M.  officina'lis.     Yellow  M.     Leaflets  obovate-oblong,  obtuse,  dentate.     Calyx  half 

as  long  as  the  yellow  corolla.     Pod  2-seeded.     Stem  3f. 

2  M.  alba.    White  M.    Leaflet.s  ovate-oblong,  square  at  end.     Calyx  not  half  as  long 

as  the  white  corolla.     Pod  2-seeded.     Height  4-r)f,     Very  fragrant. 


5.  TRIFO'LIUM.     Clover.     Trefoil. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  with  bristly  teeth,  persist- 
ent. Petals  more  or  less  united  at  the  base, 
persisteiit  and  withering.  I^anner  longer 
than  the  wings,  which  are  also  longer  than 
the  keel.  Stamens  10,  diadelphous  (9  &  \). 
Legume  short,  membranous,  often  included 
in  the  calyx,  1-6-seeded,  mostly  indehis- 
cent.  —  Herbs  with  palmately  trifoliate 
leaves.  Leaflets  straight-veined.  Flowers 
in  heads  or  spikes.     Aiir.-Sept. 


*  Flowers  yellow,  in  small, 
Pod  1-seeded 1,  2 


dense,  oval  heads. 


Fig,  447.  Eed  Clover,— a  liead  of 
flowers.  Fig.  448.  A  single  flower. 
Fig.  4-19.  A  pod,  with  a  part  of  the 
calyx.  Fig.  450.  A  seed,  cut  open. 
See  also  Fig.  37. 


Flowers  cyanic  (not  yellow) a 

a  Flowers    on    little  stalks  (pedicels)    and 

finally  deflexed b 

a  Flowers  nearly  or  quite  sessile,  never  de- 
flexed  c 

b  Heads  small,  on  stalks  some  ten  times  longer. . .  .3,  4 

b  Heads  large,  on  stalks  two  or  three  times  longer 5,  6 

c  Calyx  teeth  feathery,  longer  than  the  whitish  corolla 7 

c  Calyx  teeth  shorter  than  the  purple  or  roseate  corolla 8-10. 

T.  procum'bens.     Yellow  C.     Stipules  much  shorter  than  the  petioles.     Style  3  or 

4times  shorterthan  thepod.    Heads  ovate,  4  in.  thick.    Stems  prostrate.   May. 

T.  agra'rium.     Larger  Yellow  C.     Stipules  longer  than  the  petiole.     Style  about 

as  long  as  the  pod.    Heads  oblong,  i  in.  thick.    Stems  ascending.    June.,  July. 

3  T.  Carolinia'num.     Southern  C.     Stipules  leaf-like.     Calyx  teeth  thrice  longer 

than  its  tube.     Legume  4-8eeded.     Scarcely  forms  a  turf.     W.  S. 

4  T.  repens.    White  C.     Shamrock.     Stipules   narrow,  scale-like.     Calyx  teeth 

shorter  than  its  tube.     Pod  4-8eeded.     Forms  a  dense  turf.     Fls.  white,   c. 
T.  reflexum.     Buffalo  C.     Lflts.  obovate.     Calyx  nearly  as  long  as  the  red  corolla. 
T.  stoloni'ferum.     Prairie  G.     Leaflets  obcordate.     Calyx  not  half  as  long  as  the 
white  corolla.     W. 


198  THE  FLORA. 


7  T-arven'se.  Babbit- f oot  C  Heads  cylindrical,  very  liairy.   Lfts.  narrow  obovate. 

8  T.  praten'se.     Red  G.     Leaflets  spotted,  oval.     Heads  roundish,  sessile.     Flowers 

rose-red,  or  white,     c.     t     (Figs.  447-456.) 

9  T.  me'dium.   Zigzag  G.   Lfts.  oblong.  Heads  roundish,  stalked.  Fls.  deep  purple,  r. 

10  T  incarna'tum.   Rose  Trefoil.    Lfts.  round-ovate.    Heads  oblong.    Fls.  rose-red.   + 

6.  LUPl'NUS.     Lupine. 

Cclvx  deeply  2-lipped,  upper  lip  2-cleft,  lower  entire  or  S-toothed. 
AVings  united  towards  tlie  top,  keel  acuminate.  Stamens  monadelphous, 
the  filaments  forming  an  entire  sheath.  Anthers  alternately  oblong  and 
globose.  Pod  leathery  and  knotted. — Herbs,  with  leaves  palmately  5-15- 
foliate,  rarely  simple. 

1  L.   perei.''nis.     Common  L.     Eoot  creeping,  perennial.     Stem  erect,   l-2f.  high, 

hairy.  Leaflets  soft-downy,  7-11,  oblanceolate,  li-2''  long,  broadest  above 
the  middle.  Flowers  alternate,  in  an  erect,  terminal  raceme,  blue,  varying  to 
white.  It  is  often  called  Sun-dial.,  from  the  fact  of  its  leaves  turning  to  face 
the  sun  from  morning  till  night. — Several  other  species  are  cultivated  in 
gardens.     May,Jvne.     (Fig.  6fi.) 

2  L.  villo'sus.   Mullein  L.   Stem  erect,  l-2f.,  terminating  in  a  showy  raceme.    Leaves 

simple,  clothed  in  a  dense  coat  of  silky  wool  as  well  as  the  stem.     S. 

7.  LESPEDE'ZA.     Bush  Clover. 

Calyx  5-parted,  with  2  bractlets  at  base,  the  sepals  nearly  equal.  Keel 
very  obtuse,  on  slender  claws.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1).  Legume 
lens-shaped,  small,  flattened,  unarmed,  one-seeded,  not  opening. — U  Leaves 
pinnately  trifoliate.     Flowering  in  Aug.^  Sept. 

T[  Flowers  in  dense  spikes,  whitish,  with  a  purple  spot  on  the  banner 1,  9 

TI  Fls.  racemed,  &c.,  violet  or  purple.     Some  of  the  fls.  with  no  corolla. . .  .a 

a  Stem  prostrate,  trailing,  diffuse.     Leaflets  oval 3 

a  Stem  erect  and  mostly  branched,  l-3f.  high 4,  5 

1  L.  capita'ta.    Head  B.     Leaflets  elliptical,  silky.     Spikes  shorter  than  leaves. 

Stem  nearly  simple,  2-4f. 

2  L.  hirta.     Hairy  B.     Leaflets  roundish-oval.     Spikes  longer  than  leaves. 

Stem  branching,  very  hairy. 
%  L.  repens.    Creeping  B.    Downy  more  or  less,  except  the  upper  side  of  the  leaves, 
'which  is  always  smooth.     Stems  slender,  many. 

4  L  viola''cea.     Violet  B.     Smoothish.     Leaflets  oval,  varying  to  Dblong  and  linear 

obtuse,  mucronate.     Cox'olla  8-4'''  long.     Varies  greatly. 

5  L.  Steu'vi.    Plant  velvety  or  dow'ny.     Lfts.  round'sh-obovate.    Variable. 


Order  46.— LEGUMINOUS  PLANTS. 


199 


8.  PI'SUM.     Pea. 

Calyx  divisions  leaf-like,  2  upper  shortest. 
Banner  large,  reflexed.  Stamens  10,»diadelphous 
(0  &  1).  Style  flattened,  keel-shaped,  bearded  on 
the  upper  side.  Legume  oblong,  tumid.  Seeds 
globose. — Climbing  herbs.  Leaves  pinnate,  end- 
ing with  a  branching  tendril. 

P  sati'vum.  Common  Garden  Pea.  Leaflets  usually  4. 
ovate,  entire.  Stipules  rather  larger  than  the  leaf- 
lets (2-3''  long),  ovate,  half-cordate  at  base.  Flow- 
ers 2  or  more  on  axillary  peduncles,  large,  white. 
Pods  2  or  S'  long,  5-9-seeded.  A  very  valuable 
leguminous  plant,  all  over  smooth  and  glaucous. 
There  are  many  varieties.    June.     (Also,  Fig.  443.) 

9.  BAPTIS'IA.     Wild  Indigo. 

Calyx  4-5-cleft  half  way.  Petals  of  about 
equal  length,  somewhat  united.  Banner  roundish, 
notched  at  the  end.  Stamens  10,  distinct,  decid- 
uous. Pod  inflated,  many-seeded,  raised  on  a 
stalk  in  the  persistent  calyx. —  if  Large  herbs 
with  leaves  palmately  3-foliate  or  simple.  Flowers  in  racemes 
mostly  oblong,  broadest  above.     Apr.-Sept. 

§  Leaves  simple.    Flowers  yellow.     (3  species  far  South,  omitted.) 

§  Leaves  3-foliate a  Flowers  blue,  in  a  few  long  racemes 1 

a  Flowers  white,  in  a  few  long  racemes b 

a  Flowers  yellow,  solitary,  or  in  short  racemes c 

b  Stipules  leaf-like,  longer  than  the  petioles 2,  3 

b  Stipules  much  shorter,  or  not  longer  than  the  petioles 4,  5 

c  Flower-stalks  not  longer  than  the  calyx 6,  7 

c  Flower-Stalks  much  longer  than  the  calyx.     S.     Omitted. 
1  B,  austra'lis.    Austral  W.    Smooth.    Lfts.  obovate  or  oblong.    Fls.  large.    W.  S.  f 

2  B.  leucophze'a.     Whitish  W.     Stipules  large,  ovate.     Kacemes  nodding.     VV. 

3  B.  villo'sa.     Woolly  W.     Stipules  small,  lance-linear.     Kacemes  erect.     S. 
B.  leucantha.     Stipules  lance-linear,  about  as  long  as  petioles.     W.  S.     t 

B.  alba.     Stipules  and  bracts  minute,  early  falling  oft'.     S. 

6  B.  lanceola'ta.     Leaflets  narrow-elliptic.     Flowers  axillary,     S. 

7  B  tincto'ria.    Leaflets  snjall,  round-obovatc.     Kacemes  terminal.     Common. 


Fi^.  451.  Coininon  Pea: 
s,  the  large  stipules;  p,  the 
pod;  /  the  flower;  t,  tho 
tendrils  on  the  end  of  the  leaf. 


Leaflets 


200  THE   FLORA. 


10.  CAS'SIA.  Senna. 
Sepals  5,  scarcely  united  at  base,  nearly  equal.  Petals  5,  unequal,  but 
not  papilionaceous.  Stamens  10,  distinct,  3  upper  anthers  often  sterile,  3 
lower  ones  beaked.  Legume  long,  many-seeded, — Leaves  simply  and 
abruptly  pinnate,  mostly  with  a  gland  on  the  petiole.  Flowers  yellow. 
July^  Aug. 

H  Eaeemes  axillary.    3  of  the  anthers  imperfect,  7  of  them  perfect 1,  3 

If  K  acemes  above  the  axils.     Anthers  all  perfect.    Stem  l-2f.  high 4,  5 

1  O.  obtusifo'lia.     Blunt  S.     Leaflets  4-6,  obtuse.     Stem  1-Sf.  high.     S. 

2  0.  occidenta'lis.      Western  S.     Leaflets  6-12,  acute.     Stem  4-6f.  high.     S. 

3  C.  MarHan'dica.     American  S.     Leaflets  12-18,  mucronate.     Stems  of.  high. 

4  C.  Chamaecris'ta.    Sensitive  Pea.    Anthers  10,  unlike.    Fls.  large.    Lfts.  16-24. 

5  C.  aic'titans.     Sensitive  S.     Anthers  5,  alike.     Fls.  small.     Leaflets  12-30. 

11.  MEDICA'GO.    Medick. 
Calj'x  5-cleft.    Corolla  deciduous.    Banner  free  and  remote  from  the 
keel,     Legurr-e    variously    curved,  coiled  or  twisted.     Leaves  pinnately 
8-foliate,  denticulate.     From  Europe.     May-July. 

*  Pods  smooth,  not  spiny Nos.  1,  2,  3. 

*  Pods  spiny,  spiral ;  spines  in  a  double  row.    Fls,  yellow Nos,  4,  5,  6. 

1  M.  sati'va.    Lucerne.     iSmooth,  erect.    Fls.  purple,  large.    Pods  sjiiral. 

2  M.  lupuli'na.    Kone-sxich.    Downy,  prostrate.    Fls.  yellow.    Pod  reniform. 

3  M.  scutella'ta.    Snails.    Fls.  yellow.    Pod  coiled  like  a  snail-shell. 

4  M.  denticula'ta.    Leaflets  obovate,    Stip.  bristly,  gashed.    Pod  loose-coiled. 

5  M.  macula'ta.    Leaflets  obcordale,  with  a  purple  spot.    Pod  close-coiled. 

6  M.  intertexta.    Iledge-hog.    Leaflets  rhombic.    Stipules  gashed.  Spines  close. 

12.  LATH'YRUS.    Vetchling, 

Calyx  lobes  short.  Style  flat,  bent,  widened  laterall}^  above,  bearded 
along  the  inner  side  (next  the  free  stamen).  Pod  oblong,  several-seeded. 
Tj-ailing  or  climbing.  Leaves  equally  pinnate,  produced  into  tendrils. 
Peduncles  axillary. 

*  Leaflets  a  single  pair.    Garden  species,  from  Europe Nos.  1,  2. 

*  Leaflets  commonly  3-pairs Nos.  3,  4,  5. 

*  Leaflets  commonly  5-pairs,    Peduncle  many-flowered Nos,  6,  7. 

1  L.  latifo'lius.    Everlasting  Pea.    Stem  Miiiged.    Flowers  large,  pink,  many  on  each 

long  peduncle.     A  variety  has  white  flowers.     "K 

2  L.  odora'tus.    Sweet  Pea.    Peduncle  2-flowered,  flowers  red  and  white. 

3  L.  ochroleu'cus.    Flowers  cream-white,  7-10.    Stipules  half-coi-date. 

4  L.  palus'tris.    Flowers  blue-purple,  2  or  3.     Stipules  half-sagittate, 

5  L.  myrtifo'lius.    Flowers  pale-purple,  5  together.    Stipules  ovate,  entire. 


Order  47.— ROSEWORTS. 


201 


6  L.  mari'timus.    Beach  Tea.    Stipules  large,  half-hastate.    Shores. 

7  L.  veno'sus.    Stipules  small,  half-sagittate.    Purple.    Shady  banks. 

13.  VIC'IA.     Vetch. 
Style  filiform,  bent,  bearded  all  around  at  the  upper  end  beneath  the 
stigma.     Pods  2-oo  -  seeded.     Seeds  round.    Leaflets  ending  in  a  tendril. 

*  Peduncle  1-2  flowered,  shorter  (in  flower)  than  the  leaves Nos.  1,  2. 

*  Peduncle  4-8-flowered.     Stipules  deeply  toothed.    Leaflets  10-14 No.  3. 

*  Peduncle  3-20-flowered.     Stipules  entire,  small.    Flowers  bluish. ...Nos.  4,  5,  6. 

1  v.  sati'va.     Yetch.,  Tares.    Leaflets   10-14,  notched    at  end.     Flowers    purple,  large. 

2  V.  tetrasper'ma.    Four-seeded  V.    Leaflets  8-12,  obtuse.    Fl^.  whitish.    Pod  4-seeded. 

3  V.  America'na.    Leaflets  very  obtuse.    Flowers  purplish,  8  or  9"  long. 

4  V.  Carolinia'na.    Leaflets  12-16,  linear-oblong,  obtuse.    Flowers  small,  scattered. 

5  V.  Cracca.    Downy.    Leaflets  20-24,  acute,  mucronate.    Flowers  small,  close. 

6  V.  hirsu'ta.    Hairy.     Leaflets  12-16,  truncate.     Pods  hairy,  2-seeded. 


Order  XL VII.   ROSACEA.     Roseworts. 


Trees,  shnibs^  or  herls  with  stipules  mostly,  and  alternate  leaves ;  with 
fiowers  regular,  commonly  showy,  perfect,  and  polyandrous;  with 
5  sepals  united  at  base,  often  supported  by  as  many  hractlets  outside  ; 
5  petals  (rarely  0),  which  are  perigynous  as  well  as  the  stameiis  ; 
1-00  pistils,  which  are  distinct,  or  sometimes  united  and  adhering  to  tho 
calyx  tube ;  fruit  various ;  seeds  with  no  albumen. 


202 


THE  FLORA. 


Fig.  452.  Flowers  of  the  Great  Red  Cherry :  &,  section, 
showing  the  perigynous  stamens,  the  single  ovary,  &c. 
Fig.  458.  Section  of  the  cherry,  showing  the  seed  lying 
in  the  stone  and  pnlp.  Fig.  454.  Section  of  the  flower  of 
Lady's-mantle  (Class  Book,  p.  825),  with  the  simple 
ovary,  lateral  style,  &c.  Fig.  455.  A  flower  of  Strawberry.  Fig.  456.  A  section  of  the  same, 
showing  the  perigynous  stamens,  the  many  simple  pistils  on  the  large  torus.  Fig.  457.  Section 
of  a  Rose,  showing  the  many  simple  pistils  sunk  in  the  hollow  torus,  &e. 


is  of  the  Genera. 

Flowers  with  1  pistil  and  no  petals.     Herbs a 

Flowers  with  1  pistil  and  5  petals.     Shrubs  or  trees 2 

Flowers  with  2 — co  pistils 3 

2  Style  lateral,  i.  e.,  arising  from  the  side  of  the  ovary o 

2  Style  terminal,  i.  e.,  arising  from  the  top  of  the  ovary c 

Pistils  (carpels)  2-5,  all  consolidated  with  the  calyx.     Fruit  a  pome....d 
Pistils  (carpels)  2-50,  free,  in  an  open  or  closed  calyx. . .  .4 

4  Carpels  1-seeded,  achenia  inclosed  in  the  calyx  tube e 

4  Carpels  1-seeded,  achenia  dry  or  pulpy  in  an  open  calyx.... 5 

4  Carpels  several-seeded,  pods  in  an  open  calyx. . .  .k 

5  Styles  persistent  on  the  dry  achenia f 

5  Styles  falling  off  with  the  rest  of  the  flower 6 

6  Calyx  entirely  bractless.     Flowers  never  yellow. , .  ,g 

6  Calyx  with  bractlets  beneath  it  as  if  double. .. .  .h 

Stamens  1-4.     Style  lateral.     Fls.  scattered.  Ladif  s-mantle.  Alchemil'la. 

Stamens  4.     Style  terminal.     Fls.  in  dense  spikes.  Burnet.  Sanguisor''ba. 

Stamens  oo.     Style  terminal.     Flowers  in  spikes.  Burnet.  PoTE''Riuif. 

b  Stamens  about  20.     Drupe  1-seeded.    S.       Cocoa  Plnm.  Chktsobala'nus. 
Stone  globular,  smooth.     Fruit  not  glaucous.  Cherry.  Cer'asus. 

Stone  flattened,  smooth.     Fruit  glaucous  or  downy.  Plum.  Pru'nus. 

Stone  roughened  with  pits  and  furrows.     Fruit  pulpy.  Peach.  Per'sica. 

Stone  roughened  with  pits  and  furrows.     Fruit  dry.         Almond.  Amyg'dalus. 

d  Petals  spat.-oblong.     Pome  with  5  dble.- cells.    Shad-hush.  Amelan'ciiii:i:. 

d  Petals  roundish.     Pome  with  bony,  1-seeded  cells.         Thorn.  Crat^'gis. 

d  Petals  roundish.     Pome  with  thin,  2-seeded  cells.  Apple.  Pyrls. 

d  Petals  roundish.     Pome  witli  5,  many- seeded  cells.         Quince.  CtdoVia. 


Order  47.— ROSEWORTS.  203 


e  Carpels  many,  in  the  fleshy  calyx.    Flowers  often  double.  Eose.  Rosa.     5 

e  Carpels  2  only,  in  the  dry,  fluted,  prickly  calyx.  Agrimony.  Agrimo'nia. 

f  Petals  and  sepals  8  or  9.     A  small,  rare  plant  on  mountains  DpwVas. 

f  Petals  and  sepals  5.     Achenia  numerous.  Averts.  Geum.     0 

g  Sepals  equal.    Fruit  a  heap  of  pulpy  achenia.    Fls.  cyanic.     Bramble.   Rubus.     7 
g  Sepals  unequal.     Stems  creeping.    Flo»-ers  white.     False  Violet.  Dalibar'da.     8 

h  Torus  small,  dry.   Flowers  yellow.   Bractlets  minute  or  0.    Waldstei'nia.    9 

h  Torus  small,  dry.     Fls.  mostly  yellow.     Bractlets  large. 

Oinqxiefoll.  Potextil'la.  10 

h  Torus  becoming  very  large  and  juicy  in  fruit.         Straivbemj.  Fraga'ria.  11 

h  Torus  becoming  large  and  spongy.  Fls.  purple.   Lvs.  pinnate.    Com'arum. 
k  Petals  obovate,  not  yellow.     Stamens  very  long.  Steeple-bush.  Spir^''a.  12 

k  Petals  lance-linear,  not  yellow.  Stamens  very  short.  Indian  Physic.  Gille'nia. 
k  Petals  multiplied,  orange-yellow.     Pods  1-seeded.     Shrubs. 

Guelder  Eose.  Ker'ria. 

1.  CER'ASUS.     Cherry. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  regular,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  mucli  spreading.  Stamens 
15-30.  Ovary  with  2  ovules.  Drupe  globular,  very  smooth,  destitute 
of  a  glaucous  bloom.  Stone  also  globular  and  smooth. — Trees  or  shrubs. 
Leaves  folded  in  the  bud.     Flowers  early,  white.     May.     (Fig.  452.) 

§  Leaves  evergreen,  leathery,  entire 1 

§  Leaves  deciduous,  thin a 

a  Flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters  from  side  buds.     Drupes  red b 

a  Flowers  in  racemes  leafy  at  base.     Cherries  black  or  blackish 2,  3 

b  Shrubs  or  trees  growing  wild,  native. . .  ,4,  5 

b  Trees  cultivated,  not  native 6,  7 

1  0.  Carolima'na.     Cherry  Laurel.     Flowers  in  dense,  short  racemes.     Fruit  black, 
poisonous.     Splendid  in  cultivation. 

2  C.  sero'tina.      Wild  Black  G.     Trees  with  lance-oblong,  blunt-toothed  leaves. 

3  C.  Virginia'na.     Choke  C.     Shrubs  with  oval-obovate,  slender-toothed  leaves. 

4  O.  pum'ila.  Sand  G.   Shrubs  trailing,  with  lance-obovate,  acute  lvs.  Fr.  egg-shaped. 

5  O.  Pennsylvan'ica.  Wild  Eed  C.  Trees.  Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  acuminate.  Fr.  roundish. 

6  C.  A'vium.     Oxheart  C.     Leaves  oblonof-ovate,  acuminate,  hairy  beneath. 

7  C.  vulga'ris.     Great  Eed  G.     Leaves  lance-ovate,  acute,  narrowed  to  base. 

2.  AMELAN'C.lilER.     June-berry. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  oblong-ovate  and  oblanccolate.  Stamens  short. 
Styles  5,  somewhat  united  at  base.  Pome  5-celIed,  cells  cartilaginous, 
each  nearly  divided  into  two  1-seeded  divisions. — Snuill  trees  or  shrubs 
with  simple,  serrate  leaves,  and  white  early  flowers  in  racemes. 


204  THE  FLORA. 


A.  Canaden''sis.  Shad-berry.  June-berry.  A  small  tree  or  shrub  found  in  woods, 
with  a  dark-grayish  bark.  Flowers  large  white,  in  racemes  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  appearing  in  April  and  May,  while  the  forests  are  yet  naked.  Fruit 
round,  purplish,  well-flavored,  ripe  in  June.  The  plant  is  very  variable  in  size, 
and  in  the  leaves,  &c. 

3.  PY'EUS.     Pear.     Apple. 

Calyx  urn-shaped,  limb  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  roundish.  Stamens  00.  Styles 
2-5.  Pome  fleshy  or  berry-like,  containing  2-5  cartilaginous  (thin  and 
elastic)  carpels,  each  with  2  seeds. — Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  simple  oi 
pinnate.  Flowers  showy,  white  or  rose-colored,  in  cyme-like  umbels. 
May.,  June. 

%  Leaves  pinnate.    Fruit  as  large  as  peas,  scarlet  when  ripe 6,7 

§  Leaves  simple a 

a  Wild  shrubs,  5-8f.  high.     Flowers  small,  in  compound  clusters 5 

a  Trees  wild  or  cultivated.     Flowers  large,  in  simple  clusters b 

b  Flowers  white.     Pome  bell-shaped,  acute  at  base 1 

b  Flowers  rose-white.     Pome  with  a  pit  at  base 2-4 

1  P.  commu''nis.    Pear.     Leaves  ovate-lanceolate.    Styles  5,  distinct,    t    (Fig.  280.) 

2  P.  malus.    AppU.    Leaves  ovate,  not  lobed,  the  veinlets  incurved.    (Fig.  133.) 

3  P.  corona''ria.  American  Crab.  Leaves  ovate,  often  lobed,  cut-serrate,  straight- 

veined.     (Fig.  454.) 

4  P.  angustifo'lia.    Narroio-leamd  G.    Leaves  lanceolate,  scarcely  veiny. 

5  P.  arbutifo'lia.     Choke-berry.     Leaves  obovate  or  oval,  with  glands  on  mid-vein. 

6  P.  America''na.     Mountain- Ash.     Leaflets  13-15,  lanceolate,  pointed. 

7  P.  Aucupa'ria.    English  M.     Leaflets  lance-ovate,  acute.    Fruit  larger. 

4.  OYDO'NIA.     Quince. 

Calyx  urn-shaped,  5-cleft.  Petals  5.  Styles  5.  Stamens  many.  Pome 
with  5  parchment-like  cells,  each  with  several  seeds. — Shrubs.  Leaves 
simple.     Flowers  solitary  or  few  in  a  cluster. 

1  O.  vulga''ris.     Common  Quince.     Leaves  downy  beneath,  broadly  ovate,  acute,  en- 
tire, with  small,  half-ovate  stipules.     Flowers  roseate,  solitary  terminal.    Fruit 
large,  obovate,  highly  esteemed  in  preserves,  &c.     (Fig.  1  ) 
C.  Japon'ica.     Japan  Quince.     Leaves  glabrous,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  each 
end,  serrulate.     Stipules  reniform.    Flowers  red,  side  cliisters,  opening  early, 

5.  EO'SA.     Rose. 

Calyx  tube  urn-shaped,  fleshy,  contracted  at  the  throat,  limb  5-cleft 
the  sepils  generally  with  a  little  leaf  at  tip      Petals  5  (greatly  multiplied 


Order  47.— ROSE  WORTS.  *^05 


by  culture);  achenia  oo,  bony,  hispid,  included  in  and  attached  to  the  in 
side  of  the  fleshy  calyx-tube. — Shrubby  and  prickly  plants.  Leaves  un- 
equally pinnate.     Stipules  attached  to  the  petiole,  or  often  free. 

In  the  table,  the  first  ten  species  are  found  growing  wild  in  this  country,  and 
sometimes  also  cultivated.     The  other  species  never  grow  wild  here. 

§  Styles  growing  together  into  an  inserted  column.     Climbers h 

§  Styles  not  cohering  into  a  column a 

a  Stipules  nearly  free  from  the  petiole  and  falling  off. . .  .g 
a  Stipules  adhering  to  the  petiole. . .  .b 

b  Plant  armed  with  curved  or  hooked  prickles,  erect. . .  .d 

b  Plant  armed  with  straight  prickles c 

c  Wild,  native  Roses,  1-3  f.,  erect.... 5-7 

c  Cultivated  exotics  climbing  (No.  20)  or  erect 21-28 

d  Leaflets  glandular  and  fragrant  beneath f 

d  Leaflets  not  at  all  glandular.     Shrubs  erect e 

e  Wild,  native  Kose,  flowers  single 8 

e  Cultivated  exotics,  mostly  double-flowered 13,  14 

f  Flowers  single.     Wild 9,  10 

f  Flowers  double.     Exotic,  cultivated 15-17 

g  Leaflets  5-9.     Flower-stalk  enveloped  in  bracts 4 

g  Leaflets  3-5.     Flower-stalk  bractless,  very  smooth 2,  1& 

h  Leaflets  3-5,  mostly  3.    Native  and  cultivated 1 

h  Leaflets  5-9 k  Stipules  and  sepals  mostly  entire 11»  12 

k  Stipules  fringed,  sepals  entire 3 

k  Stipules  entire,  sepals  pinnatifid 18 

1  R.  setig'era,     Michigan  R.     Flowers  in  corymbs,  rose-  colored,  changeable.     W.  f 
2  E.  l^viga^ta.     Gherohee  B.    Lfts.  very  smooth,  ellip.    Fls.  solit.,  white.    S.  f 
3  R.  multiflo'ra.     Japan  R.     Lfts.  soft,  wrinkled.     Fls.  corymbed,  double.     S.  t 
4  R.  bractea'ta.  Macartney  R.  Fls.  solitary,  with  large  bracts  beneath  it.  S.-W.  t 

5  R.  lu'cida.     Shining  R.     Lfts.  5-9,  elliptic,  shining.     Prickles  few.     Calyx  hispid. 

6  R.  nit'ida.     Wild  R.    Leaflets  5-9,  narrow-lance,  shining.    Prickles  numerous. 

7  R.  blanda.     Bland  R.     Lfts  5-7,  oblong,  dull.     Prickles  very  few.     Calyx  smooth. 

8  R.  Caroli'na.   Swamp R.    Stems  4-7f.  high.  Flowers  in  eery mbs.   Dull  green. 

9  R.  rubigino'sa.    Sweet  JB He r.     Sepals  persistent.     Someof  the  prickles  awl-shaped. 

10  R.  micran'tha.    Eglantine.    Sepals  deciduous.    All  the  prickles  hooked  alike.    Fls. 

small. 

11  R.  sempervi'rens.  Evergreen  R.    Prickles  alike.    Lfts.  evergreen,  leathery,  t 

12  R.  arven'sis.     Ayrshire  R.     Prickles  unlike.     Lfts.  soft,  deciduous,     f 

13  R.  cinnamo'mea.     Cinnamon  R.     Stipules  broad,  pointed,  involute,  wavy.     + 

14  R.  cani'na.     Dog  R.     Stipules  broad,  serrulate.     Sepals  fall  off  after  flowering,  t 

15  R.  centifo'Ua.     Cabbage  R.     Moss  R.     Sepals  spread  in  flower,  often  very 
glandular,     t 


206  THE  FLORA. 


le  E.  damasce'na.  Damask  K.  Monthly  E.  Sepals  reflexcd  in  flower.  Flowers 
very  double,     f 

17  R.  alba.  White  R.  Sepals  pinnatifid,  spreading.  Fls.  corymbed,  large.  + 
18  R.  moscha'ta.  Mask  R.  Leatlets  lanceolate,  pointed.    FLs.  panicled.  large,  white,  t 

19  R.  In'dica.  C/dnese  Monthly.  Bengal  R.  T«aRnse^<kc.  Lfts.  ovate,  pointed,  f 
20  R  Alpi'na.    Boursaiilt  R.    Lfts.  5-11,  obovate,  sharp-serrate.    Stipules  narrow,  t 

21  R.  eglante'ria.    Yellow  Rose.    Lfts.  broad-oval.    Petals  obcordate,  fugacious,  "f 

22  R.  Gariica.     French  R.     Leaflets  elliptical.     Petals  large,  spreading.     + 

23  R.  Pimpinellifo'lia.     Burnet  R.     Lfts.  small,  roundish.     Flowers  small,     t 

6.  GE'UM.     Avens. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  usually  with  5  alternate  bractlets  outside.  Petals  5. 
Stamens  many,  collected  on  a  dry  receptacle,  and  bearing  the  long,  per- 
sistent style. —  IX  Leaves  pinnate  or  lyrate. 

§  Style  bent  and  jointed  near  the  middle a 

§  Style  straight  and  not  jointed,  wholly  persistent.     Bare  plants 6,  7 

a  Head  of  fruits  quite  sessile,  with  the  styles  finally  hooked. . .  .b,  1 
a  Head  of  fruits  stalked  in  the  calyx  more  or  less 4,  5 

b  Petals  yellow,  longer  than  the  calyx 2,  3 

1  G-.  Virginia''num.     Petals  white,  as  long  as  the  calyx.     Receptacle  hairy. 

2  G.  macrophyl'lum.     Mountain  A.     Lvs.  ending  with  a  very  large  roundish  leaflet. 

3  G-.  stric'tum.  Yellow  A.  The  end  leaflet  but  little  larger  than  the  rest.  Height  3-5f 

4  Gr.  vemum.     Head-stalk  A.    Petals  yellow,  small.     Stalk  as  long  as  head.    W. 

5  G.  riva'le.     Water  A.     Whole  flower  dark  purple,  large,  nodding. 

6  G-.  triflo'rum.     Bractlets  longer  than  the  calyx  or  ^?(!/p^wA  petals.     Fls.  3.     W. 

7  Gr.  Peck'ii.  Peck^s  A.    Bractlets  minute.    Pet.  yellow.    Stem  almost  leafless.   Mts. 

7.  RU'BUS.     Bramble.     Blackberries  and  Raspberries. 

Calyx  5-parted,  without  bractlets.  Petals  5,  deciduous.  Stamens  cx> . 
Ovaries  many,  becoming  many  pulpy,  drupe-like  achenia  (grains)  united 
into  a  compound  fruit. — Half-shrubby  plants  with  %  roots  and  (a)  stems, 
armed  with  prickles.  Flowers  mostly  white.  In  the  Blaclcberries  the 
pulpy  receptacle  constitutes  a  part  of  the  fruit,  but  in  the  Easpberries  it 
does  not. 

*  Leaves  simple,  3-5-lobed.     Flowers  large 1-3 

*  Leaves  compound,  of  3-7  leaflets a 

a  Stems  stout,  upright,  often  recurved  at  top b 

a  Stems  weak,  trailing  or  prostrate 7 

b  The  side  leaflets  stalked.     Prickles  strong,  recurved. .  ..8 
b  The  side  leaflets  sessile.     Prickles  weak,  nearly  straight. . .  .4 


Order  47.— ROSE  WORTS.  207 


Raspberries. 

1  R.  odora'tus.     Rose  Floivering.     Petals  round,  purple.     Stalks  hairy-clammy. 

2  R.  Nutka'nus.     White- floicering.     Petals  broad-oval,  white.     Fls.  several.     I^l.-W. 
•3  R.  Chamaemo'rus.     Cloud-herry .     Petals  obovate,  white.     Flower  only  one.     Mts. 

4  Petals  as  long  or  longer  than  the  calyx 5,  6 

4  R.  IdsBus.     Garden  Raspberry.     Petals  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

5  R.  strigo''sus.     Wild  Red  Raspberry.     Corolla  cup-shaped,  single. 

6  R.  rossefo'lius.     Bridal  Rose.     Corolhi  spreading,  double.     Cultivated. 

7  Stems  prickly,  shrubby,  biennial.     Fruit  of  many  grains 11 

7  R.  triflo'rus.     Stems  entirely  unarmed,  green,  0     Fruit  of  few  grains. 

8  R.  occidenta''lis.  Thimble-berry.  PI.  glaucous.  Petals  shorter  than  sepals.  Fr.  darK. 

8  Plants  not  glaucous.     Petals  much  longer  than  the  sepals 9,  10 

Blackberries. 

9  R.  villo'sus.    Jligk  Blackberry.     Flowers  in  racemes.     Leaflets  ovate. 

10  R.  cuneifo'Uus.    Sand  Bl.     Fls.  1-3  together.     Lfts.  wedge-obovate.     M.  S. 
11  Prickles  many.     Flower-stalks  without  leaves  or  bracts 12,  13 

11  R.  Canaden'sis.     Dewberry.     Prickles  few.     Flower-stalks  with  leafy  bracts. 

12  R.  his'pidus.     Hispid^  Running  Bl.     Flowers  small,  with  spreading  sepals. 

13  R.  trivia'lis.    Low  Bvsh  Bl.     Flowers  large,  with  refiexed  sepals.     S. 

8.  DALIBAR'DA.     False  Violet. 

Calyx  deeply  5  or  6-parted,  3  of  the  segments  larger.  Petals  5.  Sta- 
mens many.  Styles  5-8,  long,  deciduous.  Fruit  5-8  dryish,  drnpe-like 
achenia. — U  Low  herbs  with  creeping  stems,  simple  leaves  and  1-2  white 
flowers  on  each  stalk.     North. 

D.  re''pens.  Creeping  F.  Found  in  damp  woods.  Creeping  stems  a  few  inches  to  a 
foot  in  length.  Leaves  roundish-cordate,  crenate.  Stipules  very  narrow-linear. 
Petioles  1-3'  long.    Scapes  1-flowered,  about  as  long  as  the  petioles.     June. 

9.  WALDSTEI'NIA.     Dry  Strawberry. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  with  5  alternate,  sometimes  minute  and  deciduous  bract- 
lets.  Petals  5  or  more,  sessile.  Stamens  many.  Styles  2-6.  Achenia 
few,  dry,  on  a  dry  receptacle. — %  Acaulescent  herbs  with  lobed  or  divid- 
ed radical  leaves  and  yellow  flowers  on  scapes. 

77.  f/ag.-irio/des.  A  pretty  plant,  in  hilly  woods,  bearing  some  resemblance  to  the 
strawberry.  Root-stock  thick,  scaly,  blackish.  Leaves  trifoliate,  on  petioles 
8-6'  long  ;  leaflets  broad-wedge-shaped,  cut-toothed,  of  a  shining  green  above. 
Scapes  about  as  high  as  the  leaves,  bearing  2-6  flowers,  which  are  y  across. 
June. 

W.  loba'ta.    Lobed  D.    Along  rivers,  &c.    Leaves  simple,  rouudisL-cordate,  geucj 
ally  8-5-lobed,  &c.     April^  June.    S. 


208  THE  FLORA. 


10.  POTEITTIL'LA.     Cinquefoil. 

Calyx  deeply  4-5-cleft,  with  an  equal  number  of  alternate  bractlets 
outside.  Petals  4^5,  obcordate.  Stamens  oo  .  Achenia  oo  ,  collected  in 
a  head  on  a  small,  dry  receptacle. — Herbs  or  shrubs  with  compound  leaves 
and  (mostly)  yellow  flowers.     (Figs.  76,  77.) 

*  Leaves  palmately  compound a 

*  Leaves  pinnately  compound 6-8 

a  Leaflets  3  only  in  each  leaf 1  ^ 

a  Leaflets  5.     Stems  prostrate  or  inclining 4,  5 

1  Flowers  yellow.     Stems  herbaceous 2,  3 

1  P.  tridenta'ta.  Trident  C.  Fls.  white.  Lfts.  wedge-obov.,  3-toothedat  end.  N. 

2  P.  Norve'gica.     Norway  C.     Erect,  many-flowered.     Petals  short.     N.  M. 

3  P.  min'ima.     Tiny  G.     Low.     Stems  1-flowered.     Pet.  longer  than  sepals.     Mts 

4  P.  Canaden'sis.     Canada  C.     Leaflets  green  both  sides,  serrate,  oblong. 

5  P.  argen^tea.     Silver  G.     Leaflets  silvery-white  beneath,  pinnatifid. 

6  P.  frutico'sa.    Shrubby  G.     Erect,  shrubs  with  yellow  flowers.    Height  l-2f.     N. 

7  P.  Anseri''na.     Goose-ffrass.     Steraless  herbs.     Leaves  and  peduncles  radical. 

8  Herbs  with  leafy  stems.     (3  rare  species  omitted.) 

11.  FRAGA'RIA.     Strawberry. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  with  an  equal  number  of  alternate  bractlets  out- 
side. Petals  5,  obcordate.  Stamens  oo .  Achenia  many,  fixed  to  the 
surface  of  the  large,  conical,  pulpy,  scarlet  or  white  receptacle. — Low  U 
plants  with  trifoliate  leaves.     (Figs.  265,  455,  456.) 

1  F.  Virginia'na.     Gommon  S.     Bractlets  under  the  calyx  entire.     Flowers  white,  on 
scapes.     Koot-stock  sending  out  runners  which  take  root  and  form  new  plants. 

2  F.  In'dica.    Indian  Strawberry.     Bractlets  under  the  calyx  3-lobed.    Petals  yellow. 
Stems  trailing  on  the  ground.     Fruit  roundish,  bright  red,  tasteless.   S.   f   (272.) 

12.  SPIR^'A.     Meadow-sweet.     Hard-hack. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent.  Petals  5,  roundish.  Stamens  10-50,  exserted. 
Carpels  distinct,  3-12,  forming  little  1-celled,  several-seeded  pods.  Styles 
terminal. — U  Beautiful,  unarmed  herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  leavea 
and  branches,  and  small  white  or  rose-colored  flowers.     May^  Aug. 

*  Shrubs  4-9  f.  high a 

*  Herbs  with  the  leaves  once  or  thrice  pinnate ...  .7 
a  Stipules  present 1,  2 

a  Stipules  none.     Leaves  simple  and  undivided  , . .  .b 


Order  51.— LOOSESTRIFES.  209 

b  Flowers  in  panicles.    Leaves  lance-ovate 3,  4 

b  Flowers  in  corymbs  or  little  umbels.     Leaves  oval  or  ovate 5,  6 

1  S.  opulifo'lia.     Kine-bark.     Leaves  simple,  3-lobed.     Corymbs  umbellate.     N. 

2  S.  sorbifo'lia.     Sorb-leaved  M.    Leaves  odd-pinnate.     Flowers  in  panicles. 

3  S.  tomentc'sa.     Hard-hack.     Lvs.  with  si  rusty  white  dense  wool  beiieath. 

4  S.  salicifo'lia.      JViUow-lenved.     Lvs.  nearly  smooth.     Shrub  3  or  4f.  high, 
f)  S.  corymbo'sa.     Corymb  very  large,  terminal,  flat-topped.     Height  l-2f.     S. 

T)  S.  hypericefo'lia.     St.  Peter's  Wreath.     Little  umbels  many,  lateral.     Cultivated. 

7  Leaves  once-pinnate.     Liflorescenee  terminal,  on  a  long  stalk 8,  9,  10 

7  S.  Arnn'cus.    Goaf  s  Beard.    Lvs.  thrice-pinnate.    Fls.  in  slender  spikes.    M 

S  S.  loba'ta.     Queen  of  the  Prairie.     Flowers  purple.     Side  leaflets  3-lobed.     W. 

9  S.  filipen'dula.     Dropwort.     Fls.  white.     Lfts.  pinnatifid-serrate.     Gardens. 

10  S.  Ulma'ria.     Meaduw-sweet.     Flow^ers  white.     Lfts.  doubly-serrate.     Gardens. 


Ojjder  L.    MELASTOMAOE^.    Melastomes. 

Plants  \Nitli  square  branches,  and  opposite,  simple,  3-7-Yeined  leaves; 
flmcers  with  adherent  calyx  tube,  twisted  petals,  and  definite  stamens. 
anthers  opcuing  by  terminal  pores.     Fruit  a  capsule  or  berry, 

RHEX'IA.     Deer-grass. 
Perennial  herbs,  with  showy  flowers.     Leaves  3-5-veined.     Calyx  tube 
prolonged  and  narrowed  above  the  ovary,  4-cleft.     Petals  4.     Anthers  8, 
1-celled.     Style  declined.     Capsule  4-celled,  go  -  seeded. 

*  Anthers  curved,  linear,  gppendaged  at  base.    Flowers  purple (a) 

*  Anthers  straight,  oblong,  not  appendaged.    Maryland  to  Fla Nos.  5-7. 

a  Stem  pqnarc,  winj^ed.    Lvs.  ovate  to  lanceolate,  bristly-serrate Nos.  1,  2. 

a  Stem  terete  or  teretish.    Leaves  lanceolate  to  linear  . .  .Nos.  3,  4. 

1  R.  Virgin'ica.    Ileadoiv  Beauty.    Plant  12-18'  high,  with  scattered  hairs,  sessile  leaves 

and  a  large  cyme  oC  bright  purple  flowers.     Wet  grounds. 

2  R.  stricta.    Plant  3-4f.  high,  smooth,  calyx  smooth,  tube  very  short.     S. 

3  R.  Maria'na.     Hairy.    Leaves  on  short  petioles,  bristly-serrate.     l-2f. 

4  R.  glabel'la.     Glabrous.    Leaves  se?i?i]e.    Calyx  hispid.     Damp  woods.    S. 

5  R.  cilio'sa.    Leaves  broad-ovate,  bristly  ciliate.    Petals  purple.    South. 

6  R.  serrula'ta.    Leaves  small,  roinul-oval,  serrulate-ciliate.    Flowers  purple.    S. 

7  R.  lu'tea.    Leaves  oblong-llucar.    Flowers  panicled,  yellow.    Woods.    S. 


Okder  LI.    LYTHEAOE^.     Loosestrifes. 

Phints  with  entire,  exstipulate,  mostly  opposite  leaves; 

r.ah/.v  tubular,  bearing  the  4-7  petals  and  4-05  stamens  on  its  throat. 

uuiry  and  style  compound.     Fruit  a  capsule,  or  fleshy ;  many-seeded. 


210 


THE  FLORA. 


§  Shrubs,  with   alternate   leaves,  co  stamens,  and   6  purple,  crisped 

petals  on  claws.  Lvs.roiind-ovate.  smooth.  E.India.   Crcqw.  Myrtle.  Lageestkce'mia. 

§  Shrubs,  with  opposite,  oblong,  shining  leaves,  go  stamens,  and  an  ad- 
herent calyx  tube.  Flowers  scarlet.  Fruit  crimson.  Pomegranate. 

%  Herbs  growing  wild.    Stamens  4-14 (a) 

a  Flower?  irregular.  Calyx  inflated,  gibbous  at  the  base.  Stam.  12. 

a  Flowers  regular.  Calyx  cylindrical,  striate,  with  5  minute  horns. 

a  Flowers  regular.  Calyx  bell-form,  with  5  teeth  and  5  long  horns. 

Stam.  10.    Petals  5,  rose-purple.   Fls.  showy,  «lustered.   Com, 

1  LYTHRITM.     Loosestrife. 

I  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals.     Flowers  axillary,  solitary Nos.  1-3. 

§  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.^  Flowers  si)icate,  or  racemed No.  4. 

1  L.  hysopifo'lium.     Grass  Poly.     Petals  .5  or  6,  pale  purple.     Lvs.  obtuse.    6-12'. 

2  It.  linea're.    Petals  6,  wiiitisii.    Leaves  linear,  obtuse.     Swamps,  N.  J.  and  S. 

3  L.  ala'tum.     Petals  B,  crisped,  deep  purple.    Lvs.  acute.     Stem  winged.     2f.    l-2f.    W. 

4  L.  Salica'ria.   Tall  (2-5f.),  wilh  lanceolate  cordate  leaves  and  terminal  long  spikes 
(or  racemes  ?)  of  purple  or  rose-purple  fls.    N.  E.  and  N.  Y.,  and  cult. 


Pu'NICii. 
CU'PHEA. 

Lythbum.  1 

N£S.^'A. 


Order  LII.   ONAGRA'CEJE.    Evening  Primroses. 

Eerls  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves;  and  with  the  parts  of  the 
Jlowers  generally  in  4's,  sometimes  in  S's,  2's,  or  I's;  with  the 
sepals  united  below  into  a  tube,  valvate  in  the  bud  ;  the 
petals  and  stamens  inserted  into  the  throat  of  the  calyx; 
ovary  coherent  with  the  tube  of  the  calyx  ;  becoming  in  the 
fruit  a  2-4-celled  capsule  or  berry  with  many  seeds. 


4/^  rt 

ii^i^.  458.  Flower  of  (Enotberii  fruticosa.  9.  Plan  of  the  flower.  i^26r.  460.  Section  of  the 
4-celled  capsule  of  Qv  biennis.  1.  Hiitpuris  vulgaris.  2.  Its  flower,  wiih  1  stamen,  i  ovary, 
2  style.  3.  Vertical  section  of  its  l-seeded  fruit.  4.  Clrcsea  Lutetiana.  5.  The  flower  en* 
largcd.     6.  Plan  of  the  flower.    7.  Vertical  section  of  the  2-celled  and  2-seeded  fruit. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

*  Flowers  4  or  5-parted  (that  is,  with  4  or  5  petalf»,  sepals,  &c.). . .  .2 

♦  Flowers  3-parted,  i. «.,  with  3  sepals,  3  sta,mens,  &c.  (no  petals) g 


Ordeb  53.— evening  PRIMROSES.  211 


♦  Flowers  2-piirted,  with  2  sepals,  2  petals,  &c f 

*  Flowers  1-parted,  with  1  stamen,  1  pistil,  1  seed  (no  petal) h 

2  Flowers  perfect  (that  is,  having  both  stamens  and  pistils) 3 

2  Flowers  monoecious  (some  with  stamens,  some  with  pistils).. .  .e 
8  Stamens  8,  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals. . .  .4 

3  Stamens  4,  same  number  as  the  sepals d 

4  Calyx  tube  much  prolonged  above  the  ovary. . .  .5 

4  Calyx  tube  not  prolonged  above  the  ovary a 

5  Garden  exotics,  with  showy  purple  flowers,... c 

5  Wild,  native  herbs,  rarely  cultivated b 

a  Seedcomouswitha  tuft  of  silky  hairs.  Fls.  purplish.     Willoiv  Herb.  Epilo^bium.  1 
a  Seed  not  comous,  &c.  Fls.  large,  yellow.  Southern.        Yellow  Jessie.  Jussle^a. 
b  Petals  equal,  not  clawed,  yellow.     Pods  oo-seeded. 

Evening  Primrose.  CEnothe'ra.  2 

b  Petals  hardly  equal,  clawed,  red.     Pods  1-4-seeded.  Gaura.  Gaura. 

c  Herbs  from  California.   Calyx  tube  short.   Petals  clawed.      Glarkia.  Clak'kia. 

c  Shrubs  from  Chili.  Cal.  tube  long,  enlarged.    Fls.  hanging.   Bar-drop.  Fuch'sia. 

d  Petals  yellow,  sometimes  minute  orO.  Lvs.  entire.      Seed  Box.  Ludwig'ia 

e  Petals  greenish  or  none.    Leaves  many-cleft.     Water-plants. 

Water  Milfoil.  Myriophtl'lum. 
f  Delicate  herbs  with  small,  ]>ale  flowers.      Brichantei'^s  Nightshade.  Circ^''a.  8 
g  Small  herbs  in  wet  places,  with  pinnatifid  lvs.      Mermaid  Weed.  Proserpina'ca. 
h  In  water,  rare.     Leaves  linear,  whorled.  Mare's  Tail.  Hippd''ris. 

1.  EPILO'BIUM.     Willow-herb. 
Calyx  tube  not  prolonged  above  the  ovary.     Limb  deeply  4-parted,  de- 
ciduous.    Petals  4.     Stamens  8.     Stigma  often  with  4  spreading  lobes. 
Ovary  and  capsule  linear,  4-cornered,  4-celled,  4-valved.     Seeds  crowned 
with  a  tuft  of  long  hairs. — U  Flowers  purplish  or  white. 
E.  angustifo'lium.    Narrow-leaved  Willow-herb.     Rose-hay.     A  tall,  showy  herb  (4- 
6f.  high),  common  at  the  North,    Leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  with 
a  vein  running  along  the  margin.     Flowers  large,  all  parts  pale  purple  or  white, 
in  a  long,  terminal   spike.     Style  and  stamens  declined.     Stigma  with  4  long 
lobes.    July.,  Aug.     Our  four  other  species,  with  small  flowers,  and  a  club- 
shaped,  undivided  pistil,  we  omit. 

2.  CENOTHE'RA.     Evening  Primrose. 

Calyx  tube  prolonged  beyond  the  cvary,  deciduous:  segments  4,  re- 
flexed.  Petals  4,  equal,  obcordate  or  obovate,  inserted  into  the  toj)  of  the 
calyx  tube.  Stara.ens  8.  Capsule  4-celled,  4-valved.  Stigma  4-lobed. 
Seeds  not  tufted.— Herbs  with  alternate  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers  (in  all 
the  following  species),     May.,  Aug. 


212 


THE  FLORA. 


§  Flowers  opening  by  night.     Pods  rounded  at  the  corners,  sessile 1,2 

§  Flowers  opening  by  day.     Pods  club-shaped,  sharply  4-cornered a 

a  Stems  erect,  1-3  feet  high.     Flowers  large  (1-2'  across) 3 

a  Stems  half-erect,  6-16'  long.     Flowers  small  (5-8^^  across) 6,  7 

1  CE.  bien'nis.     Lvs.  slightly  toothed.     Pods  oblong.     Fls.  V  or  more  wide. 

2  CE.  sinua'ta.     Leaves  sinuate-toothed  or  pinnatifid.     Flowers  i'  wide.     S. 
3  Pods  scarcely  winged  on  the  4  sharp  angles.     Leaves  narrow 4,  5 

3  CE.  frutico'sa.     Pods  with  the  4  angles  distinctly  winged.     Leaves  lanceolate. 

4  CE.  ripa'ria.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate.     Flowers  finally  racemed.     S.  M. 

5  CE.  linea'ris.     Leaves  linear.     Flowers  on  the  ends  of  the  branches.     S.  M, 

6  CE.  pum'ila.     Flowers  straw-yellow.     Pods  almo.st  sessile.     Common.     N  M. 

7  CE.  chrysan'tha.     Fls.  orange-yellow.     Pods  distinctly  stalked.     Rare      "N -W. 


3.   CIRC^'A.     Enchanter's  Nightshade. 

Calyx  tube  a  little  prolonged  above  the  ovary,  lobes  2.  Peta,ls*  2,  ob- 
cordate.  Stamens  2,  opposite  the  sepals.  Fruit  reflexed,  inversely  egg- 
shaped,  with  hooked  hairs,  2-celled,  2-seeded. — U  Small,  tender  herbs, 
with  opposite  leaves  and  terminal  racemes  of  small,  reddish- white  flowers. 

C.  Lutetia'na.  {See  the  figure.)  Stem  l-2f.  high,  sparingly  branched,  pub^.^cenfc 
Leaves  dark  green,  ovate,  subcordate,  acuminate,  coarsely  toothed.  P-adicel* 
without  bracts,  bent  down  after  flowering.  Fruit  clothed  with  bristl.y  hooka 
June^  July. 

O.  alpi'na.  Stem  5-10''  high,  very  smooth.  Leaves  pale  green,  broad  corda.o,  tb^i 
slightly  dentate.     Common  in  rocky  woods  at  the  North.    July. 


Order  LY.— GROSSULAC^.    Currants. 


Small  shrubs^   often    prickly,   with   alternate, 

lobed,  plaited  leaves; 
flowers  in  axillary  racemes,  regular,  4  or  5- 

parted,  small; 
petals  inserted  into  the  throat  of  the  calyx, 

small,  distinct,  and  the 
^ruit  a  1-celled,  many-seeded,  2-carpeled  berry. 


Fig.  46S.  A  flower  of  the  Red  Currant  cut  open;  o,  the  ovary  and' ovules ;  at,  the  style; 
s,  the  calyx  tutve;  p,  the  petals;  s,  the  stamens.  Fig.  469.  A  berry  cut  open,  showing  the  two 
placertse  and  .seeds.     Fig.  470.  A  seed  cut  open,  showing  the  little  embryo. 


OiiDEK  60.— THE  HOUSELEEKS. 


:213 


KI'BES.     Currants  and  Gooseberries. 

The  character  of  ihe  genus  is  about  the  same  as  of  the 
Order. 

§  Currants.     Steins  without  prickles  or  thorns a 

§  Gooseberries.     Stems  armed  with  prickles  or  spines, . .  .c 

a  Leaves  rolled  in  the  hud  (convolute),     Fls.  bright  yel 1 

a  Lvs.  plaited  (plicate)  in  the  bud,     Fls,  not  yellow b 

b  Fruit  hairy 2,  3 

b  Fruit  smooth 4-6. 

c  Fruit  hispid 7,  8 

c  Fruit  smooth..  ..d 

d  Stalks  of  the  flower  or  fruit  long 11,  12 

d  Stalks  very  short 9,  10 

1  R.  au'reum.     Missouri  Currant.     Shrub  6-8f.,   with  smooth, 
8-lobed  leaves  (Fig.  471),     W.    t 
2  R.  sanguin'eum.     Oregon  G.     Flowers  bright  red,  showy. 

Leaves  3-5-lobed.     + 
8  R.  prostra'tum.   Skunk  G.   Fls.  striped  with  red.   Lvs.  5-7-lobed.   Mts.   N.  M, 

4  R.  ru'brum.     Common  Red  C.     Leaves  not  dotted,  downy  beneath.     Berries  glob- 

ular, red  or  white,  in  pendulous  racemes  as  well  as  the  fls,     (Figs.  243,  261.) 

5  R.  flor'idum.    Flowering  G.     Leaves  yellow-dotted.     Berries  obovate,  black. 

6  R.  nigrum.    Black  G.     Leaves  yellow-dotted.     Berries  roundish,  black.     Petiole 

shorter  than  the  blade.     Eacemes  loose,  partly  nodding,     Gardens, 

7  R.  Cynos'bati.     Prickly  Gooseberry.     Racemes  2  or  3-flowered.     Styles  united. 

(Fig.  281.) 

8  R.  lacus^tre.     Sivamp  G.     Eacemes  5-S-flowered.     Style  2-cleft.     Berry  small. 

9  R.  hirtil'lum.    Smoothish  G.    Stems  not  prickly.    Calyx  tube  bell-shaped.     North. 

10  R.  oxycanthoiMes.     Hawthorn  G.     Stems  very  prickly.     Calyx  tube  cylindric. 

North. 
11  R.  rotundifo'lium.     Round-leaved  G.     Calyx  cylindric.     Stalk  1-S-flowered, 
]  2  R.  Uva  Cais'pa.     Garden  G.     Calyx  beU-shaped.     Stalk  hairy,  1-flowered.    \ 


Fig.  471.  Missouri 
Currant,— flower  di- 
vided. 


Order  LVI.  CRASSULACE.^.     The  Houseleeks. 

Thick,  juicy  plants.,  with  simple,  mostly  entire  leaves  ;  with 

Jlowers  perfectly  symmetrical  and  regular ;  the 

petals.,  sejjals^  and  pistils  being  of  the  same  number  (3-20) ;  and  the 

stamens  either  the  same  or  twice  as  many ;  the 

follicles  (as  many  as  the  ovaries)  distinct  or  somewhat  united. 


214 


THE  FLORA. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

%  Pistils  (follicles)  entirely  distinct  and  separate 2 

§  ristils  4  or  5,  united  into  a  4  or  5-celled  capsule 4 

2  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  pistils,  petals,  or  sepals 3 

2  Stamens  as  many  (3  or  4)  as  the  pistils,  &c.    Herb  1-3''  high.    r.   Till^'a. 
3  Flowers  5  (rarely  4)-parted.     Stamens  10  or  8.  Stone- crop.  Sf/dum. 

3  Flowers  12  (or  6-20)- parted.     Stamens  ]  2-40.  Houseleeh.  Sempkrvi^vtjm. 

4  0  Herb  2-4'  high,  fleshy,  with  4-parted  flowers.     S.  Diamor'pha. 

4  n  Herb  10-16'  high,  not  fleshy,  with  5-parted  flowers,    c.      Pentho'bum. 


472 


473 

Fig.  472.  A  flowering  branch  of  Sedum  acre.  Fig.  473.  A  flower  of  S.  acre, 
natural  size.  Fig.  474.  A  flower  (12-parted,  symmetrical,  regular)  of  Semper- 
V  mim  (Houseleek). 

1.  SE'DUM.  Stone-crop.     Orpine. 

Sepals  and  petals  5,  sometimes  4,  distinct.  Stamens  10  or 
8.  Pods  5,  sometimes  4,  distinct,  many-seeded,  with  an 
entire  scale  at  the  base  of  each. — Mostly  U  herbs,  with 
5-parted  flowers  in  cymes,  or  in  one-sided  clusters. 

1  Flowers  white,  or  purplish,  or  rose-colored 2 

1  S.  a'cre.  Iceland  Moss.     FJs.  yellow.     Plant  in  low  tufts.     Gardens. 

2  Leaves  scattered,  1-3'  long 3-5.     (Figs.  472,  473.) 

2  S.  terna'tum.    Stone-crop.    Leaves  in  whorls  of  3's.    Flowers 
white,  in  a  3-spiked  cyme. 

3  S.  telephioi'des.    False  0.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  obovate,  nearly  entire.     M.  S. 

4  S.  Tele'phium.     Common  0.     Leaves  oval,  serrate,  obtuse.     Flowers  purplish. 

5  S.  pulchel'lum.     Handsome  0.     Lvs.  linear.     Fls.  in  an  umbel  of  spikes,  purp.     & 


Order  LVII.  SAXIFRAGACE^. 

Herhs  or  shrubs  with  the  pistils  fewer  than  the  sepals  of  the  flower ; 
the  petals  as  many  as  the  calyx  sepals  (4  or  5),  and  together  with  the 


.Order  61.— SAXIFRAGES. 


215 


5-10  stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx ;  the 

styles  2,  distinct,  with  their 

2  ovaries  more  or  less  united  below,  and 

either  free  or  adhering  to  calyx; 
vofls  capsular,  many-seeded; 
emJjryo  slender,  in  albumen. 


.vsii^ 


.^?: 


47(5 
Fig.  475.  Section  of  flower  of  Early  Saxifrage 
(Class  Book,  page  371).  FigAlQ.  Ovary  and  pistils, 
cut  across  to  show  the  two  cells.  Fig.  All.  Mitella 
diphylla;  8,  a  flower,  magnified:  9,  the  fruit  pods 
open,  showing  the  black  seeds.  Fig.  480.  Cross-sec- 
tion of  the  ovary;  1,  seed  cut  open,  showing  the  long 
embryo. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

%  Herbs.     Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud a 

§  Shrubs.     Petals  valvate  or  convohite  (twisted)  in  bud e 

a  Flowers  with  10  stamens. . .  .b 

a  Flowers  with  5  stamens d 

b  Petals  4-6,  usually  5,  entire c 

b  Petals  5,  all  pinnatifid.     Stamens  10.  Mitrewort.  Mitel'la.  1 

b  Petals  0.     Low,  prostrate,  in  wet  places.  Water  Carpet.  Chrysosple'nium. 

c  Pods  2-colled.     Leaves  simple,  mostly  radical.  Saxif'^^age.  Saxif'raga.   5 

c  Pods  2-celled.    Leaves  bi-ternately  compound,  cauline.     S  Astil'be. 

c  Pods  1-celled.    Leaves  palmately  lobed.  FaUe  Mitrewort.  Tiarel'la.  2 

d  Styles  2,  pod  2-celled.     Scape  reclined,  8-12''  long.     W.  Sullivan'tia. 

d  Styles  2,  pod  1-celled,     Scape  erect,  a  foot  or  more.     M.  W.  Heu'chera. 

d  Styles  3,  pod  1-celled.     Herb  in  tufts  i'  high.     S. 

e  Leaves  opposite,  simple f 

e  Leaves  alternate.     Shrub  4-Sf  erect.     Eacemes  white, 
f  Shrub  climbing  trees,  &c.     Flovvers  white,  fragrant.     S. 
f  Shrubs  erect.     Cymes  not  radiate — all  the  flowers  perfect. 
*  iShrubs  erect.     Cymes  radiate.     Stamens  8-10. 

1.  MITEL'LA.     Mitrewort. 


Lepuropet' 


M.  S 


Ite'a. 

DECnMA'KIA. 

Philadki/^hus. 
Hydran'gea. 


Calyx  5-cleft,  bell-shaped. 


216 


THE  FLORA. 


inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  5  or  10,  included.  Styles 
2,  very  short.  Capsule  short,  2-beaked,  1-celled,  2-valved. — H  Small, 
slender  herbs,  with  roundish,  lobed,  and  cordate  leaves,  mostly  from  the 
root.     Flowers  small,  in  a  slender  raceme.     N. 

1  M.  diphyria.     Scape  12-20'  high,  with  2  opposite  leaves  nearly  sessile,  and  many 

white  flowers  above  with  curiously  cleft  petals.     Mai/,  June.     (See  Fig.  477.) 

2  M.  nu'da.    Scape  leafless,  thread-like,  5-7 'high,  few-flowered.     Ma?/,  June. 

Both  species  send  out  runners  from  the  base. 


2.  TIAEELXA.     False  Mitrewort.     Gem-fruit 


Calyx  5 -parted,  lobes  obtuse- 
Petals  5,  entire,  the  claws  in- 
serted on  the  calyx.  Stamens 
10,  exserted.  Styles  2.  Cap- 
sule 1-celled,  2-valved,  1  valve 
much  larger. — U  Fls.  white. 
KM. 

T.  cordifo'lia.  Scape  about  10' 
high,  sometimes  bearing  a  leaf, 
the  flowers  white  in  all  their 
parts,  forming  a  cylindrical  ra- 
ceme. In  rocky  woods,  with 
the  Mitrewort.,  very  common  at 
the  North.     May,  June. 

3.  PHILADELTHUS.   False 
Syringa. 

Calyx  4-5-parted,  tube  ad- 
herent to  the  ovary,  persistent. 
Corolla  4-5-petaled.  Styles  4, 
more  or  less  united.  Stamens 
20-40,  shorter  than  the  petals. 
Capsule  4-celled,  4-valved, 
many-seeded.  —  Handsome 
flowering  shrubs,  with  opposite 
leaves.  Petals  convolute  in 
the  bud. 


Fig.  4S2.  "Eadiant"  panicle  of  Oak-leaved  Ilydran 
gca;  the  larger  flowers  neutral. 


Order  61.— SAXIFRAGES.  217 


P.  grandiflo'rus.  Large-flowered  Syringa.  A  very  sliowy  shrub,  6f.  hi^h.  Leaves 
ovate,  acuminate,  3-veined,  Stigmas  4,  styles  united  into  1.  Flowers  large,  in 
umbels  of  2-7,  white  nearly  inodorous.  Cultivated,  but  wild  at  the  South.    June. 

P.  corona'rius.  Mock  Orange.  Stems  5-8f.  high.  Leaves  oval  and  ovate,  short- 
pointed,  feather-veined.  Styles  and  stigmas  4,  distinct.  Flowers  numerous, 
white,  handsome,  very  fragrant.     Cultivated.     June. 

4.  HYDRAN'GEA.     Hydrangea. 
Flowers  in  cymes,  the  marginal  ones  generally  barren,  with  the  sepals 
much  enlarged  (that  is,  the  cymes  are  radiant).     The  fertile  flowers  arc 
small,  calyx  about  4-toothed,  petals  4,  stamens  8  or  10;  capsule  2-beaked, 
many-seeded. 

1  H.  arbores'cens.     Big  Wild  H.     Leaves  ovate,  obtuse  or  cordate  at  base,  nearly 

smooth.     Cymes  flat.     Shrub  4  to  6  feet  high.     M.  W.     Cultivated. 

2  H.  quercifo'lia.    Oak-leaved  H.     Leaves  deeply  sinnate-lobed.     Cymes  in  the  form 

of  a  panicle.     South.     Cultivated.     (See  i=^/^.  4S2.) 
8  H.  radia'ta.     Silver-leaved  H.     Leaves  ovate,  clothed  with  a  silvery-white  down 

beneath.     Cymes  flat.     Shrub  6-8f.  high.     S.     t 
4  H.  horten'sis.     Changeable  H.     Leaves  elliptical,  narrowed  at  each  end,  smooth. 

Cymes  mostly  all  barren,  changing  from  green  to  white,  pink,  blue,  &c. 

5.  SAXIF'RAGA.     Saxifrage. 
Calyx  5-cleft,  either  free,  or  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  ovary.     Petals 
5,  entire.    Stamens  10.    Styles  2.   Pod  2-celled,  2-beaked,  opening  between 
the  beaks,  many-seeded. 

§  Leaves  opposite  (small)  on  the  prostrate  stem.     Flowers  purplish  —  No.  1. 

§  Leaves  alternate  on  the  ascending  etem.    Flowers  j'ellow  or  white Nos.  2-4. 

§  Leaves  rosulate  at  the  base  of  the  mostly  leafless  scape  —  (a) 

a  Calyx  entirely  free  from  the  ovary  (inferior) Nos.  5-7. 

a  Calyx  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  ovary  (half  superior)  —  Nos.  8-10. 
1  S.  oppositjfo'lia.    A  small  plant  with  large  fls.    Cliffs,  Willoughby  L.,  Yt.  and  N. 

2  S.  aizoi'des.    Petals  yellow,  spotted.    Lvs.  narrow.     With  No.  1,  and  West. 

3  S.  rivula'ris.    Petals  white.    Root  leaves  renif omi.     White  Mts.  and  North. 

4  S.  tricuspida'ta.    Petals  yellow,  dotted.    Lvs.  3-c?/c<f/)ecf  at  apex.    L.Superior. 

:^  S.  erosa.  and  two  other  species,  on  Mts.  Penn.  and  S.     (See  Botanist  andFlor.) 

8  S.  Aizo'on.    Leaves  evergreen^  thick,  epatulatc,  bordered  with  white  teeth.     Petals 

obovate,  cream-white.    Rocks,  Willoughby  Mt.,  and  W. 

9  S.  Virginien'sis.    Early  Saxifrage.    Lvs.  oval-spatnlate  with  a  broad  petiole.     Scape 

panicled,  4-12'  high.    Petals  white,  oblong,  much  longer  than  the  calyx.     Flowers 
many,  in  Apiil  and  May.    Grows  on  rocks,  common. 

10  S.  Pennsylva'nica.    Swamp  S.    Leaves  lance-oblong,  acutish,  narrowed  to  a  short 

stalk.     Scape  l-2f.,  branching  into  a  diffuse  panicle  of  small,  greenish  homely 
flowers.    Petals  narrow,  scarce  longer  than  the  reflexed  eepalt".    Swamps. 

10 


218  THE  FLOE  A. 


OkderLVIII.  CACTACE^.     Indian  Figs. 

Plants  with  green,  fleshy,   angular   or  jointed,  nearly  leaflestj  stems, 
armed  with  numerous  prickles  and  terrible  spines.    Flowers  often  showy. 
We  have  at  the  ]S[orth  onl}^  one  native  species.     Many  are  cultivated. 
OPUN'TIA.     Indian  Fig. 

Calyx  tube  not  produced  above  the  ovar}^  Stock  composed  of  fleshy, 
mostly  flattened  joints.  Sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  indefinite,  at  the  top 
of  the  ovary.  Style  1,  with  4-10  stigmas.  Leaves  minute,  alternate,  with 
tufts  of  prickles  in  their  axils. 

O.  vulga'ris.  Grows  on  dry  rocks.  Joints  several,  4-6',  obovate.  Flowers  large  (3-4' 
broad).    Petals  7-10,  yellow.    Fruit  egg-shaped,  crimson,  eatable. 


Oeder  LX.  PASSIFLOEACE^.    Passionworts. 

Plants  often  woody,  climbing  by  tendrils,  with  alternate  leaves  and 
leafy  stipules.     Flowers  perfect,  of  wonderful  structure,  as  seen  in 
PASSIFLO'RA.     Passion-flower. 

Calyx  colored  within,  deeply  5-parted,  bearing  a  complex  crown  of 
colored  filaments  on  the  throat,  and  the  5  petals  above  them.  Ovary 
raised  on  a  stipe,  with  the  3  stigmas  and  5  anthers.    Fruit  a  pulpy  berry. 


Order  LXIII.   UMBELLIFER.E.     The  Umbelworts. 

Herbs  with  hollow,  furrowed  stems,  simple  or  compound  leaves ; 
no  stipules^  but  with  a  broad  sheathing  base  to  the  j/etioles; 
the  smsill  Jiowers  in  umbels,  and  the  calyx  wholly  adherent  to  the  ovary; 
the  petals  and  stamens  5,  standing  on  the  top  of  the  ovary; 
the  styles  2,  and  the  fruit  dry,  its  2  carpels  seed-like  and  separating 
marked  outside  by  ribs  and  furrows  running  lengthwise. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

*  Plants  growing  wild,  some  of  them  cultivated  for  the  eatable  root 2 

*  Plants  never  wild,  but  cultivated  for  their  fruit,  &c q 

2  Flowers  white,  rarely  rose-colored  or  cream-colored 3 

2  Flowers  yellow,  or  (in  one  instance)  dark  purple 4 

3  Umbels  simple,  leaves  simple.     Little  creeping  wet  plants^  ...a 

8  Umbels  regularly  compound,  the  flowers  not  sessile c 

3  Umbels  irregular,  flowers  in  crovvded  heads,  sessile h 

4  Fruit  decidedly  flattened  on  the  back p 

4  Fruit  flattened  on  the  sides  or  not  at  all o 


Order  63.— UMBELWORTS.  219 


a  Fruit  flattened.     Leaves  roundish.  Pennywort.  IIydroco'tyle. 

a  Fruit  jrlobular.    Lvs.  linear.    Fla.  pedicelled.    Height  1-2'.    r.     Crant'zia. 
b  Fruit  clotlied  with  hooked  prickles.   Heads  small,  2-4.   c.     Sanicle.  Sanic'ila.  i 
b  Fruit  clothed  with  scales.     Heads  often  near  V  thick.     W.  S.     c.     Eryn'ohm. 

c  Umbels  not  radiate  (§  255,  a,  outer  flowers  not  larger  than  the  rest) d 

c  Umb.rad.,  very  large.  Huge  herbs,  4-8f.  high.  c.  Cow  Parsnip.  Hkrac'levm. 
d  Leaves  simple  Itnear  petioles  without  blades.     S.  Tiedmak'ma. 

d  Leaves  only  once  divided,  pinnately  or  ternately e 

d  Leaves  twice  or  thrice  compounded g 

e  Fruit  flattened  or  contracted,  more  or  less,  on  the  sides f 

e  Fruit  much  flattened  on  the  back.     M.  S.  ArcUmore.  Archemo'ra. 

f  Leaflets  3,  ovate,  doubly  serrate.     Stem  l-2f.  high.      Honewort.  Ckyptot^'nia.  2 
f  Leaflets  3,  long,  linear,  grass-like.     Kare.     S.  Nervelenf.  Neurophyl'lum. 

f  Leaflets  5-11,  lanceolate  or  lance-linear.     2-6f.  Water  Parsnip.  Si'um. 

f  Leaflets  5-9,  oblong.     Stem  procumbent.     S.         Marsh  JJmhel.  Helosciad'icm. 

g  Bracts  of  the  involucre  (not  involucel)  entire h 

g  Bracts  of  the  involucre  cleft  and  divided k 

g  Bracts  of  the  involucre  none  or  almost  none m 

h  Fruits  bristly,  club-shaped,  few.     Stem  l-2f.  high.  Giceh/.  OsMonni'zA.  3 

h  Fruits  smooth,  flattened  on  the  sides,  ribs  w-avy.         Poison  Hemhck.  Coni'um.  4 
h  Fruits  smooth,  flattened  on  the  back,  ribs  winged,  straight,  r.  Conioselt''num:. 
h  Fruit  smooth,  terete,  not  flattened,  ribs  straight.  Lovage.  Ligus'ticdm. 

k  Fruits  bristly,  short,  numerous.     Often  cultivated.  Carrot.  Dau'cus. 

k  Fruits  smooth.     Stems  and  leaflets  thread-like.     Eare.  Discopleu'ra. 

k  Fruits  smooth.    Stem  3-6'  erect,  bulbous.  "W.    Pepper-and-Salt.  Erigeni'a.   5 
m  Fruit  flattened  on  the  back.     Stems  large,     c.  Angelica.  Archangel'ica. 

m  Fruit  flattened  on  the  sides n 

m  Fruit  terete,  not  flattened.     Poison.     N.     Kare.  FooVs  Parsley,  ^tuu'sa. 

n  Calyx  5-toothed.     Stems  diff'use,  slender.    W.       Chervil.  Ch^erophyl'lum. 

n  Cal.  5-toothed.  Umbels  stalked.  Sts.  erect,  very  slender.    S.    Leptocau'lis. 

n  Calyx  teeth  none,  fruit  strongly  ribbed.    Poison.     Water  Hemhck.  Cicu'ta.  6 

n  Calyx  teeth  none,  fruit  scarcely  ribbed.  W.   Eare.    Crest  Umbel.  Eu'lophcs. 
o  Involucels  leafy.     Leaves  perfoliate,  simple,  entire.  Modexty.  Bupleu'ritm. 

o  Involucels  minute.     Seed  with  5  winged  ribs.      Golden  Alexanders.  Thas'pium.  7 
o  Involucels  minute.     Seed  with  5  ribs  not  winged.  Alexanders.  Ziz'ia.  8 

p  Involucels  minute.     Fruit  corky.     Leaves  bi-pinnatifid.  Polyt^'nia. 

p  Involucels  none.     Fruit  thin.     Leaves  pinnate.  Parsnip.  Pastixa'ca. 

q  Flowers  white.     Involucre  0  or  of  1  entire  bract r 

q  Flowers  white.     Involucre  of  a  few  cleft  bracts.  Parsley.  Petrosei.i'num 

q  Flov/ers  yellow.     Leaf  segments  very  narrow  and  many.     Fennel.  Fcenic'ii-um. 

r  Uinbellets  radiate.  Fruit  round.  Lvs.  finely  cut.     Coriander.  Cokian'dui'm. 

r  Umbcllets  not  radiate  (the  flowers  all  similar) . . .   s 
s  Fruir  flattened  on  the  sides,  roundish.    Lf.  segin.  wedge-form.     Cvhry.  A'pium. 
s  Fruit  flattened  on  the  sides,  oval.     Leaf  segments  linear.         Caraway.  Ca'rcm. 
Fruit  egg-shaped,  not  flattened.     Loaf  segments  linear.        Anise.  Pimpi>t;l''la. 


THE  FLORA. 


Fig.  4S3.  Golden  Alexanders,  with  its  compound,  naked  umbel,  &c.  4.  A  flower  enlarged. 
5.  The  fruit  with  its  tliread-shaped  ribs  and  two  persistent  styles.  6.  Cross-section,  showing  the 
two  carpel?  with  the  oil-tubes  and  flat  inner  face.  7.  Umbel  of  Sweet  Cicely,  in  fruit.  8.  A 
flower  enlarged.  9.  The  fruit  with  the  two  carpels  separatinsr  from  the  base  and  supported  by  a 
two-cleft  stalk.  Fig.  490.  Summit  of  the  fruit  of  Bitter  Cicely.  1.  Fruit  of  Poison  Hemlock, 
with  the  undulate-oreni;late  ribs.  2.  Cross-section,  showing  the  grooved  inner  face  and  involute 
albumen.  3.  Radiate  flower  of  Ooriandrum.  4.  Vertical  section  of  the  globose  fruit,  showing 
the  minute  embryo. 


1.  SANIO'ULA.     Sanicle. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  teetli  leafy,  tube  bristly.  Petals  obovate, 
erect,  witli  tlie  point  inflected.  Fruit  roundish,  armed  witli  hooked 
prickles.  Carpels  without  ribs. — if  Plants  l-2f.  high.  Umbel  with  a  few 
capitate  umbellets.  Involucre  of  few  cleft  bracts,  involucel  of  several, 
entire.     June-Aug. 

1  S.  Marylan''dica.    Long-styleA  S.    Sterile  flowers  many,  pedicellate  ;  fertile  flowers 

sessile.     Styles  slender,  conspicuous,  recurved.    Leaves  5-7-parted.    Common. 

2  S.  Canaden'sis.    Sliort-styled  S.    Sterile  flowers  few,  much  shorter  than  the  fertile. 

Styles  shorter  than  the  prickles.    Leaves  5-parted,  upper  3-parted.     Umbels 
(or  heads)  small.     Woods.     Common. 


Order  63.— UMBELWORTS.  231 


2.  CRYPTOT^E'NIA.     Hone-wort. 
Calyx  teeth  obsolete.     Petals  with  an  inflexed  point.     Fruit  linear-ob 
long  or  ovate-oblong.     Seeds  with  5  obtuse  ribs,  contracted  at  the  sides 
—  IC  A  smooth  herb  with  3-parted  leaves.     Umbels  compound,  with  very 
unequal  rays,  white  flowers,  no  involucre,  and  few-leaved  involucels. 

C.  Canaden'sis.     St.  l-2f.  high,  erect.     Leaflets  large,  the  side  ones  often  2-parted 
or  lobed.     Common  in  moist  woods.     July. 

3.  OSMORHI'ZA.     Cicely. 

Calyx  teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  linear-oblong,  cltib-shaped,  tapering  to  the 
base,  crowned  with  the  conical  styles ;  carpels  each  with  5  equal,  acute, 
bristly  ribs,  and  a  deep  groove  on  the  face. —  %  Leaves  bi-ternately  divid- 
ed, with  the  umbels  opposite.  Involucre  few-leaved ;  involucel  4-7- 
leaved.  Flowers  white.  Fruit  an  inch  in  length.  Height  about  2f. 
Mmj,  June.     (Figs.  244,  487-9.) 

O.  longis'tylis.     Siveet  G.     Styles  thread-like,  nearly  as  long  as  ovary.     Plant  downy. 

The  root  has  an  agreeable  spicy  flavor. 
O.  brevis'tylis.    Bitter  G.     Styles  conical,  5  times  shor'  ^r  than  ovary.     Plant  hairy. 

Less  interesting  than  No.  1.     (See  Fig.  490.) 


4.  CONPUM.     Poison  He)  ilock. 

Calyx  teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate,  flattened  on  the  sides,  each  carpel 
with  5  wavy-crenulate  ribs  on  the  back,  and  a  deep  narrow  groove  on  the 
inner  face. — (D  Herbs  with  large,  decompound  leaves,  with  very  many 
leaflets.  Involucre  and  involucels  of  3-5  leaves,  the  latter  one-sided. 
Flowers  white.     (Figs.  65,  491,  492.) 

O.  macula''tum.  Sten'i  spotted  with  purple,  glaucous,  about  4f.  high.  Leaves  bright 
green,  leaflets  small,  lanceolate,  pinnatitid.  Umbels  terminal,  the  involucels 
with  the  inner  half  wanting.    Junc^  July. 

5.  ERIGENI'A.     Pepper-and-salt. 

Calyx  limb  wanting.  Petals  flat,  entire.  Carpels  (half-fruits),  3-ribbed, 
contracted  on  the  face,  forming  together  a  fruit  much  broader  than  long. 
^U  Root  tuberous.     See  Fig.  333. 


222  THE  FLORA. 


fi  bulbo'sa.  A  small,  early-flowering  herb,  Western  N.  Y.  to  Mo.  Stem  arises 
from  a  roundish  tuber  deep  in  the  ground.  The  root  leaf  is  thrice  ternate.  The 
involucrate  leaf  twice  ternate.  The  dark-brown  stamens  with  the  little  white 
petals  suggest  its  common  name. 

6.  CICU'TA.     Water  Hemlock. 

Calyi  5-toothed.  Petals  with  the  point  inflected.  Fruit  roundish,  a 
little  contracted  on  the  sides  so  as  to  appear  somewhat  double.  Seeds 
with  5,  flattish,  equal  ribs,  2  of  them  on  the  margin. —  if  Poisonous  herbs 
with  compound  leaves  and  perfect  umbels  of  white  flowers.  Involucre 
few-leaved  or  1.     Involucels  many -leaved. 

1  0.  macula'ta.     Spotted    Water- Hemlock.     Stem  streaked  with  purple,  3-6f.  high, 

smooth,  sti'iate,  hollow.  Lower  leaves  triternate  and  tripinnate,  segments  lan- 
ceolate, serrate.  Umbels  2-4'  broad.  Fruit  10  ribbed.  Involucels  of  5  or  6 
short,  slender,  acute  bracts.     Common  in  wet  meadows.     July,  Aug. 

2  0.  bulbi'fera.     Narrow-leaved  Water- Hemlock.     Stem  green,  striate,  slender,  with 

little  bulblets  in  the  axils  of  the  branches.  Leaves  bi-ternately  divided.  Leaf- 
lets linear  or  lance-linear,  2-4''  long,  with  distant  teeth.  In  wet  meadows  and 
swamps.     A  ug. 

7.  TIIAS'PIUM.     Alexanders. 

Calyx  minutely  5-toothed.  Fruit  elliptical,  roundish  across,  not  flat- 
tened either  way,  seeds  each  with  5  winged  ribs. — U  Leaves  divided. 
Involucre  none,  involucels  few-leaved.  The  species  resemble  the  Zizias 
except  in  their  fruit.     May.,  June.     (Figs.  483-6.) 

1  Eoot  leaves  simple,  cordate,  stem  leaves  once-ternately  divided 2 

1  T.  barbino'de.     Leaves  bi-  or  tri-ternate,  Ifts.  cut-serrate.     St.  hairy  at  joints. 

2  T.  au'reum.     Golden  A.     Fruit  oval.     Flowers  yellow.     Stem  2-3f.  high. 

2  T.  atropurpu'reum.    Purple  A.    Fruit  roundish.    Flowers  dark  purple.    Stem  2-3f. 
high.     S.  M. 

8.  ZIZ'IA.     Alexanders. 

Calyx  minutely  5-toothed,  Fruit  oval  or  ovate,  flattened  at  the  sides 
so  as  to  appear  somewhat  double.  Seeds  each  with  5  ribs  which  are  not 
winged,  but  thread-like. — U  Smooth,  with  divided  leaves  and  yellow 
flowers.     Umbels  compound,  with  no  involucre  or  involucels. 

Z.  integer'rima.  Entire-leaved  A.  Root  and  stem  leaves  bi-  and  tri-ternate,  leaflets 
c.itire.     Plant  l-2f.  high,  ia  rocky  woods.    May-July. 


THE  FLORA.  223 


Order  LXIY.    ARALIACEiE.    Araliads. 

Plants  much  like  the  Uinbelworts  in  their  Ivs.,  fls.,  and  inflorescence; 

pistils  2-5,  united  below  into  1  ovary  with  2-5  cells; 

fruit  a  capsule  or  berry,  with  2-5  seeds.    Petals  not  inflected. 

Analysis  of  tlie  Genera. 

*  Stjiee  5.    Umbel?  many.    Leaves  alternate,  pinnately  compound.  Aralia.  1 

*  Styles  2  Of  3.     Umbel  1.     Leaves  whorled,  palmately  compound.         Ginseng.  2 

*  Style  1.    Climbing  vine.    Leaves  simple,  alternate.       JEtiropean  Ivy.  Hedera. 

1.  ARA'LIA.     Wild   Sarsaparilla. 

Calyx  superior,  5-tootlied.  Petals  5,  ovate,  spreading.  Stamens  5  on 
the  ovary  with  the  5  styles.  Fruit  a  beny.  Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alter- 
nate pinnately  compound  leaves.     Umbels  white  or  greenish.    Summer. 

*  Plants  low  (l-2f.),  with  few  (3-7)  umbels  corymbously  arranged Nos.  1,  2 

*  Plants  taller  (3-12f.),  with  numerous  umbels  in  racemes. .  .  .Nos.  3,  4 

1  A.  nudicau'lis.     Stem  underground,  sending  up  1  long-stalked  leaf  and  a  scape  a  foot 

high,  bearing  8  umbels.     Plant  smooth.     71  Rocky  woods.    E.  and  W. 

2  A.  his'pida.    Wild  Elder.    Stem  shrubby  and  prickly  at  base,  herbaceous  above.    Leaf- 

lets ovate,  cut-serrate.    Umbels  about  3.    Berries  blue-black.    Fields. 

3  A.  racemo'sa.    Fettymorrel.    Herbaceous,  smooth,  branched,  3-5f.    Leaves  large, 

decompound  ;  leaflets  ovate,  serrate.     Umbels  small,  very  many,  in  a  panicle 
of  racemes.     Root  highly  aromatic.    Woods. 

4  A.  spino'sa.    Angelica  Tree.    Hercules'  Club.   Shrub  or  tree  prickly,  stem  simple, 

bearing  all  the  leaves  and  panicles  at  the  top.    Leaves  bi-  or  tripinnate. 

2.  GINSENG.     Ginseng. 

Dioecious  and  polygamous.  Calyx-tube  adherent,  limb  obsolete. 
Petals  5,  ovate,  obtuse.  Stamens  5.  Styles  2  or  3,  erect  (none  in  the  5 
flowers).  Fruit  berr3'-like,  2  or  3-seeded.  11  Root  tuberous.  Stem 
simple,  bearing  3  leaves  in  a  whorl,  and  1  umbel.     Fls.  white. 

1  Gr.  trifo'lium.     Ground-nut.    Root  a  round  tuber  deep  in  the  ground,  connected  with 

the  stem  by  a  short  screw-like  ligament.  The  stem  arises  3-6'  above  the  surface, 
smooth,  slender,  simple  At  the  top  is  a  whorl  of  3  compound  leaves,  and  a  cen- 
tral peduncle  bearing  a  little  umbel  of  pure  white  flowers.  Leaflets  generally  3. 
Barren  and  fertile  flowers  on  separate  plants,  the  latter  with  3  .'•tyles  and  0  stamens, 
the  former  with  but  one  style.    Damp  woods.     May. 

2  Gr,  quinquifo'lium.     True  Ginseng.    Root  fusiform,  fleshy.    Stem  round,   smootli.  If. 

high,  with  a  terminal  whorl  of  3  compound  leaves  and  a  central  stalk  bearing  a 
simple  umbel  of  yellowish-white  flowers.  The  fertile  flowers  have  2  stj'les,  and 
are  usually  separated  from  the  barren,  on  difterent  plants.  Berries  bright  scarlet. 
Li  rocky  or  Lilly  woods.    June-August. 


224 


OiiDEK  05.— CORNELS. 


Order  LXY.     CORNACEJE.     Cornels. 

Trees  and  shrvhs^  seldom  herhs^  with  sim- 
ple, mostly  opposite  haves ;  with 

-Rowers  -1-parted,  arran<^ed  in  cymes ;  the  4 

petals  valvate  in  the  bud ;  and  with  the  4 

stamens  standing  on  the  top  of  the  2- 
celled 

ovarij^  which  is  adherent  to  the  calyx- 
tube  ;  styles  united ; 

fruit  a  1  or  2-seeded  drupe. 

Fig.  495.  Low  Cornel;  &,  the  4-Ieaved  involucre 
surrounding  the  head  of  flowens. 

Analysis  of  tlie  Genera. 

%  Flowers  perfect,  4-parted.     Petals  4.     Drupe  2-celled.  Corneil.  Cor.xrf?.  1 

§  Flowers  imperfect,   5-parted.     Petals  often  0.     Drupe  1-eelled.     Trees 

with  small,  green  flowers  in  side  clustei-s.    Fruit  plnm-like.    Tupelo.  Ntssa. 


CORNUS.     Cornel,    Dogwood. 


in  cymes.     Sepals,  petals. 


Trees,  shrubs,  or  perennial  herbs.    Flower; 
and  stamens  each  4,  with  a  double  pistil. 

§  Cymes  with  a  4-leaved  white  involucre.    Drupes  red Nos.  1,  2 

§  Cymes  naked  (no  involucre).    Leaves  mostly  alternate,  oval No.  3 

§  Cymes  naked  (no  involucre).     Leaves  all  opposite.    Flowers  white  (a) 

a  Twigs  and  cymes  pubescent.    Fruit  light  blue.     Shrubs  5-9f.   . . .  Nos.  4,  5 

a  Twigs  und  cymes  glabrous.     Leaves  white-downy  beneath Nos.  6,  1 

a  Twigs  and  cymes  glabrous.    Leaves  smooth,  taper-pointed Nos.  8,  9. 

1  0.  Oanaden'sis.    Loic  Cornel.    A  low  herb  in  damp  woods,  with  a  simple  stem  bearing 

2  opposite,  and  4  or  6  whorled  ovate  leaves.    May.,  June. 

2  C.  flor'ida.     Fiowerlr'a  Dogwood,.    A  small  tree  with  opposite  ovate  leaves.    Cymes 

compact,  leaves  of  the  involucre  obcordate,  large,  showy.    May. 

3  0.  alternifo'Iia.     Shrub  or  tree  8-20f.,  fiat-topped.    Drupes  blue-pnrple. 

4  O.  seric'ea.     Leaves  ovate-oblong,  silky-downy  beneath.    Sepals  lanceolate.    Common. 
C.  asperifo'lia.     Leaves  lance-oval,  scabrous  above.     Sepals  minute.    W.  and  S. 
0  C.  circina'ta.     Leaves  round-oval,  large.     Drupes  light  blue.    6-lOf.    June, 
7  C.  stolonif'era.    Bed  Osier.    Shoots  red  and  straight.    Leaves  broad  ovate,  acute. 
Drupes  lead-white.    Shrub  in  clump,  6-lOf.    E.  and  W.     May. 
8  C.  stricta.    Branches  erect,  brown.    Cyme  loose.    Anthers  and  fruit  blu  ish.    S. 
8  C.  panicula'ta.    Branches  gray.    Cymes  somewhat  panicled.    Fruit  white.    June. 


Order  66.— HONEYSUCKLES.  225 


COHORT    II. 

THE    GAMOPETALOUS   EXOGENS. 

Essentiiil  Character.  —  Flowering  plants  (Ph.enogamia) 
with  their  stems  growing  bj  additions  to  the  outside  in  lay- 
ers (ExoGENs),  their  seeds  inclosed  in  a  seed-vessel  or  pericarp 
(AngIospekms),  their  flowers  with  a  doable  perianth  and 
their  petals  united  (Monopetal^). 

Order  LXYI.   CAPRIFOLIACE^.    Honeysuckles. 

Shrubs  and  Tierbs^  often  twining,  with  opposite  leaves  ;  with 

■flowers  clustered  and  often  fragrant,  5-parted  and  often  irregular; 

corolla  monopetalous,  tubular  or  rotate  ; 

stamens  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  often  one  less  than  its  lobes ; 

ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx ;  style  1 ;  fruit  a  berry,  drupe,  or  capsule  ; 

embryo  small,  in  fleshy  albumen. 

Analysis  of  tlie  Genera. 

1  Corolla  tubular.    Stigma  capitate,  ou  a  slender  style. . .  .2 

1  Corolla  rotate,  deeply  5-lobed.    Stigmas  3,  rarely  5,  Fessile.    Shrubs.. . .c 

2  Herbs a 

2  Shrubs b 

a  Stamens  4,  capsule  3-celled.     A  trailing  evergreen.  Twin-floiver.  Linn^'a.  1 

a  Sta.  5,  drupe  bony,  3-5-celled.     Erect,  unbranched.        Fever-root.  Trios'teum. 

b  Cor.  bell-shaped,  reg'r.    Berry  glob.,  4-celled,  2-seeded.   Symphoricar'pus.  2 

b  Cor.  tubular,  lobes  unequal.     Berry  2-3-celled,  few  seeded,  c.    Lonice'ra.  3 

b  Corolla  funnel-shaped.     Capsule  2-celled,  many-seeded,    c.      Diervil'la.  4 

c  Leaves  pinnate.    Berry  globose,  pulpy,  3-seeded.  MJer.  Sambu'cus.  5 

c  Leaves  simple.     Drupe  flattish,  1-seeded.     Handsome  shrubs.  Vibur'num.  6 

1.  LINN^'A.  Twin-flower. 
Calyx  tube  ovate,  limb  5-parted,  deciduous,  with  2  bractlets  at  base. 
Corolla  bell-shaped,  limb  a  little  irregular,  5-lobed.  Stamens  4,  2  longer 
than  the  other  2.  Capsule  3-celled,  but  only  1-seeded,  2  of  the  cells  being 
empty.— A  trailing  evergreen  herb,  dedicated  to  Linnaeus,  the  fii-st  and 
greatest  of  botanists. 

10* 


226 


THE   FLORA. 


L.  borea-'lis.  The  only  species,  a  fine  little  plant,  found  in  moist  woods  in  cool  cli- 
mates. It  has  long,  thread-like,  creeping  stems,  rooting  at  the  joints,  the  up- 
right branches  about  3^  liigh.  Leaves  small,  roundish.  Flowers  in  pairs,  rose- 
colored,  nodding,  at  the  top  of  the  slender  stalk.    Jave. 

2.  SYMPHORICARTUS.    Snow  berry. 

Calyx  tube  globose,  limb  4-5-toothed.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  4-5-lobed, 
regular.  Stamens  4-5,  short.  Fruit  a  globose  berry,  4-celled  but  only 
2-seeded,  2  cells  being  empty. — Small  erect  shrubs  with  oval,  entire  leaves, 
rose-white  flowers  in  short  clusters. 

♦  Stamens  and  style  included  {i.  ^.,  not  longer  than  the  corolla) 1,  2 

*  Stamens  and  beai'ded  style  exserted  (extending  out  of  the  corolla) 3 

1  S.  racemo'sus.     Cult.     Fls.  in  loose,  leafy  racemes.     Berries  snow-white,  large. 

2  S.  occidenta'lis.    Wolf-berry.    Fls.  in  dense,  nodding  spikes.  Berries  white.  N.-W. 

3  S.  vulga'ris.     Goral-herry.     Fls.  in  axillary  heads.    Berries  red.     M.  S.  W. 


3.  LONICE'RA.     Honeysuckle. 


Calyx  tube  globular,  limb  5-toothed, 
very  short.  Corolla  tubular  or  funnel-form, 
iimb  5-cleft,  irregular  or  almost  regular. 
Stamens  5.  Ovary  2  or  3-celled.  Berry 
few-seeded. — Climbing  or  erect  shrubs, 
with  opposite  and  often  connate  leaves 
(that  is,  their  bases  growing  together 
around  the  stem),  entire  on  the  margins. 


S  Stem  climbing,  flowers  sessile,   whorled  (in 

pairs  in  one  species) a 

I  Stem   mostly    erect,    leaves    never    connate, 

flowers  in  pairs 2 

a  Upper  pair  or  pairs  of  leaves  united  (con- 
nate) at  base b 

a  Leaves  all  distinct,  corolla  ringent,     (In 
gardens  only. )....?,  8 
1)  Corolla  tube  gibbous  (swelled  out  on  one  side) 

at  base,  limb  ringent. . .  .5,  6 
b  Corolla  tube  equal  and  slender  (not  gibbous) 

at  the  base 1 

1  Corolla  ringent,  lower  lip  linear,  upper  4-lobed 2-4 

1  L.  sempervi'rens.     Trumpet  11.     Cor.  trumpet-shaped,  nearly  regular,  scarlet. 


Fi%.  496.  Trumpet  HoneysuckN 
Flowers  and  the  connate  leaves. 


Order  66.— HONEYSUCKLES.  227 


2  L.  flava.     Wild-ydlow  H.     Flowers  in  a  terminal,  2  (or  more)-whor!ed  spike,  pale 

yellow.     Leaves  glaucous.     W.  S. 

3  L.  grata.      Wi/d-siveet  H.     Fls.  in  terminal  and  axillary  whorls,  reddish  white. 

4  L.  Caprifo'lium.     Italian  H.     Fls.  in  a  single,  terminal  whorl,  red,  yel.,  and  v/hite. 

5  L.  parviflo'ra.     Sniall-fl.   H.     Leaves  oblong,  smooth  and  glaucous  beneath. 

Flowers  V  long,  yellowish  and  purplish,  or  crimson. 

6  L.  hirsu'ta.     Hairy  H.     Leaves   broad-oval,  hairy  and    downy,   green    (not 

glaucous).     Flowers  sulphur-yellow.     N. 

7  L.  Periclym'enum.      Woodbine  II.     Fls.  whorled,  capitate,  red  and  yellow,  sweet- 

scented.     Leaves  deciduous.     Berries  red.    t 

8  L.  Japon'icum.    Japan  11.     Flowers    in    pairs,    axillary,   sweet-scented,  deeply 

two-lipped,  reddish.     Leaves  evergreen,    t 

9  Corolla  gibbous  at  base,  lobes  more  or  less  irregular.     Wild 10-12 

9  L.  Tartar'icum.     Tartarian  H.      Corolla  scarcely   gibbous,   lobes   spreading, 

equal,  rose-color,  handsome.     Leaves  cordate,  obtuse,     f 

10  L.  cilia'ta.    Fly  H.     Corolla  lobes  short,  erect,  nearly  equal.     Berries  red. 

11  L.  oblongifo'lia.  Swamp  Fly  II.     Corolla  deeply  ringent.    Pedicels  long.    Berries 

double,  purple.     Shrub  3-4f.  high,  swamps.     N. 

12  L.  coBru'lea.    Biueberried  II.    Corolla  lobes  short,  subequal,  yellow.     Pedicels 

very  short.    Berries  double,  blue.     N. 

4.  DIERVIL'LA.     Bush  Honeysuckle. 

Calyx  tube  oblong,  limb  5-cleft.  Corolla  twice  as  long,  limb  5-cleft  and 
nearly  regular.  Stamens  5.  Capsular  fruit  2-celled,  many-seeded. — 
Small  erect  shrubs  with  opposite  leaves  and  axillary  flowers. 

D.  trif'ida.  Stem  about  2f.  high,  branching.  Leaves  ovate,  serrate,  ending  in  a 
long,  narrow  point.  Peduncles  1-3-flowered,  the  ovaries  slender,  about  luilf  as 
long  as  the  greenish-yellow  corolla.     Hedges  and  woods.    June. 

5.  SAMBU'CUS.     Elder. 

Calyx  small,  5-parted,  Corolla  regular,  rotate,  5-cleft  into  obtuse  lobes. 
Stamens  5.  Stigmas  sessile.  Berry  globose,  pulpy,  3-seeded. — Shrub« 
(5-  6f.  high)  or  perennial  herbs  with  pinnate  or  bi-pinnate  leaves.  Flowers 
(white)  in  cymes. 

S.  Canaden''sis.    Sweet  E.    Leaflets  7-11.    Cymes  flat.    Berries  dark-purple.    June, 
S.  pu'bens,    Red  E.    Leaflets  5-7.    Cymes  oblong,  pauicled.    Berries  red.     May. 


228  '^HE  FLORA. 


6.  VIBURNUM.     Viburnum. 


Calyx  superior,  small,  persistent.  Corolla  rotate,  limb  5-lobecl,  lobes 
obtuse.  Stamens  5.  Stigmas  1-3,  sessile.  Fruit  a  stony  nut  covered 
with  soft  pulp,  that  is,  a  drupe.  Shrubs  and  trees  with  simple  leaves. 
Flowers  white,  in  compound  fiat  cymes. 

§  Cj'mes  radiant,— the  outer  flowers  sterile  and  showy.    Lvs.  stipuled Nos.  1,  2 

§  C3'mes  not  radiant,— the  flowers  all  alike  perfect (a). 

a  Leaves  3-lobed.  palmately  .3-5-veiued,  with  setaceous  stipules Nos.  3,  4 

a  Leaves  not  lobed,— coarsely  toothed,  straight-veined.  Cyme  stalked.. Nos.  5-7 

— finely  and  sharply  serrate.     Cymes  sessile Nos.  8,  9 

—entire  or  nearly  so Nos.  10, 11.    Exotic, No.  12. 

1  V.  lantanoi'des.    Hobble  Bush.    A  handsome  shrub  some  3f.  high,  in  rocky  woods. 

Shoots  often  reclined  and  rooting  again.    Leaves  romid-cor.late,  serrate,  downy  on 
the  veins  and  petioles.     Cyme  sessile.    Drupes  ovate.    May. 

2  V.  Op'ulus.    High  Cranberry.    Shrub  8-12f.,  in  borders  of  woods,  all  smooth.    Leaves 

3-lobed,  3-veined.  rounded  at  base,  lobes  pointed.    Cymes  peduncled.    Fruit  bright 
red,  very  acid,  often  used  in  sauce.    June. 

Variety,  ro'seum.    S}(OW-ball.    Flowers  all  neutral,  in  globular  cymes.    Cult. 

3  V.  acerifo'Iium.    Dockmackie.    Leaves  subcordate,  3-veined,  lobes  pointed,  acutely  den- 

tate, downy  beneath.    Stamens  exserted.    Drupes  purple.    4-(>f.    \\^oods. 

4  V.  panciflo'rum.    Lvs,  5-veined  at  base.     Stamens  included.    Drupes  red.    Mts.   Rare. 

5  V.  denta'tum.    Arrow-wcod.    Shrub    8-12f.,  with    straight   shoots  and  branches,  all 

smooth.     Leaves  round-ovate,  acutely  toothed,   on  slender  petioles.    Fruit  blue, 
with  a  concave-convex  nut.    Damp  woods.    June. 

6  V.  pubes'cens.    Leaves  ovate,  broad-dentate,  hairy  beneath.     Shrub  2-3f. 

7  V.  moUe.     Poison  Haw.     Downy  throughout.     Leaves  broad-oval,  acute,  crenate- 

dentate.     Fruit  blue,  nut  grooved.    In  woods,  Ky.  to  Fla.     lOf.     May. 

8  V.  Lenta'go.    Sweel  Viburnum.    Tree  10-20f.,  in  rocky  woods.     Leaves  ovate    and 

long-pointed,  serrate  ;  petiole  long,  with  wavy  margins.    Fruit  at  last  glaucous- 
black,  oval,  eatable  when  ripe,  in  Autumn.    Flowers  in  June. 

9  V.  prunifo'lium.    Black  HauK    Sloe.    Tree  10-20f.,  common  in  hedges  and  woods. 

Leaves  shining,  ova".,  obtuse  or  barely  acute,  finely  serrulate  ;   petioles    short, 
scarcely  margined.    Fruit  oval,  green,  then  scarlet,  then  blue-black,  sweet.    May. 
Variety :    ferrugin'eum,  Possum  HaxL\  has  tasteless  drnpes.    Leaves  rusty 
beneath.     Southern. 

10  V.  nudum.    Leaves  oval  varying  to  oblong  and  lance-oval,  not  shining  ;  petioles  not 

winged.    Cymes  on  short  stalks.    Drupes  blue,  eatable.     10-20f.    April-June. 

11  V.  obova'tum.     Leaves  small  (1'  or  less),  obovate,  obtuse,  subsessile,  dotted.    Cymes 

many,  small,  sessile.    Fruit  black.     12f.    River  banks.    S     A'pril. 

12  V.  Tinus.    Lauristine.    Leaves  lance-ovate,  entire,  thick  anci  shining.    China. 


Order  67. -THE  MADDER  WORTS. 


229 


OHnF.K  LXA^II.   RUBIACE^.    The  Madderworts. 

Plants  witli  opposite,  sometimes  whorled,  entire  leaves ;  the 
stipules  between  tlie  petioles  ;  the  calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary; 
corolla  i-egnlar,  inserted  on  the  calyx  tube ; 
lumens  inserted  on  the  corolla  and  as  many  as  its  lobes; 
ovaries  2,  united  ;  with  the  2  styles  more  or  less  united. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

%  Leaves  whorled.     Herbs  with  square  stems a 

§  Leaves  opposite,  with  small  stipules  between  the  petioles..  ..2 

2  Herbs,  with  the  flowers  habitually  4-parted 3 

2  Shrubs  or  trees d 

3  Fb.  twin  (always  in  pairs) b 

3  Flowers  single  (not  twin) c 

a  Flowers  5-parted.     Fruit  twin, 

fleshy,  berry-like.    Madder.  Ru^bia. 
a  Flowers  4-parted.  Fruit  twin,  dry, 

separable  nuts.   Bedstraw.  Gallium. 
b  Two  fls,  on  one  ovary.  Creeping 

stems.  Partridge-herry .  Mitchel''la. 
c  Carpels  2,  1-seeded,  both  never  open- 
ing.    Fls.  axillary,  solitary,    Dio'dia. 
c  Carp.  2,  1-seeded,  one  never  opening. 

Fls.  axillary,  clustered.    Spermaco''ce. 
c  Carpels    2,    few-seeded.     Corolla 

much  exserted.       BlueU.  Housto''nia. 
c  Carpels  2,  many-seeded.     Cor.  scarce 
exserted.       Greenhead.  Or-DENLAN''DiA. 
d  Flowers  4-parted,  in  globular 

hds.    Button-hush.  Cephalan'tuus. 
d  Fls.  5-parted,  cymes  radiant 

with  scarlet  sepals.  S.     Pinckne'ya. 

1.  MITCHEL'LA.     Partridge-berry. 

Flowers  2  on  each  double  ovary.  Ca- 
lyx 4-parted.  Corolla  funnel-shaped, 
hairy  within.  Stamens  4,  short,  insert- 
ed on  the  corolla.  Stigmas  4.  Berries 
composed  of  the  2  united  ovaries,     Jn. 


Fig.  497.  Mitchella  repens,  whole 
plant,  witli  flowers  and  fruit  a,  cross- 
section  of  the  douMe  fruit,  showing  the 
two  ovaries. 


230  THE  FLORA. 


M,  re'pens.    Common  in  woods.    Leaves  round-ovate.     Flowers  white  or  pinkish. 
Berries  red,  remaining  through  the  winter. 

2.  IIOUSTO'NIA.     Bluets. 

Calyx  tube  round  egg-sliaped,  4-cleft,  persistent.  Corolla  tubular,  mncL 
c  seceding  the  calyx,  limb  4-lobed,  spreading,  filaments  4,  on  the  corolla. 
Style  1.  Capsule  2-lobed,  half-free.— Herbs.  Stipules  connected  to  the 
petiole.     Flowers  never  yellow. 

§  Corolla  salver-form,  glabrous.    Peduncles  1-flowered a 

§  Corolla  funnel-form.     Peduncles  raany-fiowered,  cymous b 

a  Flowers  terminal.     Small,  delicate  herbs 1,  2 

a  Flowers  axillary.     Small,  delicate  herbs 3,  4 

b  Leaves  lance-ovate.     Cymes  terminal. . .  .5 
b  Leaves  lance-linear.     Cymes  terminal 6,  7. 

1  H.  coeru'lea.     Dwarf  Pinlc.     Stems  very  numerous,  upright,  3-6'.     Root  leave* 

ovate-spatulate.     Flowers  pale  blue.     May^  June. 

2  H.  serpyllifo'lia.    Thyme-kaved  B.    Stems  thread-form,  decumbent,  6-12'.     Leaves 

round-ovate,  petiolate,  fringed.     Flowers  on  long  stalks,  pale.     S. 

3  H.  min'una.     Tiny  B.     Leaves  linear-spatulate.     Stems  1-3'  high.     Prairies. 

4  H.  rotundifo'Iia.     Round-leaved  B.     Lvs.  roundish.     Stems  2-5'.     S.     Mts, 

5  H.  purpu'rea.    Prairie  Innocence.   Stems  upright,  much  branched.  If,  with  numer- 
ous clusters  of  roseate  or  white,  very  delicate  flowers.     W.  S. 

6  H.  loiigifo'lia.     Long-leaved    I.      Stems  4-10',   erect.     Leaves  oval-elliptic, 

narrowed  to  end. 

7  H.  angustifo'Ua.     Narrow-leaved  I.     Stems  l-2f.  erect.     Lvs.  linear.     FlowerB 

numerous.     W.  S. 


Order  LXX.— COMPOS'ITJS.     Asterworts. 

An  immense  family  of  herls  or  shrubby  plants^  with  compound  flowers^ 
that  is,  ih-Qjioioers  {or  florets)  collected  into  close  heads  upon  a  common 
receptacle,  and  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  many  bracts  (called  scales)^ 
with  5  stamens  which  have  their  anthers  united  into  a  tube  around  the 
style,  with  the  calyx  tube  closely  adhering  to  the  1 -celled  ovary  (an  ache- 
nium  in  fruit),  and  the  calyx  limb  crowning  the  ovary  in  the  form  of  a 
fappus  consisting  of  scales,  awns,  bristles,  or  hairs,  or  else  entirely  want- 
ing; the  corolla  consisting  of  5  united  petals,  either  strap-shaped  (ligulate 
or  tubular,  and  the  style  2-cleft  at  the  top. 

In  this  Order  the  pupil  will  remember  that  the  heads  are  called  radiate.^ 
when  the  outer  florets  only  liave  rays  or  are  ligulate  (see  Fig.  498) ;  radi- 


Order  70.— ASTERWORTS. 


231 


ant,  when  all  the  florets  areligiilate  (Fig.  504) ;  discoid.,  when  all  the  florets 
are  tubular,  there  being  no  rays  (Fig.  509).  The  receptacle  is  the  broad 
top  of  the  stalk  on  which  the  florets  sit  (Fig.  499).  It  is  chaffy  when  there 
are  scales  or  bracts  growing  among  the  florets,  and  naked  when  none. 

The  tubular  florets  constitute  the  disk,  and  the  ligulate,  if  any,  the  ray  ; 
the  disk  is  generally  yellow,  while  the  ray  is  about  as  often  cyanic  (that  is, 
blue,  red,  white,  or  any  color  except  yellow)  as  yellow. 


Fig  408.  A  Sunflower,— head  radiate.  9.  Vertical  secition  of  the  head,  showing  the  scales  of 
the  involucre,  and  a  sinde  disk-flower  remaining  u[»on  the  convex  receptacle.  Fig.  5u0.  A  per- 
fect di^k-flnwer  magnified,  showing  the  achenium,  the  2  awns  of  the  pappus,  the  5-to()thed  tu- 
bular corolla,  the  5  stamens  united  around  tiie  bmnclied  style,  and  the  chaflF-scale  at  base.  1.  Head 
(ladiatc)  of  Solidago  csesia,  2.  A  pistillate,  ligulate  flower  of  the  ray.  3.  A  perfect  disk-flower. 
4  A  (nidiaiit)  head  of  Dandelion.  5.  A  perfect,  ligulate  flower.  G.  Achenium,  with  its  Ions 
beak  and  feathery  pappus.  7.  A  (radiant.)  head  of  Nabalus  altissimus.  S.  A  flower.  9  L  'ppn 
(Burd  ck),  head  discoid.  10.  A  flower.  11.  One  of  the  hooked  scales.  12.  A  (di.-<coid)  head  <if 
Enpatorium  purpureum.  Vi.  A  flower.  14  Ambrosia  (Pigweed).  15.  Staminato  head  enlarged. 
16.  Pistlllat  ■  iavolucre  enlarged.    17.  The  fertile  flower. 


232  THE  FLORA. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

Sub-order  First,  TUBULIFLOR^, 

having  all  the  perfect  flowers  tubular  (§  05),  the  ligulate  flowers,  if  any,  imperfect. 

§  Heads  of  flowers  radiate,  with  yellow  rays. . .  .2 

§  Heads  of  flowers  radiate,  the  rays  not  yellow. . .  .8 

§  ]Jead8  of  flowers  discoid  (no  rays).  These  genera,  about  50  in  number,  such  as 
the  Tansy,  Wormwood,  Bonesei,  Jronweed  (Figs.  248-250),  Everlasting,  Burdock 
(Fig.  509),  Thistle,  Hogweed  (Fig.  514),  and  even  Bachelor'' s-hutton,  are  all,  for 
want  of  room,  omitted.    (See  Class  Book  of  Botany,  p.  410,  &c.) 

2  Leaves  alternate  or  scattered  on  the  leafy  stems. . .  .4 

2  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled  on  the  stems,  or  all  radical 6 

3  Leaves  alternate  or  scattered  on  the  leafy  stem. . .  .7 
3  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled  on  the  leafy  stem....x 
3  Leaves  all  radical  and  the  flowers  on  a  scape y 

4  Eeceptacle  chafi"y  (with  bracts  growing  among  the  florets) ...  .5 

4  Eeceptacle  with  deep,  horny  cells,  like  a  honeycomb,.., e 

4  Eeceptacle  not  cliafi"y,  flat  or  merely  convex a 

4  Eeceptacle  not  chafi'y,  conical  or  globular. . .  .f 

5  Eays  sterile,  disk  fertile.     Eeceptacle  conical  or  columnar. . .  .g 

5  Eays  sterile,  disk  fertile.  Eeceptacle flattish.  Fruit  flattened  on  the  sides. . .  .h 

5  Eays  fertile,  disk  sterile.  Eeceptacle  flat.  Fruit  flattened  same  way  as  scales . . .  .* 

6  Eeceptacle  chafi'y.     Eays  sterile,  disk  fertile o 

6  Eeceptacle  chafi'y.     Eays  fertile,  disk  sterile p 

6  Eeceptacle  chaffy.     Eays  fertile,  disk  perfect q 

6  Eeceptacle  naked  or  destitute  of  chafi'y  scales m 

7  Eeceptucle  not  chaffy,  naked  of  scales 8 

7  Eeceptacle  chafi'y  with  scales  among  the  florets.  Lvs.  finely  divided. . .  .v 
7  Eeceptacle  chaffy  with  scales,  &c.     Lvs.  undivided,  merely  toothed.... w 

8  Pappus  of  numerous  bristly  hairs ...  .9 

8  Pappus  of  2  or  3  awns  and  minute  hairs.     Glabrous  plants t 

8  Pappus  wholly  wanting,  or  only  a  membranous  margin. . .  .u 

9  Involucre  of  unequal  scales,  imbricated  in  several  rows 10 

9  Livolucre  scales  nearly  equal,  narrow,  and  almost  in  one  row....t 

10  Pappus  simple,  the  bristly  hairs  abundant  and  about  equal r 

10  Pappus  double,  the  outer  row  of  hairs  extremely  short s 

a  Involucre  scales  imbricated  in  several  rows b 

a  Involucre  not  imbricated,  the  outer  scales  very  short  or  none  Sene'cio. 
a  Invol,  not  inibr,,  ouf  er  scales  equal  to  the  inner.  Marigold.  Calen^dula. 
a  Involucre  not  imbricated,  outer  scales  longer  than  inner.    S.    Gaillar'dia 

b  Pappus  simple,  the  bristles  all  equal  and  of  one  kind o 

b  Pappus  double,  the  outer  very  short  and  cliaffy.  Lvs.  entire,  W,  S,  CHRysop''8i3 

b  Pappus  double  in  the  disk,  none  in  the  rays.     Lvs.  toothed.  S,  Heterothe'ca 


OiiDEii  70.— ASTERWORTS.  233 


c  Heads  small,  rays  few  (2-15) d 

c  Heads  quite  liir^re,  rays  narrow,  about  30.     Tall.     c.      Elecarhpane.  In'ula. 
d  Pappus  scaly,  very  short.     Koot  Ivs.  cordate.    Eays  4  or  5.   S.    Brachtch^'ta. 
d  Pappus  abundant  bristly  hairs.     Root  Ivs.  not  cordate.     Goldenrod.  Solida''go.  1 
d  Pup.  of  a  single  row  of  equal  bristly  hairs.     Ped.  long,  slender.   S.   Isopap'pcs. 

e  Involucre  about  4-rowed.     Rays  20-30.     Head  solitary.     S.       Baldwin'ia. 

e  Involucre  about  2-rowed.  Rays  8-10.  Heads  corynibed.  S.  A()tinosper''mi:m, 
£  Ray  florets  pistillate.    Leaves  decurrent.  Sneezeivoti.  Hele''nium. 

f  Ray  florets  neutral.  False  Sneezeuort.  Leptop''oda. 

g  Fruit  (achenia)  4-angled.     Heads  large,  showy.      Cone-flower.  Rudbeck'ia. 

g  Fruit  flattened,  winged.     Heads  showy.     Rays  droop.     W.  S.    Lep'achys. 
h  Achenia  wingless.     Pappus  of  2  deciduous  scales.         Sunflower.  Helian'thus.  2 
h  Achenia  winged.     Pappus  of  2  persistent  awns.  Lvs.  often  decurrent.     W. 

Eag-Sunfloiver.  Actinom'eris. 

k  Achenia  wingless,  in  more  than  1  row.     Coarse  herbs  with  large  heads. 

M.  W.     Leaf-cup.  Sil'phium. 

k  Ach.  winged,  in  only  1  row.    Small,  with  middling  lids.  S.   Bkrlandie'ra. 

m  Stems  leafy,  erect,  about  2f.  (or  l-3f.)  high n 

m  Stemless  plants,  leaves  radical,  appearing  after  heads.    CoW 8-foot.  Tcssila^go. 

n  Scales  5,  united  in  1  row.     Leaves  pinnate,        French  Marigold.  Tage''tes. 

n  Seal,  in  2  rows,  the  out.  united.  Lvs.  pinn.  W.  S.  False  Dog -fennel.  Dyso'dia. 

n  Scales  in  1  or  2  rows,  all  distinct.     AV.  S.  Arnica.  Ar'nica. 

o  Involucre  imbricated  in  3  or  more  rows  of  scales.  Sunflower.  Helian^thus.  2 

o  luvol.  2-rowed.    Pappus  of  downwardly  hispid  awns.    Burr.  Marigold.  Bi'dens.  3 
o  Invol.  2-rowed.     Pappus  upwardly  hispid  if  at  all.     Tick  Sunflower.  Coreop'sis.  4 

p  Achenia  wingless.    Rays  .5-12.    Herbs  viscid,  2-lOf.  high.    S.    Poltm'nia. 

p  Achenia  wingless.    Rays  5.   Herbs  2-10'' high,  at  first  stemless.    Flowers 
early  in  Spring.     W.  S.  Chrysog'onum. 

p  Achenia  broadly  winged.     Rays  12-25.     Coarse,  tall  herbs.     M.  S.  W. 

Eesin  W^ed,  Polar  Plant.  Sil''phium. 
q  Herbs  3-6f.  high.  Rays  1-5.  Reccpt.  flat.  S.-W.  Grown  Beard.  Verbesi^na. 
q  Herbs  2-3f.  high.  Rays  6-9.  Receptacle  convex.  S.-W.  Tetragonothe^ca. 
q  Herbs  2-6f.  high.  Rays  10-15.  Recept.  conical.  False  Sunflower.  Heliop'sis. 
q  Shrubs  3-lOf.  high,  with  solitary  heads.     S.  BoRRicn''iA. 

r  Ach.  very  silky,  biggest  at  top.   Rays  about  5.    False  Aster.  Sericocar''pus. 

r  Achenia  smooth  or  smoothish,  flattened.     Rays  6-100.        Starwort.  Aster.  5 
s  Wild  plants  l-4f.  high,  with  middle-sized  heads  (about  I'' broad).  Diplopap'pus. 
s  Garden  plants  l-2f  high,  with  very  large  heads.       China  Aster.  Callis'tefhus. 

t  Herbs  2-3f.  high,  very  smooth.    Leaves  lanceolate,  entire.  W.    Bolto'nia. 

t  Herbs  i-9f  high,  hairy  or  rough.  Rays  20-200.  White-weed.  Ekig'eron. 
u  Involucre  broad  and  flattish.  Pappus  0.  Rays  white.  Ox-eye.  Leucan''themum. 
u  Involucre  hemispherical.  Pappus  a  membranous  margin.  Cult.  Pyre'thuum. 
a  Involucre  hemispherical.  Pappus  0.  Lvs.  lobed.  Cultivated.  CnRYSAN''TnEMUM. 
u  Inv.  bell-shaped.  Pappus  0.  Lvs.  entire.  Rays  violet-purp.  W.  f  Daisy.  Bel'us. 


234  THE  FLORA. 


V  Disk  florets  yellow,  perfect.     Eays  pistillate.  Camomile.  Anthem'is. 

V  Disk  florets  yellow,  perfect.     Eiiys  neutral.  May-meed.  Maru'ta. 

V  Disk  florets  white,  perfect.  Rays  pistillate.  Yarrow.  Achil'lea. 
w  Rays  short,  white,  3  or  4.  W.  S.  Groivn-beard.  Verbesi'na. 
w  Rays  very  short,  white,  5,  ear-shaped.  W.  M.  Parthe^nium. 
w  Rajs  very  lar^e,  purple,  pendulous.                   Purple  Cone-flower.  Echina'cea. 

X  Leaves  pinnately  divided.    Inner  involucre  of  8  united  scales,  f    Dah'lia. 

X  Leaves  simple.     Receptacle  conical  with  large  chaff,     f  Zin'nia. 

X  Leaves  simple.     Receptacle  flat.     Rays  rose-color.      Tick-seed.  Coreop'sis. 

X  Leaves  simple.    Receptacle  flat.     Rays  white,  short.    W.  Eclip'ta. 

)•  Heads  in  corymbs.     Disk  florets  regularly  5-toothed.     r.  Nardos'mia. 

y  Heads  solitary.     Disk  florets  regularly  5-toothed.     S,  Dauy.  Bel'lis. 

y  Hds.  solitary.    Disk  flts.  2-lipped,  outer  iip  8-toothed,  inner  2.    S.    Chapta'lia. 

Sub-order  Second,  LIGULIFLOR^, 
having  all  the  florets  ligulate  (§06)  and  perfect,  i.  e.,  the  heads  radiant. 

2  Flowers  bright  yellow 3 

2  Flowers  cream-color  or  purplish 5 

2  Flowers  blue.     Stems  leafy,  erect e 

3  Pappus  none.     Involucre  of  about  8  equal  scales. ..  .a 

3  Pappus  double,  the  outer  of  scales,  inner  of  bristles b 

3  Pappus  wholly  of  feathery  bristles f 

3  Pappus  wholly  of  hair-like  bristles,  generally  abundant 4 

4  Fruit  bearing  the  pappus  on  its  slender  beak c 

4  Fruit  not  lengthened  into  a  beak,  pappus  sessile d 

5  Pappus  consisting  of  equal,  feather-like  bristles f 

5  Pappus  of  simple,  hair-like  bristles,  abundant g 

a  Leaves  all  alternate.     Heads  pauicled.     r.  Kippleivort.  Lampsa'na. 

a  Leaves  partly  opposite.     Heads  solitary  or  umbeled.     Pappus  0.    S.    Apo'oon. 

b  Leaves  all  radical,  pinnatifld-toothed.     Pappus  scales  5,  with 

5  bristles,     c.  Dwarf  Dandelion.  Krig^ia. 

b  Lvs.  all  or  mostly  rad.,  seldom  pinn.  Pap.  seal,  and  bribt.  many.  Ctn'thia. 
c  Stemless  leaves  runcinate.     Pappus  white.  Dandelion.  Tarax''acum:. 

o  Stems  leafy  or  not.     Pappus  reddish  or  tawny.     S.  Pyrrhopap'pus. 

c  Stems  leafy,  leaves  runcinate.     Pappus  silky-white,     c.  Lettuce.  Lactu'ca. 

d  Pappus  brownish.     Stems  mostly  leafy,  with  many  heads,     c. 

Hazvkweed.  Hiera^'cium. 

d  Pap.  silky  wl lite.    Stemless ;  scapes  each  with  one  head.    W.    Trox^imon. 

d  Pappus  silky  white.  Stems  bear  prickly  leaves,  c.  Sow  Thistle.  Son'chus. 
e  Pappus  of  many  small  scales.     Branched  stems  2f.  high.     Heads  axillary, 

large.     Common.     Eastward.  Succory.  Cicho''rium:. 

e  Pappus  of  many  hair-like  bristles.     3-8f.  Blue  Lettuce.  Mulge^dium, 

f  Leaves  on  the  stem  linear,  entire.   Purpl.  t   Vegetable  Oyster.  Tragopo'gun. 

i  Leaves  all  radical,  toothed.    Flowers  yellow.     Fruit  taper-beaked. 

Hawhbit.  Leon'todon. 


Order  70.— ASTERWORTS. 


235 


g  Ach.  with  a  long  beak,  pap.  silk- wliite.  Heads  erect,  c.   JVi I'/  Lettuce.  Lactv'cx 
g  Acheuiu  not  beaked,  pappus  diiU-wiiite.,  lid.-.  ikkI.  c.  I)rQp-flow<r.  N.\b'alus    10 
g  Aehenia  not  lieaked,  i)ap.  duU-wiii'e;    Jlds.  erect,  piu'i  le.    S.  r.    Lyoode.s'.mkv 


521  523  519  520  51S  vfl 

Achenia  of  Asterworts.  showins:  the  varying  pappus.     Fig.  518.    Acheninin  <if  Eclipta,  r,o, 
pappus.     Fig.  519.  Horseweed  {Ambrosia  trijid a).      Fig.  520.   Sunflower;    pappus  2   teeth 
Fig.  521.  Ageratum,— 5  scales.    Fig.  522.  Blue  Lettuce,— many  hair-like  bristles.    Fig.  523.  Wllcl 
Lettuce,  pappus  raised  on  a  beak. 

1.  SOLID A'GO.  Goldenrod. 
Heads  few-flowered,  tlie  rays  1-15,  pistillate,  disk  florets  perfect.  In- 
volucre oblong,  imbricate,  with  close-pressed  scales.  Receptacle  alveo- 
late, narrow.  Pappus  simple,  of  equal,  hair-like,  rougli  bristles. — Herbs, 
very  abundant  in  the  United  States.  Stem  erect,  branching  near  the  top. 
Leaves  alternate.  Heads  small,  florets  all  yellow  (in  S.  bicolor,  whitish), 
opening  from  August  to  October.     (See  Figs.  501-503.) 

IF  Shrub  woody,  l-3f,  high.     Heads  with  1-3  rays.     S 1 

H  Herbs.     Heads  without  rays  (discoid).     S 2,3 

^  Herbs.     Heads  witli  rays  (1-15,  generally  small) a 

a  Scales  of  the  involucre  with  recurved,  leafy,  green  tips. . .  .4,  5 
a  Scales  of  the  involucre  erect,  tips  scarcely  at  all  green.... b 
b  Heads  (white  or  yellow)  in  axillary,  close  clusters  or  short  racemes. . .  .6-9 

b  Heads  in  terminal  racemes  forming  a  close  or  a  spreading  panicle c 

b  Heads  in  terminal  compound  corymbs n 

c  Racemes  erect,  not  one-sided.     Leaves  feather-veined.. .  .d 
c  Racemes  spreading  or  recurved,  the  flowers  all  on  one  side. . .  .f 
d  Alpine  species  (growing  only  on  moimtains).     Heads  quite  large 10-12 


d  Not  alpine — growing  in  plains  or  low  grounds.  Heads  not  large  . . 
e  Plants  very  smooth,  at  least  the  stem  and  leaves.  Rays  4-7. . , 
e  Plants  downy  or  hoary  with  very  close  soft  hairs.     Rays  9-12. 

t  Lraves  ^  or  1-veined.     Very  smooth  salt-marsh  \  erbs 18, 19 

f  Leaves  evidently  3-veined.     Herbs  inland,  &c. . ,  .g 

f  Leaves  not  veiny,  thick,  subcutive 27-29 

f  Leaves  evidently  feather-veined,  mostly  serrate     ..k 


.0. 

.13-15 
...16,17 


236  THE  FLORA. 


g  Leaves  entire  or  very  nearly  so. . .  .20,  21 

g  Leaves  serrate.     Stem  smooth  and  glabrous 22-24 

g  Leaves  serrate.    Stem  roughish-pubescent 25,  26 

k  Stem  downy  or  hairy.     Leaves  rough  or  not. . .  .30-32 

k  Stem  smooth  and  glabrous.     Leaves  smooth  or  rough m 

m  Kays  6-12.     Kacemes  close,  forming  a  compact  panicle. . .  .38-40 
m  Eays  6-12.     Eacemes  distant,  loosely  or  scarcel}'- panicled..  ..36,  37 
m  Kays  2-5.    Eacemes,  or  the  panicle,  long  and  slender 83-35 

Ji  Leaves  lanceolate,  large.     Stem  smooth 44-46 

n  Leaves  lanceolate,  large.     Stem  rough-downy. . .  .41-43 

n  Leaves  linear,  entire.     Stems  much  branched,  smoothish. . .  .47,  48 

I  S.  pauclflosculo'sa.     SJiruhby  Goldenrod.     Bush  2f.  high,  very  smooth,  with 

lanceolate  leaves  and  the  5-flowered  heads  in  erect,  panicled  racemes.     S. 

2  S.  discoi'dea.    Rayless  G.    Disk  florets  10-15.    Eacemes  erect,  panicle  slender.    S. 

3  S.  brachj-phyl'la,    Chajjman''s  Q.    Florets  5-7.    Eacemes  spreading,  one-sided.    S. 

4  S.  squarro'sa.     Bagged  S.     Eays  10-15.     Scales  stiff,  with  spreading,  green 

tips.     Heads  large.     N. 

5  S.  squarrulo'sa.     Rough,   S.      Eays  6-10.     Scales  awl-shaped,  with  slender, 

loose  tips.     S. 

6  S.  bi'color.    Creamy  S.     Eays  about  8,  creamy-white.    Plant  hairy.    Lvs.  elliptic. 

7  S.  Buck'lyi.    Buckly''s  S.     Eays  4-6,  yellow.     Plant  woolly.    Leaves  oblong.     S. 

8  S.  latifo'lia.    Broad-leaved  S.     Eays  yellow.     Plant  smoothish.     Leaves  broad 

lanceolate,  coarse-toothed.     Seed  downy,     c. 

9  S.  cas'sia.    Polished  S.    Eays  yellow.     Plant  smooth  and  glaucous.    Lvs.  lin. -lance- 

olate.   Stem  flexuous,  tall,  slender.    A  beautiful  Goldenrod.    Woods,    c. 
10  S.  thyrsoi'dea.      Thyrse   G.     Leaves  ovate,  long-stalked.     Tall,   l-8f.  high. 
Heads  large.     Coarse,  showy.    In  mountain  woods. 

II  S.  Virgau'rea.    True  G.     Leaves  oval,  short-stalked.     Low,  2-3' high.    Heads 

about  SO-flowered,  few,  often  only  one. 
12  S.  hum'ilis.  i/b;/w^c/m  (7.  Lvs.  oblaneeolate.  High  6-12'.  Heads  about  12-flwd. 

13  S.  virga'ta.      Virgate  G.     Heads  all  in  one  raceme  at  top. 

14  S.  stric'ta.     Upright  G.     Heads  in  a  panicle,  which  is  narrow  and  erect. 

15  S.  specio'sa.    Showy  G.     Heads  in  a  thyrse-like  panicle,  large  and  very  showy. 

■     Pedicels  shorter  than  the  involucre,  pubescent.     Leaves  very  broad. 

16  S.  vema.     Early  S.     Whitish-downy.     Lower  leaves  ovate.    May^June.   S. 

17  S.  puber'ula.     Dusty  S.     Dusty-puberulent.     Lower  leaves  oblanceolate. 

Panicle  long,  compound,  dense.     Scales  acute.     Aug.     N. 

18  S.  sempervi'rens.     Eoergreen  S.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  thick,  obscurely  3-veined.      E. 

19  S.  angustifo'lia.    Karrow-lv.  S.    Lvs.  lance-lin.    1-veined,  thick.    Hds.  small.    S 

20  S.  nemora'lis.     WoodS.    Plant  dusty,  roughish.    Lvs.  acute.    Eays  showy,    e 

21  S.  rupes'tris.  Rock  S.    Plant  smooth.    Lvs.  acuminate.    Eays  very  short.  W 

22  S.  Missotirien'sis.     Missourie  G.     St.  l-2f.     All  glabrous.     Panicle  dense.     W 

23  S.  sero'tina.     Late  G.     Stem  3-6f.     Leaf  veins  hairy  beneath.    Panicle  looso- 

24  S.  gigan'tea.     Giant  G.     Stem  8-8f.    Branchlets  hairy.    Leaves  lanceolate 


Order  70.— ASTERWORTS.  237 


25  S.  Canaden'sls.     Canada  G.     Leaves  pointed,  rongli.     Panicle  broad,     c. 

26  S.  Short^ii.  Shorfs  G.  Leaves  acute,  very  smooth.  Panicle  long,  narrow.  "W, 

87  S.  pilo'sa.    Hairy  S.     Hairy,  4-7f.  high.    Leaves  remotely  serrnhite.  N.-J.     S. 

28  S.  odo'ra.    Sweet  S.    Stem  downy  in  lines,  slender,  2-8t'.  high.     Leaves  very  en- 

tire, smooth,  punctate  with  pellucid  dots.     Fragrant,     c. 

29  S.tortifo'lia.    Twut-lv.S.    Stemrougli.    Lvs.  often  twisted,  not  punctate.    S. 

30  S.  altis'sima.  Tall  S.  Stem  liairy,  4-6f.  Lvs.  veiny,  rough.  Scales  acute.  <7. 
81  S.Tirammon'dai.  Drummo lid's  S.  Stem  l-2f.  Lvs.  velvety.  Scales  obtuse.  W 
S'2  S.  rad'ula.     Easp-lu.  S.     Stem  rough-downy.     Lvs.  oblong-spatulate.     VV. 

83  S.  ulmifo'lia.     Elm  S.     Branchlets  hairy.     Scales  acute.     Eays  3  or  4,  disk  flow- 

ers 3  or  4.     N.  W. 

84  S.  Boot^ii.    BooWs  S.     Branchlets  Iruiry.     Scales  obtuse.    Eays  2-.'>,  disk  flowera 

8-12.     S. 

85  S.  Unoi'des.    Flax  S.     Smooth  all  over.     Scales  obtuse.     Eays  1-4.     12-20^     N. 

36  S.  Muhlenber''gu.     Muhlenberg'' s  S.     Lvs.  large,  thin,  notched,  smooth  both 

sides.     Heads  15-flowered.     N. 

37  S.  patella.     Spreading  S.     Lvs.  large,  thick,  very  rough  on  the  upper  side. 

Stem  2-4f,  branches  leafy.     Heads  20-flowered.     N. 

88  S.  ellip'tica.     Marsh  S.     Very  leafy.      Lvs.  elliptic.     Panicle  dense,  pyramidal, 

89  S.  argu'ta.     Saw-lv.  C.     Leaves  few,  elliptic,  sharply  serrate.     Panicle  spreading. 
40  S.  neglec'ta.     Neglected  S.    Leaves  few,  serrate,  lin. -lanceolate.    Panicle  narrow. 

41  S.  Ohien'sis.    Ohio  S.   Smooth  all  over.    Lvs.  obtuse,  flat.    Corymbed.     W. 

42  S.  RiddeFlii.     RiddeWs  S.   Branches,  &c.,  dust-downy.   Lvs.  acute,  concave. 

Heads  corymbed.     W. 

43  S.  corymbo^sa.     Corymbed  S.     Branches  corymbed,  hirsute.    Outer  secund. 
44  S.  Houghto'nii.   Houghton''s  S.  Hds.  few,  very  large.  Otherwise  like  No.  41.  N.-W. 
45S.  rig'ida.     Stiff  S.     Lvs.  rigid.     Heads  very  large.     Scales  obtuse.    Height  3-5f. 
46  S.  Spithamae'a.    Dwarf  S.     Leaves  thin,  sharp-serrate.     Scales  acute.     Height 

6-12'.     Mountains.     S. 

47  S,  lanceola'ta.     Lance-lv.   S.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate,   3-5-veined,     Eays 

minute,  about  17.     Corymbs  crowded,  fragrant,    c. 

48  S.  tenuifo'lia.    Linear-h.  S.    Leaves  narrow-linear,  one-veined.     Eays  short, 

about  10.     More  slender,  with  thinner  clusters,    c. 

2.  HELTA N'THUS.     Sunflower. 

Heads  many-flowered,  rays  neutral,  disk-florets  perfect.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  in  several  rows,  more  or  less  imbricated.  Torus  flat  or  convex, 
the  chaff  persistent,  embracing  the  4-sided,  flattened  achenia.  Pappus  of 
2  chatfy  awns,  deciduous. — Herbs,  mostly  2^,  rough.  Leaves  opposite,  the 
upper  often  alternate,  mostly  3-veined.  Heads  mostly  large,  the  disk 
from  half  an  inch  to  If.  broad.  Rays  yellow,  disk  yellow  or  purple.  July-' 
O'lt.     (Figs.  498,  &c.) 


238  THE  FLORA.. 


§  Disk  with  its  corollas  and  pales  dark  purple a 

§  Disk  with  its  corollas  and  pales  yellow c 

a  Herbs  annual.     Leaves  chiefly  alternate 1,  2 

a  Herbs  perennial.     Leaves  opposite b 

b  Scales  of  the  involucre  acuminate 3-5 

b  Scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse 6,  7 

c  Leaves  chiefly  alternate  and  feather-veined 8-11 

c  Leaves  chiefly  opposite  and  3-veined  or  triple- veined. .  ..d 

d  Scales  of  involucre  erect,  closely  imbricated e 

d  Scales  loosely  spreading.    Heads  large,  9-15-rayed f 

d  Scales  loosely  spreading.     Heads  small,  5-8-rayed.... 22-25 

e  Plants  green,  rough 12,  13 

e  Plants  whitish,  downy 14,  15 

f  Scales  lance-linea.r,  longer  than  disk.     Leaves  thin ...  .16,  17 
f  Scales  lance-ovate,  as  long  as  the  disk.    Leaves  thick 18-21 

1  H.  an'nuus.     Common.  S.     Stout  and  tall  (3-lOf.).      Heads    large    6-10  across, 

nodding.     Achenia  (seeds)  glabrous.     A  variety  has  all  the  flowers  ligulate. 

2  H.  deb'ilis.    Slender  S.     Slender,  decumbent.     Heads  small.     Seeds  downy.     S. 

3  H.  Rad'ula.  Basp-h\  S.  Leaves  roundish,  rough,  obtuse.  Kays  7-10  or  none.  S. 

4  H.  heterophyrius.    Leaves  oval,  lanceolate,  &c.    Kays  12-18.    Pales  acute.    S. 

5  H.  angustifo'lius.     Leaves  lance-linear,  pointed.     Pales  3-toothed.     N.-J.     S. 

6  H.  rigidus.     Eigid  S.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  pointed.   Scales  ovate,  acute.  Ks.    12-20.  W. 

7  H.  atrorubens.     Livid  S.     Leaves  ovate,  obtusish.     Scales  oblong,  obtuse.     S. 

8  H.  gigan'teus.     Tall  S.     Hairy,  rough.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate,  e. 

9  H.  tomento'sus.  Velvets.    Very  downy.  Lower  lvs.  ovate,  nearly  entire.  W.  S. 

10  H.  grosse-serra'tus.    Coarse-toothed  S.    Stem  smooth.     Leaves  lance-pointed, 

sharp-serrate.     Kays  15-20.     W. 

11  H.  tubero'sus.     Artichoke.     Cultiv.     Lvs.   3-veined,  lower  cordate-ovate. 

12  H.  lEEtiflo'rus.      Laughing  S.      Branched.      Leaves  lance-oval,  short  petioled. 

13  H.  occidema'Us.      Western  S.     Stem  slender,  simple,  nearly  leafless  above. 

14  H.  mol'Us.     Srft  S.     Leaves  ovate,  cordate,  sessile.     Plant  woolly.     W. 

15  H.  cine'reus.  Ashy  S.  Lvs.  ovate-oblong,  tapering  to  base.  Ashy-downy.  O. 

16  H.  decapet'alous.   Ten-rayed  S.    Kays  9-12.  Leaves  all  opposite.  Stem  3-4f.  N.  M. 

17  H.  tracheliifo'Uus.   Trach-leaved  S.    Kays  12-15.    Branch  lvs.  alternate.    4-8f.  W. 

18  H.  doronicoi'des.     False  Tiger-bane.     Leaves  petiolate,  ovate,  and  lance- 

ovate,  upper  alternate.     Scales  longer  than  disk.     Kays  12-15.     W.  S. 

19  H.  strumo'sus.     Warty  S.     Leaves  short-petioled,   lance-ovate,   all  alike. 

Scales  equalling  the  disk.     c.     A  double-flowered  variety  is  cultivated. 

20  H.  hirsu'tus.    Hairy  S.    Leaves  petiolate,  hairy  beneath.     Scales  hairy.     W. 

21  H.  divarica'tus.  Forked  S.  Leaves  sessile,  very  rough,  opposite  or  ternate.  c. 

22  H.  microceph'alus.     Small  S.     Stem  smooth,  much  branched.     Lvs.  narrow.    W. 

23  H.  Schweinit'zii.  Schweinitz' s  S.  Stem  downy,  rough.  Leaves  white,  downy.  Car. 

24  H.  Iseviga'tus.  Polished  S.  Stem  and  leaves  very  smooth.  Not  branched.  S.  Mts. 

25  H.  longifo'lius.  Long-led.  S.  Leaves  lanee-linear,  acute,  smooth.    Kays  8-10.    Ga 


Ordek  70.— ASTERWORTS.  239 


3.  BI'DENS.     Burr-Marigold. 

In  vol  acre  scales  nearly  equal,  double,  the  outer  generally  large  and 
leafy.  Rays  few  (3-8,  or  sometimes  none),  neutral,  disk  perfect.  Recep- 
tacle chaffy,  flat.  Achenia  flattened  or  4-sided,  crowned  with  2-i  awns 
which  are  hispid  backwards. — Leaves  opposite.     July- Oct. 

*  Kays  inconspicuous  or  none a 

*  Kays  quite  showy,  yellow 4,  5 

a  Achenia  flattened,  broadest  at  top 1-3 

a  Achenia  slender,  4-sided ....  6,  7 

1  B.  frondo'sa.     Leafy  B.     Leaves  pinnately  3-5-fol.,  divisions  distinct.     Kays  0. 

2  B.  conna'ta.     Leaves  simple,  lower  ones  sometimes  3-parted.     Rays  0. 

3  B.  cer'nua.     Nodding  B.     Leaves  simple,  scarcely  connate.     Kays  few  or  0. 

4  B.  chrysanthemoi''des.     Mud  B.     Lvs.  narrow-lance.,  equally  serrate,  connate. 

5  B.  Beck'ii.    BecJc^s  B.     Lvs.  mostly  under  water  and  very  finely  divided.    M. 

6  B.  leucan^tha.    WhiU  B.    Heads  small,  with  white  rays.   Lvs.  pinnate.   S. 

7  B.  bipinna'ta.   Spanish  Needles.    Kays  very  short,  yellow.  Lvs.  bi-pinnate. 

4.  COREOP'SIS.     Tick-seed. 

Involucre  many-flowered,  double,  each  of  8-13  scales,  the  outer  leafy, 
the  inner  membranous.  Receptacle  flat,  the  chaff  falling  with  the  fruit. 
Achenia  flattened,  often  winged,  emarginate,  each  commonly  with  2  teeth 
or  awns  which  are  not  hispid  downwardly  as  in  Bidexs. — Leaves  gener- 
ally opposite.     Heads  showy  (rarely  without  rays). 

*  Heads  discoid  (without  rays) 1,  2 

*  Heads  radiate,  rays  showy a 

a  Disk  yellow,  rays  also  yellow,  mostly  entire b 

a  Disk  yellow,  rays  rose-colored,  3-5-toothed  at  the  end 20,  21 

a  Drsk  purple,  rays  yellow  with  a  purple  base,  toothed..  ..18,  19 

a  Disk  purple,  rays  wholly  yellow^,  toothed  at  the  end 14-17 

b  Leaves  petiolate,  compound,  with  lanceolate,  toothed  divisions 3-5 

b  Leaves  petiolate,  compound,  with  linear,  entire  divisions.. ,  .6,  7 

b  Leaves  petiolate,  simple,  or  some  of  them  eared  at  base....  8-10 

b  Leaves  sessile,  3-parted,  divisions  entire  or  not  often,  seeming  whorled ll-lS 

1  0.  discoi'dea.     Eaylesf  T.     Leaves  on  lone  petioles,  ternately  divided.     W. 

2  C.  bidentoi'des.     Leaves  on  short  petioles,  toothed,  lance-linear.     Penn.     r, 
C.  au'rea.  Golden  T.    Leaflets  3-5.    Outer  scales  about  8.    Achenia  2-4-toothed.  S. 

4  C.  trichosper'ma.    Leaflets  5-7.     Outer  scales  about  8.     Ach.  slender,  2-toothed. 

5  C.  aristo'sa.     Leaflets  5-7.     Outer  scales  10-13.     Achenia  2  or  4-awned.     W. 

6  C.  trip'teris.  Stem  4-8f.  high.  Hds.  on  short  stalks.  Kays  V  long,  entire.  W.  S 

7  C.  grandiflo'ra.  St.  l-2f.  high.  Heads  on  long  stalks.  Kays  1^  long,  4-5-cleft.  S 


240 


THE  FLORA. 


W. 


8  C.  latifo'lia.    Stem  4-Gf.  high.     Eays  entire.     Leaves  ovate,  serrate.     S. 

9  0.  auricula'ta.     Stem  l-3f.  high,    Eays  2-5-toothed.    Lvs.  often  eared  at  base. 

10  0.  lanceola'ta.     Stem  2-3f.  high.    Eays  4-5-toothed.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  entire. 

n  C  senifo'lia.     Leaf  divisions  all  entire,  appearing  in  6-leaved  whorls.     S. 

12  C.  verticilla'ta.   Leaf  divisions  all  again  divided  into  narrow-linear  lobes. 

13  C.  palma'ta.   Lvs.  deeply  3-cleft,  wedge-shaped,  lobes  linear,  not  whorled. 
li  C.  delphinifo'lia.     Leaves  sessile,  3-parted,  the  divisions  often  lobed.     S. 

15  C.  gladia^ta.  Stco?'d-lv.  G.    Leaves  petioled,  lance- 

olate, sometimes  divided.     Stem  round.     S. 

16  C.  angustifo'lia.    Narrow-li).  G.     Leaves  petioled, 

narrow-spatnlate,  entire.     Stem  square.     S. 

17  C,  CEm'leri.    (E)iiler''s  G.     Leaves  petioled,  lance- 

ovate,  entire.     Stem  round  below.     S. 

18  C.  Drummon'dii.    DrummonxV s  G.     Lvs.  pin- 

nately   3-5-foliatc,    divisions    oblong-oval, 
entire,     t 

19  O.  tincto'ria.     Dijet^s   G.     Leaves  pinnately 

much  dividec^^  divisions  linear,  entire,     t 

20  0.  ro'sea.     Rose  G.     Stem  leafy,  leaves  narrow- 

linear,  entire.     Eays  rose-white.     E. 

21  0.  nuda'ta.    Leafiess  G.     Stem  few-leaved,  leaves 

awl-shaped,  entire.     Eays  rose-red.     S. 


5.  ASTER.     Starwort. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre generally  imbricated  in  two  or  more 
rows,  and  with  green  tips.  Disk  florets  tubu- 
lar, perfect,  rays  fertile,  in  one  row,  oblong, 
revolute  when  old.     Receptacle  flat,  marked  ^'^-  ^^^^  ^'^''  ^*''^'- 

with  pits.  Pappus  simple,  hair-like,  rough.  Achenium  usually  flattened. 
— A  large  genus  of  if  herbs,  very  abundant  in  the  United  States,  flower- 
ing in  late  summer  and  autumn.  Leaves  alternate ;  disk  florets  yellow, 
changing  to  purple ;  rays  blue,  purple,  or  white,  never  yellow. — The  spe* 
cies  are  very  variable,  and  many  of  them  are  hard  to  distinguish. 

*  Eadical  and  lower  leaves  cordate  and  petiolate a 

*  Eadical  leaves  never  cordate c 

a  Heads  in  loose  corymbs.     Eays  white  or  whitish 1,  2 

a  Heads  in  racemes  or  panicles,  blue  or  bluish b 

b  liCaves  evidently  serrate;  rays  light  blue,  about  12,  spreading  k'  . .  .3,  4 
b  Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so  ;  rays  bright  blue,  spreading  near  V 5-7 

c  Involucre  scales  tipped  with  green,  or  the  outer  ones  wholly  green d 

c  Involucre  scales  with  scarious  margins  or  wholly  scarious. . .  .f 


Order  70.— ASTERWORTS.  241 


d  Stem  leaves  c.asping,  with  a  cordate  or  anricled  base e 

d  Stem  leaves  sessile,  rarely  clasping,  never  cordate  or  anricled....  19 

e  Involucre  scales  close,  in  several  rows,  outer  ones  gradually  sliorter. . ,  .8,  9 

e  Involucre  scales  loOf=e,  nearly  equal,  outer  ones  often  wholly  green 10-12 

f  Leaves  lanceolate  and  linear-lanceolate,  more  or  less  rough 13-15 

f  Leaves  linear,  flesliy,  very  smooth,  entire.     Salt-marsh  herbs 16-18 

1  A.  corymbo'sus.    Corymbed  S.     Slender,  with  thin,  serrate  leaves. 

2  A.  macrophyl'Ius.  Big-lvd.  S.  Stout,  with  large,  thick,  ser.,  rough  Ivs.  13-rayed. 
8  A.  cordifo'lius.  Heart-leaved  S.  Involucre  scales  close,  obtuse.  Lvs.  sharp-serrate. 
4  A.  sagittifo'lius.  Arrow-leaved  S.  Scales  awl-shaped,  long,  loose.  Lvs.  blunt-serrate. 

5  A.  azu'reus.     Azure  S.     Stem  leaves  sessile,  rough,  lanceolate,  and  linear. 

6  A.  undula'tus.    Stem  lvs.  on  winged  stalks,  with  rounded  clasping  bases,  wavy. 

7  A.  Shor'tii.  SliorVs  S.   Stem  leaves  on  naked  stalks,  all  cordate,  pointed,  entire. 

8  A.  patens.     Patent  S.     Plant  rough-downy.     Leaves  entire.     Scales  pointed. 

9  A.  laevis.     Polished  S.     Plant  smooth  and  glaucous.     Scales  broad,  acute. 

10  A.  prenanthoi'des.    Lvs.  sharply  cut-serrate,  with  a  long,  slender,  entire  base. 

11  A.  punic'eus.   Eed-st.  S.   Lvs.  sparingly  serrate,  lance.   Stem  hairy,  often  red. 

12  A.  Novae-Angliae.    New-England  S.     Leaves  entire,  rough,  numerous.     Raya 

nearly  100,  %'  long.     Stems  4-6f.  high.     A  fine  species,  often  cultivated. 

13  A.  acumina'tus.  Bell  S.  Leaves  coarsely-toothed,  broad-lanceolate,  long-pointed, 

often  clustered.     Kays  white.     In  dark  woods.     N. 

14  A.  nemora'iis.      Wood  S.     Leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  acute,  with 

edges  revolute.     Heads  1-3.     In  damp  woods.     N.  M. 

15  A.  ptannicoi''des.     Sneezeioort  S.     Leaves  entire,  stiff,  acute.     Heads  corymbed. 

16  A.  flexuo'sus.     Zigzag  S.     Headsjarge,  with  showy  rays.     Stem  fiexuous. 

17  A.  liniro''Iius.     Flax  S.     Heads  numerous,  with  very  sliortrays  in  2  rows. 

18  A.  subala'tus.     Heads  with  showy  blue  rays.     Scales  in  2  or  3  rows.     S. 
19  Ma  :y  species,  very  variable,  here  omitted.     (See  p.  420,  Class  Book.) 

6.  ERIG'EROK     Fleabane.     Whiteweed. 

Heads  many-flowered,  mostly  hemispherical,  rays  very  numerous 
(20-200),  narrow,  linear,  pistillate  ;  disk  flowers  perfect.  Receptacle  flat, 
naked  (no  chafi'or  pits).  Scales  of  the  involucre  nearly  equal  and  in  one 
row.  Pappus  generally  simple. — Herbs  with  alternate  leaves.  Rays 
white,  blue,  or  reddish.     Flowering  from  May  to  September. 

^  Rays  showy,  longer  than  the  involucre.     Heads  large  {\-V  broad) a 

•  Rays  obscure,  shorter  than  the  involucre,  whitish.     Heads  very  small 1,  2 

a  Rays  p.irple,  very  numerous.     Heads  loosely  corymbed 3-5 

a  Rays  Mhite  or  whitish.     Heads  loosely  panicled 6-8 

1  E.  Canaden'se.     Canada  F.     Erect,  hairy.     Leaves  lanceolate.     Heads  panicled. 
8  E.  divarica'tum.     Prostrate  F.    Low,  diffuse.    Lvs.  linear.    Heads  corymbed.    W, 

11 


242  THE  FLORA. 


3  E.  bellidifc'lium.     Daisy  F.     Leaves  nearly  entire.     Kays  50-80,  bluisli -p. 

4  E.  Fhiladel'phicum.     Leaves  nearly  entire.     Eays  150-200,  reddish-purple. 

5  E.  quercifo'lium.   Oak-It).  F.  Lvis.  sinuate-pinnatifid-toothed.  Eays  100-200.  8. 
3E  an'nuum.     Annual  F.     Stem  leafy,  3-5f.  high.     Leaves  coarse-toothed. 

7  E.  strigo'sum.     Rough  F.     Stem  leafy,  2-3f.  high.     Leaves  nearly  entire. 
S  E.  nudicauae.     Naked  F.     Stem  leafless,  l-2f.  high.     Eays  about  30.     S. 

7.  ACHILLE'A.     Yarrow.     MnifoiL 

Heads  many-flowered,  rays  few,  fertile ;  receptacle  flat,  chaffy  ;  achenia 
flattened,  margined,  without  a  pappus. — li  European  herbs  with  small, 
4-12-rayed  heads  in  corymbs.     June-Sept. 

1  A.  millefc'lium.     Leaves  twice  pinnatifid  with  fine  segments.    Eays  4  or  5.     c. 

2  A.  Ptar'mica.  Sneezewort.     Leaves  undivided,  lance-linear,  serrate,  Eays  8-12.  r. 

8.  TAR  AX' A  CUM.     Dan'delion. 

Involucre  many-flowered,  double,  the  outer  of  small  scales  much  shorter 
than  the  close,  erect  row  of  the  inner.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  pro- 
duced into  a  long  beak  crowned  with  copious  white,  hair-like  bristles  of 
the  pappus. — Acaulescent  herbs  with  runcinate  leaves.     (Figs.  504-506.) 

T.  Dens-leo'nis.  Dan'delion.  Outer  scales  of  the  involucre  refiexed.  Leaves  run- 
cinate, smooth,  dentate. — In  all  open  situations,  blossoming  at  all  seasons  ex- 
cept winter.  Scape  round,  hollow,  lengthening  after  flowering,  and  bearing  a 
globular  head  of  seeds  and  seed-down,  whose  light  and  airy  form  is  '^  very  famil- 
iar sight  to  all. 

9.  HIERA'CIUM.     Hawkweed. 

Involucre  more  or  less  imbricated,  egg-shaped,  matiy-flowered.  Ache- 
nia not  prolonged  into  a  beak,  striate.  Pappus  of  rough,  brittle,  numerous 
tawny  bristles  in  a  single  row. — %  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  or  toothed. 
Florets  yellow.     July-Sept. 

*  Involucre  and  stalks  smooth  or  nearly  so a 

•  Involucre,  stalks,  &c.,  rough  with  glandular  hairs.... b 

a  Heads  with  50  to  60  florets 1 

a  Heads  with  10  to  20  florets 2,  3 

b  Heads  with  40  to  50  florets 4 

b  Heads  with  20  to  30  florets 5,  6 

1  H.  Canaden'se.     Canada  E.     Stem  leafy,  corymbed  at  top.    Leaves  sharp- 
toothed.     N. 


Okdek  71.— LOBELIADS.  243 


2  H.  prinicula^tum.     Paniclfd  11.  Stem  leafy,  ^vidcly  panicled.    Leaves  fitie-toothed, 

3  H.  veno'sum.     lioh'ni's  Plantain.     Stem  almost  leafless,  corymbed.     Lvs.  entire. 

4  H.  scabrum.     Rough  II.     Heads  corymbed.     Plant  stifl^',  rough-hairy. 

5  H,  longip'ilum.     Long-haired  H.    Plant  clothed  witii  straight  bristles  1'  long.  W 

6  H.  Grono'vii.     Gronovius'  H.     Plant  slender,  quite  hairy  below. 

10.  ISTAB'ALUS.     Lion's-foot. 

Involucre  cylindrical,  double,  the  inner  of  many  linear  scales  in  one 
row,  the  outer  of  a  few  short  scales  at  base.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia 
smooth,  striate,  not  beaked,  crowned  with  a  copious,  straw-colored  or 
brownish  hair-like  pappus. — Erect  herbs,  with  a  thick,  tuberous,  bit- 
ter root.  Heads  5-18-flowered,  white  or  straw-colored,  often  purplish. 
Aug -Oct. 

*  Heads  glabrous,  pendulous.     Leaves  multiform  in  the  same  plant a 

*  Heads  hairy,  erect  or  nodding.     Leaves  reniform,  undivided 7-9 

a  Tall  (2-4f.  high).     He?,ds  (8-12-flo\vered)  in  a  corymb-like  panicle 1,  2 

a  Tall  (2-6f.  higii).     Heads  in  a  long,  raceme-like  panicle 3,  4 

a  Low  (5-10^  liigh)-    Heads  racemed.     Found  only  on  high  mountains 5,  6 

1  N.  al'ba.      White  L.     Pappus  cinnamon-color.     Leaves  hastate,  often  lobed. 

2  N.  Fra'seri.      Fraser^s  L.     Pappus  straw-color.     Leaves  deltoid,  often  cleft. 

8  N.  altis'simus.   Tall  L.    Heads  5-flowered.  Leaves  divided,  or  cleft,  or  entire. 
4  N.  virga'tus.     Eod  L.     Heads  8-12-flowered.     Lowest  leaves  pinnatifid. 

5  N.  na'nus.     Dwarf  L.     Outer  involucre  of  short-ovate,  close  scales. 

6  N.  Boot'tii.     Bootfs  L      Outer  involucre  of  linear,  loose  scales. 

7  N.  racemo'sus.     Raceimd  L.     Heads  nodding,  9-12-flowered.     W.  M. 

8  N.  crepidin'eus.     Grepis  L.     Heads  nodding,  25-35-flowered.     W.  S. 

9  N.  as'per.     Bough  L.    Heads  erect,  11-14-flowered.     Panicle  racemed.     W. 


Order  LXXI.   LOBELIACEJE.     Lobeliads. 

Herls  with  alternate  leaves,  scattered ^(??<)ers,  and  often  m\Wj  juice  ; 
calyx  superior ;  corolla  irregular,  5-lobed,  tube  split  down  to  the  base  ; 
stamens  5,  united  into  a  tube  both  by  the  filaments  and  anthers ; 
oxarij  adherent  to  the  calyx  tube ;  styles  united  into  one ; 
gtigma  fringed ;  fruit  a  2-^-celled,  many-seeded  capsule. 

LOBE'LIA.     Cardinal-flower.     Indian  Tobacco. 

The  two  upper  lobes  of  the  irregular  corolla  are  smaller  than  the  three 


24:4  THE  FLORA. 


lower.  Stamens  united  into  a  curved  tube.  Stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule 
opening  at  top.  Seeds  verj  small. — Flowers  axillary,  generally  forming 
leafy  or  bracted  racemes.     July-Sept. 

%  Stems  leafy a 

§  Stems  leafless,  leaves  nearly  all  crowded  at  the  root,  under  water....  11,  12 

a  Flowers  bright  red  or  scarlet,  large  and  showy 1,  2 

a  Flowers  blue,  varying  to  bluish-white. ..  .b 

D  Stem  stoutj  2-3  or  4f.  high.     Flowers  large,  about  V  long 3-5 

b  Stem  slender,  6'-2f.  high.    Flowers  small  (^-i'  long) c 

c  Stem  branched,  racemes  several,  loose,  or  flowers  scattered..  ..6,  7 

c  Stem  generally  simple,  bearing  a  single  raceme 8-10 

1  L.  cardina'lis.     Cardinal-flwr.     Stem  smooth.     Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute. 

2  L.  ful'gens.     Mexican.     Stem  downy.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  long-pointed,     -f 

3  L.  puber'ula.     Leaves  obtuse,  denticulate.     Eaceme  one-sided.    Plant  downy. 

4  L.  syphilit'ica.     Blue  G.     Lvs.  acute,  slightly  toothed.     Eacemes  equal,  hairy. 
.5  L.  amoe'na.     Fretty   C.     Leaves   acuminate,   toothed.      Eacemes   one-sided, 

smoothisli.     S. 

6  L.  infla'ta.    Indian  Tobacco.    Hairy.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  toothed.  Pod  inflated. 

7  L.  Zal'mii.    Kalni's  G.    Smooth.  Leaves  linear-spatulate,  entire.  Fls.  blue-white. 

8  L.  Nuttal'Lii.    NuttaWs  L.     f    Pedicels  twice  as  long  as  the  flowers.     Leaves 

linear,  extremely  slender.     S.  M. 

9  L.  spica'ta.    Spiked  L.     Pedicels  as  long  as  the  flowers.     Eacemes  dense. 

Leaves  oblong. 
10  L.  leptostach'ya.    Slender- spiked  L.    Pedi.  none.   Lvs.  lance-oval,  smooth.  W 

11  L.  Dortman'na.     Water  L.  Eoot  leaves  linear,  terete,  hollow,  fleshy.  Scape  long. 

12  L.  paludo'sa.    Marsh  L.     Eoot  leaves  linear-oblong,  flat.     Stem  tall.     S. 


Order  LXXII.    CAMPANULACE^.     Bellworts. 

HerT)s  with  a  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves ; 
Jlowers  mostly  blue  and  showy,  with  a  superior 

calyx;  a  regular  and  mostly  campanulate  5-lobed  corolla ;  with  the  5 
stamens  usually  separate,  and  ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx  tube ;  and  with 
the  2-5-ceried  pod  crowned  with  the  remains  of  the  calyx. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

Calyx  tube  very  short  (below  the  flower).  Campan'ijla.  1 

Calyx  tube  long  and  three-angled.  Specula 'ria. 


Order  72.— BELL  WORTS. 


245 


CAMPAN'ULA.     BeU-flower.     HarebeU. 


Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  bell-shaped, 
funnel-shaped,  or  wheel-shaped,  its 
6  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud,  closed  at 
the  base  inside  bj  the  valve-like 
bases  of  the  5  stamens.  Pod  open- 
ing on  the  sides. — U  Herbs  with 
axillary  or  terminal  flowers.  June- 
October, 


Fig.  526.  The  Harebell,  the  whole  plant, 
7.  Ovary  of  Canterbury  Bells,  with/,  a  broad 
filament,  .s,  an  anther,  and  p,  the  hairy  style. 
S.  A  cross-section  of  the  curious  5-celIed  seed- 
vessel,  2  placentse  in  each  cell.  9.  Seed  cut 
open,  showing  the  large  embryo.  Fig.  530. 
Flower  of  American  Bellwort.  Fig.  531. 
Flower  of  Patent  Bellwort. 

§  Corolla  wheel- shaped,  flat,  in  leafy  spikes 1,  2 

§  Corolla  bell-shaped,  &c.,  broadly  or  narrowly. . .  .a 
a  Flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  solitary  or  panicled. . .  .b 
a  Flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so.     Stem  erect.     Gardens 7-9 

b  Flowers  large  (6-12^^  broad).     Root  leaves  unlike  the  stem  leaves 3,  4 

b  Flowers  small  (2-5''''  broad).     Leaves  all  similar  in  form 5,  6 

1  0.  America'na-     American  B.    Stem  tall  (2-4f).  Leaves  pointed  at  ends,  smooth. 

2  0.  planiflo''ra.  Stem  low  (7-12''),  simple.     Lv: 

3  C.  rotundifc'lia.     Harebell.    Stem  weak. 

4  C.  persicifo'lia.     Peach  B.     Stem  erect. 

broad,     t 

5  C.  aparinoi'des.     Bedstraw  B.     Stem  reclining,  rough  backwards.    Flowers  white. 

6  0.  divarica'ta.     Patent  B.     Erect.     Panicle  wide.    Leaves  tootlied.    FIs.  blue.    S. 

7  C.  glomera^ta.     Flowers  crowded  above,  funnel-shaped.     Plant  smootli.     t 

8  C.  me'dium.     Canterbury  B.     Flowers  distant,  very  large,  obtuse  at  base,     f 
d  C.  lanugino'sa.      Woolbj  B.     Flowers  scattered,  rather  large,  acute  at  base.     * 


■.  thick,  shining,  obtuse,  or  acute,  t 
lioot  Ivs.  roundish,  stem  Ivs.  linear. 
Leaves  lance-linear.     Flowers  very 


246 


THE  FLORA. 


Order  LXXIII.   ERICACEJE.     Heathworts. 

Herbs^  or  more  generally  shriibs^  with  simple,  often  evergreen  leaves ; 
flowers  regular  or  nearly  so,  4  or  5-parted ;  petals  rarely  almost  distinct ; 
stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  the 
anthers  oddly  appendaged  and  generally  opening  by  two  terminal  pores;  the 
»tyle  1,  and  the  ovary  4-10-celled,  with  albuminous  seeds. 

5 


Fig.  532.  Azalea  procuiiibens.  3.  A  flower  enlarged.  4.  A  stamen,  much  enlarged,  showing 
the  lengthwise  opening  of  each  of  the  cells.  5  Cross-section  of  a  5-ce!le(l  capsule  of  Rhododen- 
dron, showing  the  indexed  margins  of  the  vaives.  6.  Pyrola  secunda.  7.  A  flower  enlarged. 
8.  A  stamen  enlar'ged,  showing  the  terminal  tubes  and  pores,  9.  Cross-section  of  a  S-celled, 
many-seeded  capsule.  Fig.  54i).  Checkerberry  {Gaultheria).  1.  A  flower  enlarged.  2.  A  berry. 
8.  Vertical  section  of  the  ovary,  showing  the  free,  fleshy  caly.K.  4.  Anther  of  the  Vaccinium 
Vitis-IdeJB.  5.  Stamen  of  Bearberry  {ArctoHnphylos).  6.  Awned  stamen  of  a  Blueberry  (  Vao- 
cinium). 


Order  73.— HEATHWORTS,  247 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

%  Shrubs  or  trees,  or  shrublets 2 

§  Herbs  evergreen,  with  green  herbage  and  leaves m 

§  Herbs  leafless,  without  verdure.     Bracts  scale-like n 

2  Calyx  adherent,  crowning  the  berry  in  fruit a 

2  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  or  inferior 3 

8  Petals  united  into  a  gamopetalous  corolla. . .  .4 

8  Petals  entirely  or  very  nearly  separate  and  distinct  ...5 

4  Flowers  4-parted.     Stamens  8 b 

4  Flowers  5-parted.     Stamens  5  or  10 

5  Pods  2  or  3-celled,  cells  only  1-seeded.     Southern. . .  .k 

5  Pods  3-celled,  cells  many-seeded g 

5  Pods  5  or  7-celled,  cells  many-seeded h 

6  Corolla  urn-shaped  (oval  or  globular),  lobes  small. . .  .o 

6  Corolla  not  urn-shaped,  open  or  spreading e 

a  Erect  shrubs  with  5-parted  flowers  and  10-seeded  berries. 

Huckleberries.  Gaylussa'cia. 
a  Erect  shrubs  with  5-parted  flowers  and  oo-seeded  berries. 

Blueberries.  Vaccin'ium. 
a  Trailing  shrublets.  Corolla  4-cleft,  reflexed.  Fr.  red.  Cranberry.  Oxycog'cus.  1 
a  Trailing  shrublets.     Corolla  4-cleft,  spreading.     Fruit  white. 

Boxberry.  Chiog'enes.  2 
b  Leaves  linear-acerose,  whorled  or  crowded.     Cultivated.  Heath.  Er''ica. 

b  Leaves  ov^l-lanceolate.  Shrub,  4f.  high,  ^^^^^-^^l  Mountain  Heath.  Menzie'.ia. 
c  Pod  dry,  opening  bet.  the  cells.  Lvs.  lin.   N.  J 

c  Pod  dry,  opening  into  the  cells d 

c  Drupe  fleshy,  5-seeded,     Shrubs  trailing.        Bearherry.  Arctostaph'tlos. 
c  Berry  fleshy,  many-seeded.    Little  shrublets.     Clieckerberry.  Gaulthe'rta.  3 
d  Shrublet  moss-like,  on  high  Mts.    Leaves  linear.     Moss  Andromede.  Cassi'ope. 
d  Shrubs  with  ample  leaves.     Pod-valves  entire.  Andromede.  Andkoit'eda. 

d  Tree  with  ample  leaves  and  slender  racemes.  Sorrel-tree.  Oxyden^drum. 

e  Corolla  saucer-form,  holding  the  anthers  in  10  pits.  Laurel.  Kal'mia.  4 

e  Corolla  salver-form,  very  fragrant.     Trailing,  May-flower.  Epigje'a.  5 

e  Corolla  funnel  or  bell-form,  with  spreading  lobes f 

f  Stamens  5,  included.    Plant  and  leaves  very  small.    Mts.  N.  H.   Leioseleu'ria. 
f  Stamens  5  (rarely  more),  long-exserted.     Corolla  funnel-form.  Aza'lea.  6 

f  Stamens  10  (rarely  fewer),  exserted.    Corolla  bell-form.    Bay.  Rhododen'dron.  7 
g  Leaves  alternate,  deciduous,  serrate.     Flowers  racemed.  Cle'thra- 

g  Leaves  mostly  opposite,  evergreen,  entire.     Flowers  umbeled. 

Sand  Myrtle.  Leiophyl  lum. 
h  Flowers  5-parted.     Corolla  regular.  Labrador  Tea.  Le'dum. 

h  Flowers  5-parted.     Corolla  irregular.  Khodo'ra. 

h  Flowers  7-parted,  regular.     Stamens  14.    8.  Befa'ria. 


348  THE  FLORA. 


k  Flowers  4-parted,  with  8  stamens  and  a  3-seeded  pod.     S.  Elliot'tia. 

k  Flowers  5-parted,  with  5  stamens.   Leaves  lanceolate,  entire.  S.  Cyrtl'la. 

k  Flowers  5-parted,  with  10  stamens.  Lvs.  lanceol.,  entire.  S.  Myloca'ryum. 
m  Flowers  racemed,  many.     Perennial,  low,  smooth,  erect.  Fyr'ola.  8 

m  Flower  solitary,  one  only.     Perennial,  small.     N.     r.  Mone'ses. 

m  Flowers  corymbed,  few.     Leaves  evergreen,  thick.     Pipsissiica.  Chimaph^ila.  9 

n  Corolla  polypetalous.   Plant  white,  reddish,  &c.    Indian  Pipe.  Monot'kopa.10 

n  Corolla  gamopetalous,  bell-shaped,  in  a  short  spike.     S.        Schweinit'zia. 

n  Corolla  gamop.,  egg-shaped,  in  a  loose  rac.  Albany  Beechdrops.  Pteeos'pora. 

1.  OXYCOO'CUS.     Cranberry. 

Calyx  superior,  3-cleft.  Corolla  4-parted,  with  lance-linear,  reflexed 
segments.  Stamens  8,  anthers  tubular,  2-parted,  opening  bj  oblique 
pores.  Ben-y  globular,  4-celled,  many-seeded. — Trailing  and  very  slen- 
der, with  woody  stems,  alternate,  thick,  narrow,  entire  leaves,  and  acid, 
eatable  fruit.     Flowers  purplish.     June. 

1  O.  palus'tris.    Bog   C.     Stems  thread-form,  trailing.     Leaves  ovate,  2-4'''  long. 

Pedicels  terminal,  1-flowered. 

2  O.  macrocar'pus.     Market  0.     Stems  thread-form,  trailing.     Leaves  oblong,  ^-G" 

long.     Pedicels  axillary,  1-flowered. 
8  O.  eiythocar'pus.     Bmh  G.     Stems  l-3f.  high,  erect.     Leaves  oval,  pointed,  ser- 
rulate.    Petals  not  reflexed  at  first.     S.     Mountains. 

2.  CHIOG'ENES.     Boxberry. 

I  O.  hispid-'ula.  Running  B.  A  little  woody  creeper,  4  to  6''  long,  in  old  woods, 
northward.  Leaves  many,  small,  oval.  Flowers  white,  4-parted.  Berry  white. 
Plant  tastes  like  Checkerberiy.     (Fig.  547.) 


Fig.  547.  Boxberry,  the  entire  plant. 

3.  GAULTHE'RIA.     Checkerberry. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  with  2  bractlets  at  base.  Corolla  urn-shaped,  the  limb 
of  5  short,  re  volute  lobes.  Stamens  10.  Capsule  5-celled,  invested  by 
the  calyx,  which  becomes  a  pulpy  berry. — Little  shrubby  or  half-shrubby 
plants,  with  alternate,  evergreen  leaves.     (Figs.  540-543.) 


Order  73.— HEATHWORTS.  249 


O.  procum'bens.  Common  Checherberry,  or  Wintergreen.  Brandies  ascending  3' 
from  the  prostrate,  slender  root-stock,  which  is  usually  concealed.  Leaves 
obovate,  and  few  nodding  flowers,  all  clustered  at  top  of  the  stem,  and  spicy  in 
flavor.    Berries  scarlet.     Flowers  in  Summer,  white. 

4.  KAL'MIA.     Calico-busli.     Mountain  Laurel. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  with  10  prominences  beneath,  and  10  corre- 
sponding pits  within,  holding  the  10  anthers.  Filaments  recurved.  Bor- 
der with  5  shallow  lobes.  Capsule  5-celled,  many-seeded. — Beautifu\ 
shrubs,  with  entire,  evergreen,  leathery  leaves.  Flowers  white  and  red, 
in  racemed  corymbs.     May-June. 

1  Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs.     Leaves  smooth,  thick 2,  3 

1  Flowers  in  lateral  corymbs.    Leaves  rusty  or  downy  beneath 4,  5 

1  K.  hirsu''ta.     Hairy  L.     Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  stalked,  red.    Plant  hairy. 
Leaves  mostly  scattered,  acute,  sessile.     l-2f.     S. 
2  K.  latifo'lia.     Great  L.     Leaves  scattered,  green  both  sides.     Corymbs  large,  rose- 
white,  numerous  and  very  showy.     3-20f. 
8  K,  glau'ca.     Polished  L.     Leaves  opposite,  glaucous-white  beneath,  revolnte  on 
the  margin.     Corymbs  small,  lilac.     2-8f. 

4  K.  cunea''ta.      Wedge-leaved  L.     Leaves  scattered,  wedge-oblong.     Corymbs 

small,  roseate,  each  of  4-6  flowers.     Plant  3-5f.    S. 

5  K.  angustifc'lia.   Sheep-poison.     Leaves  opposite  and  in  S's,  blunt  at  each  end. 

Corymbs  small,  deep  purple.     3-4f. 

5.  EPIG^'A.     May-flower. 

Calyx  large,  5-parted,  with  3  bracts  at  base.  Corolla  salver-form,  tube 
hairy  within,  limb  of  5  spreading  lobes.  Stamens  10.  Anthers  open  by 
slits.    Capsule  5-celled,  5-valved. — Little  trailing  shrubs. 

B.  repens.  Trailing  Arbutus.  Leaves  cordate-ovate,  entire.  Corolla  tube  cylin- 
drical. Stems  slender,  flat  on  the  ground,  10-15''  long.  Leaves  evergreen, 
rounded  at  the  end,  2''  or  more  long.  Flowers  tinged  with  red,  very  fragrant. 
April,  May. 

6.  AZA'LEA.     Azalea. 

Calyx  small,  5-parted.  Corolla  funnel-form,  somewhat  irregular,  with 
5  spreading  lobes.  Stamens  5,  and,  with  the  1  style,  long  exserted, 
curved  toward  the  lower  side,  Anthers  open  by  pores.  Capsule  5-celled, 
5-valved. — Erect  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  deciduous,  enth-e.  Flowers 
large,  showy,  fragrant,  clustered.     April-Juli/. 

1\* 


250  THE  FLORA. 


§  Lobes  of  the  calyx  all  (rarely  1  excepted)  very  short  or  minute ...  .1,  2 
§  Lobes  of  the  calyx  all  oblong,  and  of  conspicuous  length 8-5 

1  A.  visco'sa.     Clammy  Swamp  Pink.     Flowers  very  viscid,  appearing  w'.th  the 

full-grown  leaves,  the  tube  much  longer  than  the  segments.     Shrub  4-7f 
White  or  roseate. 

2  A.  nudiflo'ra.     Pinxter  Bloom.     Clusters  naked,  appearing  with  or  before  the 

young  leaves.     Corolla  tube  downy,  scarcely  longer  than  the  segments. 

Branches  often  whorled.     Colors  pink,  purple,  white,  buff,  &c.     t 
S  A.  calendula'cea.     Flaming  Pinxter.     Young  branchlets  downy,  corymbs  nearly 
or  quite  leafless.     Tube  of  the  corolla  hairy,  shorter  than  the  ample  lobes. 
Common.    Penn.  S.  &  W.    Flowers  very  many,  flame-color,  bright  red,  saffron- 
yehow,  &c.    t 

4  A.  arbores^cens.      Tree  Azalea.      Branches  smooth.      Leaves  glaucous   beneath. 

Corymbs  leafy  with  full-grown  leaves.     Corolla  tube  longer  than  the  lobes,  not 
viscid.     Height  10-20f.     Mountains.     S. 

5  A.  Pon'tica.    Asiatic  A.     Flowers   viscid,  with  full-grown  leaves.    Tube  wide- 

mouthed,  as  long  as  segments.     All  colors,     t 

7.  RHODODEN'DEON.     Rose  Bay. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  broad,  campaniilate,  regular  or  slightly  irreg- 
ular, 5-lobed.  Stamens  10,  mostly  declined,  anthers  opening  by  pores. 
Capsule  5-celled,  5-valved. — Shrubs  with  alternate,  entire,  evergreen 
leaves.     Flowers  umbeled,  splendid. 

§  Calyx  lobes  large,  leaf-like.     Exotic 7 

§  Calyx  lobes  small,  scale-like a 

a  Leaves  small,  obtuse  at  each  end.     Mountains 1,  2 

a  Leaves  large,  acute,  rusty  or  silvery  beneath. . .  .5,  6 

a  Leaves  large,  acute,  glabrous  beneath 3,  4 

1  R.  Lappon'icum.     Lapland  R.     Shrub  5-10'  high.     Lvs.  scaly,  elliptic.     N. 

2  R.  Catawbien''se.     Catavoha  R.     Shrub  3-5f.  high.     Leaves  smooth,  oval.     S. 

3  R.  max''imum.     Great  R.     Leaves  oblanceolate,  acute,  paler  beneath.    Flowers 

in  large  umbels,  white,  with  yellow  dots.    Eocky  woods. 

4  R.  Pon'ticum.    Asiatic  R.     Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  not  paler  beneath. 

Flowers  large,  purple,  variegated. 

6  R.  puncta'tum.    Dotted-lf.  R.    Lvs.  with  rusty,  resinous  dots  beneath.     Mts.     S. 
6  R,  arbo'reum.     Tree  R.     Leaves  with  silvery  spots  beneath.     Asia,     t 

7  R.  In'dicum.     Indian  R.     Leaves  rough,  wedge-lance.     Fls.  few  together,     f 

8.  PYR'OLA.     False  Wintergreen. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  5,  equal.  Stamens  10,  anthers  large,  turned 
cpatwards,  opening  by  2  pores  at  the  obtuse  top.     Style  thick,  lon^ ;  stig- 


Order  73.— HEATHWORTS. 


251 


mas  5,  often  projecting  like  rays.  Pod  5-celled,  5-valved,  opening  into 
the  cells,  many-seeded. —  U  Low,  evergreen  herbs,  almost  woody,  with  the 
leaves  generally  radical,  and  the  scape  bearing  a  raceme  of  nodding  flow- 
ers.    Mostly  northern.     June,  July. 

§  Stamens  ascendino:,  style  declined  and  curved a 

I  Stamens  and  style  straight  and  erect 5,  6 

a  Leaves  thick  and  shining.     Flowers  white  or  :ose-colored 1,  2 

a  Leaves  green,  not  shining.     Flowers  greenish-white. . .  .3,  4 

1  P.  rotundifo'lia.   Eound-leaved  P.    Lvs.  orbicular.    Mostly  white  petals.    (Fig.  14.) 

2  P.  asarifo'lia.     Hcari-leaved  P.     Leaves  round-cordate.     Kose-colored  petals. 

3  P.  ellip'tica.     Pear-leaved  P.     Leaves  large,  thin,  elliptical,  on  short  petioles. 

4  P.  chloran'tha.  Green-ji.  P.  Lvs.  small,  thick,  roundish,  shorter  than  petioles. 
5  P.  secun'da.  One-sided  P.  Raceme  with  the  green- white  flowers  all  on  one  side. 
8  P.  minor.     Lesser  P.     Raceme  .«pike-form,  with  small,  globular,  white  fls.     Mts. 

9.  CHIMAPH'ILA.  Pipsissiwa. 
Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  5,  spreading,  round. 
Stamens  10.  Anther  cells  lengthened  above 
into  tubes.  Style  very  short,  thick.  Capsule 
5-celled. — Small  evergreens,  with  oblong,  ser- 
rate, clustered  leaves,  and  terminal  flowers. 
June,  July. 


Leaves  wedge-lance- 
4-7-flowered,   on   an 


1  C.  umbella'ta.    Prince's  Pine. 

olate,    in   4's-6's.      Umbel 
erect  stalk.     July. 

2  C.  maciila'ta.   Spotted  P.    Leaves  lanceolate,  acumi- 

nate,  marked   with   whitish   streaks    along  the 
midvein.     Flowers  2  or  3.     (See  Fig.  548.) 

10.  MONOT'ROPA.  Pine  Sap. 
Calyx  of  1-5  bract-like  sepals.  Petals  4  or  5, 
connivent  in  a  bell-shaped  corolla.  Stamens 
8-1 0>  Capsule  4-5-celled,  4-5-valved.— Low 
herbs  growing  on  the  juices  of  other  plants,  aU 
white  or  tawny,  with  scales  instead  of  leaves. 

1  M.  uniflo'ra.     India?:  Pipe.     Sepals  1-8.     Flower 

solitary,   scentless.     Stem    6'  higli,   commoa  in 
woods.     Wiioie  plant  white.     Summer, 

2  M.  Hypop'itis.     Pine  Sap.     Downy,  tawny.     Sepals  4,  5. 

grant.     Stem  6-S'  high.     Root  a  tangled  ball  of  fibres. 


Flowers  racemed,  iri. 
Aug. 


252  THE  FLORA. 


Oeder  LXXIV.  AQUIFOLIACE^.    HoUyworts. 

Shrubs  or  t)'ees  with  alternate,  simple  leaves  without  stipules  ; 

flowers  small,  axillaiy,  sometimes  p()l3'gamous,  with  a  minvite  free  calyx; 

cm'olla  4-6-parted,  liypogynous,  imbricate  in  the  bud  ; 

stamens  on  the  very  short  tube  of  the  corolla  alternate  with  its  petals; 

ovary  free,  becoming  a  drupe-like  fruit  with  2-6  stones  or  nutlets. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera, 

§  Flowers  habitnally  4-partecl.    Drupe  with  4  bony,  sulcate  nutlet?.  Ilex.  1 

§  Flowers  habitually  4-parted.    Drupe  with  4  horny  smooth  nutlets.    Shrub  4- 

6f.,  with  oblong  entire  leaves.    Pedicels  slender.    Drupes  red.  Nemopanthes, 

§  Flowers  habitually  6-parted.    Berry  with  6  (.7,  8)  smooth  cartilaginous  seeds.    Prinos.  2 

1.  ILEX.     Kelly. 

Flowers  4- (rarely  5-)  parted,  mostly  perfect  but  many  abortive.  Calyx 
4-tootlied,  persistent.  Petals  4,  slightly  united  at  base.  Stamens  4. 
Stigmas  4  or  united  into  1.  Drupe  red,  the  4  bony  nutlets  ribbed  and  fur- 
rowed on  the  back.  Flowers  white,  single  or  clustered  in  the  axils. 
I.  opa'ca.  American  Holly.  A  handsome  evergreen  tree.  15-30f.  high,  in  Avoods,  Mass. 
to  Florida.  It  has  thick,  smooth,  oval,  toothed  leaves,  spinescent  at  apex  and 
margin.  Flowers  clustered,  June.  Drupes  ripe  in  late  autumn. 
The  other  species,  6  in  number,  are  very  rarely  found  growing  N.  of  Maryland. 

2.  PEINOS.     Winter-berry. 

Flowers  perfect  but  often  fruitless.  Stamens  6  (rarely  fewer  in  the  bar- 
ren, rarely  more  in  the  fertile  flowers).  Berry  6-seeded,  seeds  with  a 
smooth  cartilaginous  testa.     Shrubs  with  small  white  flowers. 

1  p.  verticilla'tus.    Black  Alder.    A  shrub  7-12f.,  very  ornamental  in  fruit,  found  in  wet 

places.    The  bark  is  nearly  black.    Leaves  small,  elliptical,  pointed,  pubescent  be- 
neath.    Berries  scarlet,  in  close  bunches  as  if  verfidllate,  all  winter. 

2  P.  glaber.    Ink-berry.    Shrub  3-4r.,  with  thick,   shining,  wedge-lanceolate,  evergreen 

leaves  toothed  at  the  end.    Berries  black.    The  other  (4)  species  are  less  common. 

Oeder  LXXV.  STYRACACE^.    Storaxworts. 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  alternate  simple  leaves,  perfect  flowers,  4-8-parted  ; 
stamens  2-5  times  as  many  as  the  petals  and  inserted  on  their  united  bases 
style  1.     Ovary  adherent.    Fruit  1-5-seeded.    Mostly  Southern  plants. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

1  STYRAX.  Storax.  Shrubs  in  wet  grounds  (Ya.  to  FJa.),  with  drooping  racemes  of  white 

showy  flowers.    Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.    A2)ril-3Iay. 

2  HALE'SIA.  Snow-clroi-)  Tree.  Trees  10-50f.,  in  woods,  A"a.  to  Fla.,  often  cult.   Fls.  pen- 

dulous, white,  showy,  earlier  than  the  abruptly  pointed  leaves.    Two  kinds. 
8  SYM'PLOOOS,  Small  tree,  10-20f.    Fls.  yellow.    Stamens  oo  .    Fruit  1-seeded.    S. 


Order  78.— PRIMWORTS. 


253 


Order  LXXYIII.   PRIMULACE^.    Prim  worts. 


Fig.  549.  Primula  Mistassiuica,  the  whole  plant.  Fig.  550.  The  corolla  cut  open,  showing 
the  stamens  on  the  tube.  1.  The  plan  of  the  flower,  showing  the  stamens  opposite  the  petals. 
2.  The  calyx  and  ovary.  3.  The  fruit  cut  open,  showing  the  seeds  on  the  central  placenta. 
Fig.  554.  Dodecatheon  Meadia,  whole  plant.  5.  A.  single  flower,  natural  size.  Fig.  556.  Fruit 
(pyxis)  of  Anagallis,  with  its  lid  open,  showing  the  seeds. 


Herds  low,  with  the  leaves  either  radical  or  mostly  opposite ;  with  the 
flowers  5  (rarely  4  or  6)-parted ;  the  corolla  monopetalous,  regular ;  the 
stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla-tnbe  and  opposite  to  its  lobes ;  the 
ovary  1-celled,  with  a  free,  central  placenta  ;  style  1 ;  stigma  1 ;  the 
capsule  1-celled,  many-seeded;  se6(l.%  with  fleshy  albnmen. 


254 


THE  FLORA. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

*  Stemleps.     Leaves  all  radical,  scape  bearing  an  umbel a 

*  Stems  leafy.     Flowers  yellow,  corolla  wheel-form  (tube  none) . . .  .b 

*  Stems  leafy.    Flowers  whit3,  red,  &c.,  never  yellow 2 

2  Leaves  whorled,  at  least  those  near  the  flowers.     Corolla  white....  c 

2  Leaves  opposite,  entire.     Flowers  axillary,  solitary ....  d 

2  Leaves  alternate,  entire.     Flowers  white e 

a  Cor.  tube  egg-shaped,  lobes  short,  spread.     Dwarf  Primrose.  Andeosa'ob, 
a  Corolla  tube  cylindrical,  lobes  spreading.  Primrose.  Pkim''ula.  1 

a  Corolla  tube  cylindrical,  lobes  reflexed.   American  Cowslip.  Dodecath'eon.  2 

b  Corolla  5-parted,  without  intermediate  teeth.  Loose-strife.  Lysimach'ia.  3 

b  CoroUa  6-parted,  with  6  intermediate  teeth.     Eacemes  axillary.     Naumber'gia. 
c  Fls.  7-part.  Lvs.  entire,  in  a  single  whorl.   Ghich  Wintergreen.  Trienta^lis.  4 
c  Fls.  5-parted.     Leaves  finely  pinnatifid,  in  water.    Feather-foil.  Hotto''nia. 

d  Plant  prostrate,  with  scarlet  corollas.  Pimpernel.  Anagal^lis.  5 

d  Plant  erect,  with  no  corolla,  but  white  calyxes.  Black  Saltwort.  Glaux. 

e  Fls.  5-parted,  panicled.     Plant  8-15''  high.         Water  Pimpernel,  Sam'olus. 
e  Fls.  4-parted,  axillary.   Plant  1-2' high.   Dwarf  Pimpernel.  CENTt7N''ciitTJS. 


1.  PRIM'ULA.     Primrose.     Auricula. 

Calyx  angular,  5-cleft.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  or  often  rather  funnel- 
shaped,  with  5  entire,  or  notched,  or  bifid  lobes.  Stamens  5,  included. 
Pod  opening  at  the  top,  many-seeded. —  u  Herbs  with  the  leaves  all  rac^- 
ical,  and  the  flowers  showy,  in  an  umbel  on  a  scape. 

*  Corolla  salver-form,  limb  abruptly  spreading.     Plants  wild,  rare 1,  2 

*  Corolla  salver-form,  limb  abruptly  spreading.     Plants  cultivated 3,  4 

*  Corolla  funnel-form,  limb  gradually  spreading.     Cultivated a 

a  Leaves  hairy,  rugose,  toothed,  or  crenate,  or  wavy  at  edge.... 5,  6 

a  Leaves  smooth,  plane,  entire,  or  sometimes  crenate..  ..7,  8 

1  P.  Mistassin'ica.     Mlstassins   P.     Smooth,   green,    3-8''   high.     Flowers  1-8, 

flesh-colored.     On  lake  shores.     N.     First  seen  on  L.  Mistassins. 

2  P.  farino^'sa.    Bird's-eye  P.     Mealy,  3-10'  high.     Flowers  3-20,  lilac-yellow 

Shores  of  the  great  lakes.     N. 
S  P.  grandmo''ra.     Common  P.     Petals  obcordate,  notched,  yellow,  purple,  (fee,     f 
P.  purpu''rea.     Purple  P.     Petals  obtuse,  entire,  dark-violet,  never  yellow,     t 

5  P.  ofEcina'Iis.    Cowslip  P.    Lvs.  hairy.    Outer  fls.  nodding,  border  concave,    t 

6  P.  ela'tior.   Oxlip  P.     Leaves  smooth  above.     All  flf«.  nodding,  border  flat     t 
?  P.  Aviric'ula.     Auricula.     Lvs.  and  calyx  mealy-glaucous.     Bracts  very  short,     t 
a  P.  calyci'iia.     Cup  P.     Lvs.  white-edged,  calyx  inflated.     Bracts  long.    Purpl.   t 


Order  78.— PRIMWORTS.  255 


2.  DODEOATII'EON.     American  Cowslip. 

Calyx  5-parted,  reflexed.  Corolla  tube  very  short,  lirab  rotate,  o-partecl, 
with  the  limb  reflexed.  Stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  throat  of  the  corolla, 
filaments  short,  anthers  long,  acute  connivent  at  apex,  but  shorter  than 
the  style. — u  Leaves  all  radical,  oblong,  scape  erect,  bearing  an  umbel  of 
nodding  rose  or  white  flowers.  May^  June,  (Fig.  554.) 
D  Mea'dia.  F?'ide  of  Ohio.  A  striking  and  elegant  plant,  in  prairies  throughout  tho 
Western  States.     Scape  l-2f.  high.     Petals  white  or  pink.     Stamens  yellow,    t 

3.  LYSIMACH'IA.     Loose-strife. 

Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla  tube  very  short,  limb   5-parted,   spreading. 

Stamens  5,  on  the  base  of  the  corolla,  filaments  often  united.     Pods  5-10- 

valved.     Seeds  several  or  many. —  U  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  entire. 

Flowers  mostly  yellow.     June,  July. 

§  Erect      Peduncles  several-flowered,  or  flowers  panicled. . .  .a 

§  Erect.     Pedicels  1-flowered,  flowers  racemed 8,  9 

§  Erect.     Pedicels  1-flowered,  flowers  axillary 1 

§  Prostrate,  creeping.     Pedicels  (or  umbels)  axillary 10,  11 

a  Leaves  thick,  rather  obtuse,  with  the  edges  rolled  back 4,  5 

a  Leaves  thin,  acuminate,  with  the  edges  not  rolled 6,  7 

1  Leaves  mostly  opposite,  on  petioles  fringed  with  hairs 2,  3 

1  L.  quadrifo'lia.     Whorled  Z.     Leaves  whorled  in  3's,  4's,  and  5's,  sessile. 

2  L.  cilia'ta.     Fringe-lf.  L.     Leaves  ovate,  often  cordate.     Stems  mostly  branched. 

8  L.  hib'rida.  Jhjhrid  L.    Lvs.  lance-oblong,  opposite  or  whorled.     Stems  branched 

4  L.  asperifo'lia.  RougTi-lf.  L.     Leaves  oblong-lanceolate.     Panicle  bracted.     S. 

5  L.  longifo'lia.     Long-lf.  L.     Lvs.  lance-linear.     Fls.  large,  scarcely  pan.     W. 

6  L.  lanceola'ta.   Lance-lf.  L.     Lvs.  whorled  in  4'8,  lance.     Upper  fls.  racemed.     S. 

7  L.  Fra'seri.  Fras€r''8  L.    Leaves  opposite,  ovate,  often  cordate.     Panicle  large.     S. 

8  L.  stric'ta.     Strict  L.     Leaves  nearly  opposite,  narrow-lance.,  with  bulblets. 

9  L. Herbemon'ti.  H^.rhemonfs  L.  Lvs.  whorled,  in  4's  or  5's,  lance.,  acuminate.  S. 

10  L.  rad'icans.     Booting  L.     Branches  rootliig  at  the  end.     Leaves  lanceolate. 

11  L.  Nummula''ria.     Moneywort.     Stem  simple.     Leaves  roundish,  very  obtuse 

4.  TRIENTA'LIS.     Chick-wintergreen. 
Calyx  and  corolla  7-parted.     Stamens  7.     Pod  many-seeded. — if  Stem 
low,  simple.     Pedicels  1-flowered. 

T,  America'na.  American  C.  A  pretty  little  plant,  common  in  woods  northward. 
S^'e.m  3-5'  high,  bearing  sevend  lanceolate  leares  in  a  sort  of  whorl  at  top,  and 
from  their  midst,  1  or  more  white,  st^rlike  flowers.    May,  June. 


256 


THE   FLORA. 


5.  AI^AGAL'LIS.     Pimpernel. 

Calyx  and  corolla  5-parted,  wheel-shaped.  Stamens  5.  Pod  globular, 
opening  by  a  lid  all  around  {i,  e.,  a  pyxis).— Herbs  with  square  stems  and 
opposite  leaves.     (Fig.  556.) 

A  arven'sis.  Scarlet  P.  Poor-man? s-weather-glass.  A  small,  trailing  plant,  in  fields, 
roadsides,  &c.  Leaves  sessile,  broad-ovate.  Pedicels  1-flowered,  axillary. 
Flower  red,  rarely  blue.  Opening  at  8  a.  m.,  closing  at  2  p.  m.,  and  in  damp 
weather  not  opening  at  all.    (See  the  figure,  557.) 


Oeder  LXXX.  PLUMBAGINAOEJS.    Leadworts. 

Herls  or  undersbrubs.     Leaves  alternate  or  all  clustered  at  the  root  ; 
floicers  regular,  5-parted,  with  a  plaited,  persistent  calyx  ; 
stamens  bypogynous,  opposite  to  the  petals  or  inserted  on  their  claws  ; 
styles  5,  ovary  free  from  the  calyx.    Fruit  1-celled,  1-seeded. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 
§  St3'le  1,  with  5  stigmas.    Pod  opening  by  valves.    Leaves  caiiline.  Plumbago.  3 

§  Stj'les  distinct,  at  least  above.    Utricle  not  valvate.    Leaves  radical (a) 

a  Stjdes  glabrous,  with  slender  stigmas.    Scape  branching.  Statice.  1 

a  Styles  plumous,  with  slender  stigmas.    Scape  simple,  capitate.  Abmeria.  2 

1.  STAT'ICE.    Marsh  Rosemary. 

Calyx  funnel-form,  limb  scarious,  5-nerved  and  5-parted.  Petals  almost 
distinct.  Ovary  crowned  with  the  5  smooth  slender  styles.  Utricle  open- 
ing crosswise.  %  Herb  with  the  scape  branching,  the  flowers  each 
8-bracted. 

1  S.  Limo'nium.  Plant  8-15'  high,  in  salt  marshes.  Leaves  all  radical,  oblong  to  oblan- 
ocolate,  acute,  tipped  with  a  bristle,  long-stalked.  Scape  paniculate,  flowers  blue- 
purple,  separate  or  in  pairs,  on  the  upper  side  of  the  branchlets.    Jvly-Oct. 


Order  81.— BUTTERWORTS.  257 


ARME'RIA  vulga'ris,  Thrift,  is  another  sea-coast  plant,  sometimes  cultivated,  bav- 
in"? a  tult  of  linear  leaves  at  base,  and  a  bunch  of  rose-coloved  flwwers  at  top  of  the 
ecape. 

PLUMBA'GrO  Capen'is,  Leadwort,  has  pale  blue  fls.  resembling  Phlox.     Cultivated. 


Oeder  LXXXI.  LENTIBULACE^.    Butterworts. 

Serbs  growing  in  water  or  w^et  places  with  bilabiate  flowers  on  scapes ; 
calyx  of  2  or  3  se[)als.     Corolla  with  a  spur  behind,  throat  bearded  ; 
itamens  2,  included.     Styles,  2,  ovary  free,  capsule  many-seeded. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 
§  Leaves  broad,  entire.    Corolla  throat  open.    Calyx  5-parted.    Growing 

in  wet  rocky  places,  chiefly  South.  Butterwort,  Pinguicula. 

§  Leaves  finely  dissected,  sometimes  0.    Corolla  throat  closed.  Utricularia.  1 

1.  UTRICULA'RIA.     Bladderwort. 
Calyx  2-parted.     Corolla   irregularly   bilabiate,   spurred.     Stamens  2. 
Stigma  2-lipped.     Pod  round,  1-celled.     Plants  loosely  floating  or  fixed  in 
the  mud.    Leaves  mostly  present,  furnished  with  little  sacks  (utricles)  filled 
with  air  which  floats  them.     Scape  eract.     Summer.     (Fig.  98.) 

*  Flowers  purple Nos.  1,  2 

*  Flowers  yellow (a) 

a  Plants  rooting  in  the  mud Nos.  3-5 

a  Planrs  floating  in  the  water  . . .  (b) 

b  Plants  buoyed  by  a  whorl  of  inflated  petioles No.  6 

b  Plants  buoyed  by  air-bladders  on  special  branchlets Nos.  7,  8 

b  Plants  buoyed  by  air-bladders  on  the  leaves (c) 

c  Flowers  of  2  kinds,  the  liple-^s  down  on  the  stems No.  9 

c  Flowers  all  alike  and  borne  on  the  scapes. . .  .(d) 

d  Flower-stalks  2-12,  nodding  in  fruit,  on  each  scape Nos.  10,  11 

d  Flower-stalks  1-5,  erect  in  fruit  ou  each  scape Nos.  12-15 

1  U.  purpu'rea.  Leaves  whorled,  on  the  long  floating  stems,    Fls.  6"  broad.     Ponds. 

2  U.  resupina'ta.    Leaves  scattered  on  the  creeping  stems.    Flowers  4".    Muddy  shores. 

3  U.  cornu'ta.    Scape  tall  (8-12'),  scaly,  2-5-flowered.     Fls.  large,  spur  decurved. 

4  U.  subula'ta.     Scape  2-5'  high,  very  slender,  flowers  few,  small.    Spur  inflexed. 

5  U.  biparti'ta.    Scape  2-3',  flowers  1-3,  on  slender  pedicels.    Lower  lip  of  the  cor- 

olla entire.    South. 
6  U.  infla'ta.    Floating  stem  long.     Scape  6-10'  high,  flowers  4  or  5,  8"  broad. 

7  U.  interme'dia.    Leaves  crowded,  in  2  rows,  rigid.    Fls.  2  or  3,  spur  conical. 

8  U.  Robbin'sii.    Leaves  alternate,  thread-like.    Fls.  4-7,  spur  fusiform. 

9  U.  clandesti'na.    Stem-flowers  soUtary,  bud-like.     Scape  with  2  or  3  fls.  seldom  seea. 

10  U.  vulga'ris.    Scape  with  5-12  fls.     Corolla  throat  closed.     Spur  couiail. 

11  U.  minor.    Scape  with  3-6  fls.    Corolla  throat  open.    Spur  blunt,  very  short. 


258  THE  FLORA. 


12  U.  stria'ta.    Scape  If.,  with  2-6  fls.    Cor.  upper  lip  stmate  with  red  ;  Ivs.  forked. 

13  U.  biflo'ra.     Scape  5',  with  2  fls.    Lvs.  root-like,  capillary,  with  many  bladders. 

14  U.  gibba.    Scape  2-3',  with  1-2  fls.   Lve.  hair-like,  with  few  bladders.  Spur  gibbous. 


Oeder  LXXXII.  OROBANCHACE^.     Broom-rapes. 

Herhs  without  green  foliage,  growing  on  the  roots  of  other  plants  ; 
flowers  irregular,  monopetalous,  with  4  (didynamous)  stamens  ; 
ovary  free  from  the  calyx,  1-celled,  with  2  or  4  parietal  placentae  ; 
capsule  enclosed  within  the  withered  corolla,  with  very  many  seeds. 

Genera. 

1  EPIPHE'GTJS  Virginia'na.    Beech-drops.    A  smooth,  dull  red,  leafless  plant,  If.,  with 

gessile  flowers  all  aloiii^-  the  branches.    Upper  fls.  sterile.    Grows  in  Beech  woods. 

2  OONOPH'OLIS  America'na.    Squaw-root.  A  simple,  thick,  short  stem  covered  with 

scales,  the  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  upper.  Calyx  split  down  in  front.    Yellowish. 

3  PHELIP.S]'A  Ludovicia'na.    A  branched,  thick,  scaly,  downy  stem  6-12',  with  the  fls. 

all  perfect,  in  crowded  spikes.     Calyx  5-toothed.     Corolla  lips  subeqiial.    Illinois. 

4  APHYL'LON.  Broom-rape.    Stems  underground,  sending  up  peduncles  or  scapes  5', 

each  bearing  a  nodding  purplish  flower,  with  a  curved  tube  and  spread  limb. 


Order  LXXXIII.  BIGNONIACEJE.     Trumpets. 

Plants  with  opposite  leaves.,  destitute  of  stipules,  often  climbing ; 
flowers  gamopetalous,  irregular,  5-parted,  showy ; 
stamens  5,  but  only  2  or  4  of  them  perfect,  and  didynamous ; 
ovary  2-celled,  with  1  style,  forming  a  dry  pod  with  winged  seeds. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

Stamens  4.     Pod  valves  and  partition  contrary.    Leaves  pinnate.  Teco'mia.  1 

Stamens  4.     Pod  valves  and  partition  parallel.     Leaves  binate.  Bigno'nia. 

Stamens  2.     Pod  straight,  cyliadric.     Trees.     Leaves  simple.  Catal'pa.  2 

1.  TECO'MA.     Trumpet  flower. 

Calyx  bell-sLaped,  5-toothed.  Corolla  trumpet-shaped,  with  a  5-lobed, 
nearly  regular  limb.  Stamens  didynamous,  4,  with  the  5th  a  small  rudi- 
ment. Pod  with  the  partition  contrary  to  the  valves. — Trees  or  shrubs, 
often  climbing.     Leaves  digitate  or  pinnate.     Flowers  red. 


Order  83.— TRUMPETS. 


259 


559 
Fig.  558.  Flower  of  Catalpa. 

Fig.  559.  The  Corolla  cut  open,  showing  the  2  perfect  stamens  and  the  3  rudiments  of  stamens 

Fig.  560.  A  2-winged  seed  of  Catalpa.  Fig.  561.  Flower  of  the  Trumpet  Creeper. 


1  T.  radi'cans.     Trumpet  Creeper.     Climbing  by  radicating  tendrils.     Leaflets  9-1], 

ovate,  acuminate,  toothed.     Corolla  tube  thrice  longer  than  the  calyx.     Stamens 
included.     A  well-known,  splendid  climbing  vine.     Summer. 

2  T.  Capen''sis.     Cape  T.     Climbing.     Leaflets  Y-9,  round-ovate,  serrate.     Stamens 

and  style  exerted.     Corolla  tube  curved,     t    S.  Africa. 

3  T.  grandiflo'ra.     Chinese  T.     Climbing.     Leaflets   9-11,  pointed,  ovate,  toothed. 

Two  gl.nuds  on  the  nodding  pedicels.     Corolla  tube  scarce  longer  than  calyx.    \ 


2.  OATALTA.     Catalpa. 


Corolla  unequally  bell-shaped,  4  or 
6-lobed.  Stamens  2  perfect,  with  3 
rudiments.  Capsule  long,  cylindric, 
with  a  thick  partition. 

O.  bignonioi'des.  Trees  with  large,  broad- 
ovate,  cordate,  velvety  leaves,  and  ter- 
minal panicles  of  showy,  white,  varie- 
gated flowers.     Common. 

Fig.  562.   A  panicle  (size   much  diminished) 
of  Catalpa. 


260 


THE  FLORA. 


Order  LXXXY.  LOGANIACE^. 

ITerhs  or  shrubs  witli  opposite  leaves^  with  the 

stipules  small  or  mere  ridges  connecting  the  base  of  the  petioles ; 

■flowers  4  or  5-parted,  gamopetalous,  regular  ; 

ovary  free  ;  fruit  2-celled,  many-seeded,  or  few-seeded 

Analysis  of  tTie  Genera. 

§  Corolla  tubular,  lobes  5,  valvate  in  the  bud a 

§  Corolla  bell-shaped,  lobes  4  or  5,  imbricate  in  the  bud b 

a  Styles  wholly  united  into  1.     Corolla  tube  long.     "W.  S.  Spige'lia.  1 

a  Styles  distinct,  with  the  stigmas  united.     Fls.  small,  white.  S.  Mitre''ola. 

b  Flowers  4-parted.    Diffuse,  low  herbs.     M.  S. 

b  Flowers  5-parted.     Slender  climbing  shrubs.     S. 


Polyprenum.  Poltpke'mum. 

Gelsem''inu]vi.  2 


1.  SPIGE'LIA.     Pink-root. 

Calyx  segments  linear-subulate.  Corolla  narrowly  funnel-form.  Stamens 
5.  Capsule  2-celled,  few  seeded. — Herbs  with  the  flowers  sessile  in  a 
terminal  one-sided  coiled  spike. 

S.  Maryland^ica.    Maryland  P.     Stem  square,  erect.     Leaves  sessile,  ovate-lanceo- 
late.    Corolla  4  or  5  times  longer  than  the  calyx,  scarlet      June. 


Fig.  563.  Spigelia ;  the  spike  uncoils  as  the  flowers  open.      Fig.  564.  A  flower,  natural  slza 


OiiDER  86.— FIGWORTS. 


261 


2.  GELSEMI'NUM.     Yellow  Jessamine. 
Calyx  lobes  oblong.     Corolla  funnel -bell -form,  with  5  short,  roundish 
lobes.     Filaments  5,  on  the  coi-olla.     Stvle  thread-form  with  2  double 
stigmas. 

G.  sempervi'rens.  A  shrub  very  common,  South  ;  with  lonp;,  wiry,  twining  stems, 
ascending  bushes  and  hedges.  Leaves  evergreen,  sliining,  lanceolate.  Corolla 
tube  1  inch  long,  golden-yellow. 


Order  LXXXVI.   SCROPHULARIACE^.    Figworts. 


Fig.  r)G5.  The  Yellow  Foxglove  {Dasystoma  pubeseens).  6.  Mature  fruit.  7.  Cross-section 
of  the  •2-celle(l  capsule.  8.  A  stamen  enlarged.  9.  Monkey-flower  {Mimulus  )-ingens).  Fig.  570. 
C'dyx  with  the  corolla  piirtly  removed,  showing  the  didynamous  stamens  in  pairs,  wiih  the  stigma 
ahove  tlie  highest  pair.  1.  Sections  of  the  2-celled,  many-seeded  capsule.  2.  Plan  of  the  flower, 
showing  the  position  of  the  fifth  rudimentary  filament.  3.  Linaria  vulgaris,  leaf,  and  persDnate. 
bt-l«biate,  spurred  flower.    4.  A  winged  seed. 


263  THE  FLORA. 


Plants  mostly  herbaceous,  witli  unsjmmetrical  ^6>w7ers,  without  fragrance ; 
calyx  mostly  5-parted,  free  from  the  ovary,  persistent; 
corolla  bi-labiate  or  otherwise  irregular,  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud ; 
stamens  on  the  corolla  tube,  1  or  3  of  the  5  usuallj^  imperfect  or  mmute ; 
ovary  2-ceUed;  style  1;  stigma  2-lobed;  capsule  2-celled,  many-seeded. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

*  Herbs  with  the  leaves  alternate  or  all  radical ...  .2 

*  Herbs  with  the  leaves  opposite  or  sometimes  whorled 4 

*  Trees  with  large  cordate  leaves  and  large  blue  panicles. . .  .a 

2  Flowers  diandrous,  having  but  2  perfect  stamens.... c 

2  Flowers  didynamous,  having  4  stamens,  2  of  them  longer. . .  .8 

2  Flowers  pentandrous,  having  the  5  stamens  all  perfect b  . 

8  Corolla  bi-labiate,  with  the  throat  closed  (personate)..  ..d 
3  Corolla  bi-labiate,  throat  open,  upper  lip  arched, . .  .e 

3  Corolla  rather  bell-shaped,  with  5  nearlj  equal  lobes f 

4  Flowers  with  only  2  perfect  stamens g 

4  Flowers  with  4  perfect  stamens,  the  5th  scarcely  appearing. ...  5 

4  Flowers  with  4  perfect  stamens  and  a  5th  sterile  distinct  filament. . .  .n 

o  Corolla  2-lipped,  the  limb  quite  irregular 6 

5  Corolla  limb  nearly  regular,  with  4  or  5  plain,  spreading  lobes o 

6  Stamens  included  in  the  tube  of  corolla,  generally  in  pairs k 

6  Stamens  ascending  beneath  the  arched  upper  lip m 

6  Stamens  descending  into  the  sack-shaped  lower  lip h 

a  Corolla  trumpet-shaped,  stamens  arched  downwards.  Fragrant,  t   Paulow'nia. 

b  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  stamens  declinate.    Scentless.     i/M^/e»«.VERBA3'cDM.  1 
c  Corolla  4-lobed,  minute,  white.   Plant  small.    Lvs.  radical.    S,     Amphian'thus. 
c  Corolla  4-lobed.  Fls,  spiked.  Lvs.  mostly  radical.  Scape  If.  N.-W.  Synthi^ris. 
c  Corolla  deeply  many-cleft,  variously  colored.     Lvs.  cleft,     t         Schizan'thus. 
d  Corolla  protracted  into  a  spur  behind.  Racemes  leafy.   Toad-flax.  Lina'ria.  2 
d  Cor.  swollen  into  a  sack  behind.    Eac.  leafy,  t  Snap-dragon.  Antirrhi'num. 
e  Bracts  lobed,  generally  colored.   Anth. -cells  unequal.  Fainted-cup.  Castille''ja. 
e  Bracts  and  leaves  entire,  green.     Flowers  purplish.        Chaff-seed.  Sohwal'bea. 
e  Bracts  and  leaves  serrate,  green.     Flowers  yellow.        Lousewort.  Pedicula''eis. 
f  Tall,  erect,  with  large,  nodding  flowers.     Gardens.       Foxglove.  Digita'lis. 
f  Low  and  minute.   Corolla  equally  5-cleft.    In  mud.    Mudwort.  Limosel'la. 
f  Climbing,  slender.    Corolla  large,  gibbous  at  base,  t  Mexico.    Maurax'dia. 
f  Climbing,  slender.    Corolla  large,  equal  at  base,  t  Mexico.  Lophospkr''mum. 
g  Corolla  labiate.     Calyx  5-parted.     Sterile  filaments  minute  or  0.         Grati'ola.  3 
g  Corolla  labiate.  Calyx  5-parted.  Sterile  filam.  forked.  Mud-flower.  Ilysan'thus. 
g  Corolla  labiate.  Calyx  4-parted.  Flowers  very  small.  Semiflower.  Hemian'thus. 
g  Corolla  rotate,  with  4  nearly  equal  Icbes,  lower  smallest.  Speedivell.  Veron^ica.  4 


Order  86.— FIGWORTS^  263 


h  Handsome  herbs,  l-2f.  high,  with  flowers  bhie  and  white. 

Innocence.  Collin'sia.  5 
k  Leaves  serr.  Sts.  square.  Palate  of  lower  lip  prominent.  Monkey-fl.  Mim'ulus.  6 
k  Leaves  many-cleft  into  fine  divisions.     W.  Conohea.  Cono'bea. 

k  Leaves  entire.     CoroUa  protracted  into  a  spur  behind.  Toad-flax.  Lina'ria.  2 

k  Leaves  entire.  Cor.  not  spurred.  Small,  obscure  weeds.  W.  M.  S.    Herpes'tis. 

m  Fls.  yellow,  in  a  terminal,  one-sided  spike.       Yelloiv-rattle.  Ehinan'thcs. 

m  Fls.  white,  small,  in  a  term,  one-sided  spike.  Mts.  Eye-hrigJd.  Euphra'sia, 

m  Fls.  yellowish,  axil.,  or  in  a  leafy,  equal  spike.   Cow-wheat.  Melam'pyrum. 
n  Sterile  filament  shorter  than  the  rest,  smooth.  Snahe-head.  Chklo^ne.  7 

n  Sterile  filament  long,  projecting,  bearded.  Beard-tongue.  Pentste'mon. 

n  Sterile  filament  a  scale  on  the  brown  corolla.  Figiuoit.  ScROPHULA^p.ii,^ 

o  Corolla  purple,  in  a  long,  slender  spike.     Leaves  lance-ovate. 

Blue- hearts.  Buchne''ra. 

o  Cor.  purp.  or  rose-white,  axillary.     Lvs.  narrow-lin.,  entire.       Gerar^dia.  8 

o  Corolla  yellow,  and  5-lobed  as  well  as  the  calyx p 

p  Stamens  scarcely  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla, . .  .q 

p  Stamens  long-projecting,  with  very  large  anthers.    S.  Macrantht;'ra. 

q  Stamens  quite  unequal  in  length.     Sepals  very  short.  Dasts^'toma.  9 

q  Stamens  about  equal  in  length,  anths.  all  perfect.  Sep.  long.W.  Seyme'ria. 

1.  VERBAS'CUM.     Mullein. 
Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla  rotate,  5-lobed,  slightly  irregular.     Stamens 
5,  all  perfect,  filaments  woolly,  at  least  the  three  upper  ones.     Pod  round- 
ish egg-shaped,  2-valved,  many -seeded. — Mostly  ©   herbs.     Flowers  in 
spikes,  or  panicles,  or  racemes.     Leaves  alternate.     June-August. 

1  Y.  Thap'sus.     Common  M.     Tall,  woolly.     Leaves  decurrent.     Flowers  spiked,  2 

filaments  smooth, 

2  V,  Blatta'ria.    Moth  M.     Branched,  smooth.     Leaves  serrate.     Flowers  racemed. 

Filaments  violet-woolly. 

3  V.  Lych'nitis.     White  M.     White-downy,  branched.     Leaves  crenate.     Flowers 

panicled.    Filaments  white-woolly. 

2.  LINA'RIA.  Toad-flax. 
Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  personate  with  the  throat  closed  by  the  prom- 
inent palate,  upper  lip  reflexed,  lower  3 -cleft,  tube  inflated  and  spurred 
behind.  Pod  2-celled,  bursting  below  the  top. — Herbs  with  the  lower 
lenves  generally  opposite,  the  upper  alternate.  Flowers  solitary,  axillary, 
often  forming  leafy  racemes.     June-September. 

1  L.  vxdga'ris.    Butter  and  Eggs.     Leaves  lance-linear.     Flowers  large,  yellow  and 
orange,  in  a  close  raceme.     Erect. 


264  ^  THE  FLORA. 


S  L.  Canaden'se,     Canada  T.    Leaves  linear,  obtuse.     Flowers  small,  blue,  loosely 

racemed.     Stem  erect. 
8  L.  Elat'ine.    Pointed  T.    Leaves  ovate-hastate.     Flowers  small,  yellow,  and  pur- 
ple.    Stem  prostrate. 

3.  GRATI'OLA.     Hedge-hyssop. 

Calyx  nearly  equally  5-parted.  Corolla  upper  lip  entire  or  slightly 
2-cleft,  lower  3-cleft.  Fertile  stamens  2,  mostly  with  3  sterile  filaments. 
Pod  2-celled,  4-valved,  many-seeded.-^-Low  herbs  with  opposite  leaves. 
Peduncles  axillary,  1 -flowered,  usually  with  2  bracts  near  the  calyx. 
June-August. 

%  Flowers  on  peduncles.     Plants  weak,  smooth,  or  viscid a 

§  Flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so.     Plants  rigid,  bristly-hairy.     S 8,  9 

a  Sterile  filaments  thread-like,  tipped  with  a  small  head, . .  .b 

a  Sterile  filaments  none,  or  very  minute  and  pointed 5-7 

b  Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so.     Plants  smooth 1,  2 

b  Leaves  toothed.    Plants  generally  viscid-downy.    Flowers  white. ..  .3,  4 

1  G-.  ofEcina'lis.     Officinal  H.     Stem  erect.     Leaves  clasping.     Fls,  whitish.     S. 

2  G.  au''rea.      Golden  H.     Stem  ascending,'  branched.    Leaves  sessile.    Flowers 

yellow,  showy. 

3  Gr.  visco'sa.    Viscid  II.    Leaves  ovate-lanceolate.    Sepals  and  bracts  lanceolate.    S. 

4  G-.  ramo'sa.     Brandling  H.    Lvs.  linear-lance.    Bracts  minute.    Sepals  linear.    S. 

5  Gr.  spha;rocar'pa.     Round-fruited  H.     Peduncles  not  longer  than  calyx.     Pod 

globular.  W.  [calyx.     S. 

6  G-.  Florida^na.  Florida  H.  Peduncles  long.  Corolla  four  times  longer  than  the 

7  G-.  Virginia^na.    Virginian  H.    Peduncles  long.    Cor.  twice  longer  than  calyx. 

8  Gr.  pilo'sa.  Hairy  H.    Leaves  ovate,  toothed.  Corolla  scarce  longer  than  calyx.    S. 

9  G.  snbula'ta.   Awl-lv.  H.    Leaves  narrow,  entire.    Cor.  thrice  longer  than  calyx.  S. 

4.  YERON'ICA.     Speedwell. 

Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  with  a  wheel-shaped,  spreading,  4-cleft  bor- 
der, the  lower  segment  smallest.  Stamens  2,  inserted  into  the  tube,  pro- 
jecting. Sterile  filaments  0.  Pod  flattened,  mostly  obtuse  or  notched  at 
the  apex,  2-celled,  few  or  many-seeded. — Mostly  herbs,  with  opposite 
leaves.  Flowers  small,  solitary,  axillary,  or  racemed,  blue,  flesh-color,  or 
white.    MarcTi^Septemher . 

§  Erect,  tall  (li-4f,).     Flowers  in  dense  terminal  spikes 1,  2 

I  Low,  weak  (3-12').     Leaves  opposite.     Corolla  tube  vei*y  short a 

a  Eacemes  mostly  opposite,  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  sky-blue 3,  4 

a  Racemes  mostly  alternate,  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  light-colored. . .  .5,  6 
a  Racemes  terminal,  or  the  flowers  axillary  and  not  racemed. . .  .b 


Order  86.— FIGWORTS. 


265 


i>  Floral  leaves  like  the  rest,   not  longer 

than  the  recurved  peduncles 7-9 

b  Floral  leaves  bract-like,  longer  than  the 

erect  flower-stalks c 

c  Perennial.     Flower-stalks  equalling  or 

exceeding  the  calyx. . .  .10,  11. 
o  Annual.     Flower-stalks  shorter  than 
the  calyx,  or  none 12,  13 

1  V.  Virginia'na.     Culver'' s  Physic.     Leaves 
wliorled.    Corolla  tube  longer  than  limb. 

2  V.  spica'ta.    Spike-flowered  S.   Leaves  op- 
posite.   Corolla  limb  longer  than  tube.    + 

3  V.  Anagal'lis.  Water  S.  Leaves  ses- 
sile, cordate-clasping,  ovate -lance. 

4  V.  America''na.  BrooMime.  Leaves 
petiolate,  oblong-ovate,  base  round- 
ish or  cordate. 

5  V.  scutella'ta.     Marsli  S.     Leaves  linear. 
Kacemes  very  slender,  few-flowered. 

6  V.  officina'lis.    Common  S.    Lvs.  obovate- 
elliptical,  finely  serrate.    Racemes  dense. 

7  V.  Buxbaum'ii.  BaxhaunCs  S.  Lvs. 
roundish-ovate.  Pod  triangular-ob- 
cordate.     Fields.     E, 

8  V.  agres'tig.  Neckweed.  Lvs.  cordate- 
ovate.  Pod  roundish,  acutely  notch- 
ed.   Fields.     E. 

9  V.  hederaefo^lia.    Ivy-leaved  S.    Leaves  cordate,  roundish,  8-5-lobed.    Capsule 

4-seeded.     M.     Pare.  [than  long.     c. 

10  V.  serpyllifo'lia.    Thym^-leaved  S.    Flower-stalks  longer  than  calyx.    Pod  broader 

11  V.  alpi'na.  .-i;/>m(S  ^S".  Fl.-stalks  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Pod  obov.  Hairy.  "White  Mta. 

12  V.  peregri'na.     Purslane   S.      Smoothish.      Leaves  petiolate,  oblong,   few- 

toothed,  fleshy,     c. 

13  V.  arven'sis.    Corn  S.    Hairy.    Lower  leaves  ovate,  crenate,  petiolate;  upper 

lanceolate,  sessile,  entire.     Stere  2-6'  high.     In  fields.    Common. 


Fig.  575.  Speedwell  (  Veronica  serpyllU 
folia),  whole  plant.  Fig.  576.  Plan  of  the 
flower:  0,  is  the  2-celled  ovary ;  .9,  the  2 
stamens ;  p,  the  4  petals  ;  sp,  the  4  sepals. 
Fig.  577.  Cross-section  of  the  pod,  show- 
ing its  2  cells,  &c. 


5.  OOLLIN'SIA.     Innocence. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  2-lipped,  throat  closed,  upper  lip  bifid,  lower  lip 
trifid,  with  the  middle  segment  keel-like,  holding  the  style  and  4  stamens 
in  a  kind  of  sack.     Capsule  roundish. — Annual  herbs. 

i  O.  verna.  Early  CoUinsia,  or  InnoceJice.  Corolla  2  or  8  times  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Plant  8  to  18'  high,  tender  and  delicate.  Leaves  lance- ovate,  dentate,  opposite. 
Flowers  variegated  with  blue  and  white,  singular  and  pretty.     M.  W. 

1<> 


266 


THE  FLORA. 


9  O.  parviflc'ra.  Small-jiowered  I.   Corolla  scarcely  longer 
than  the  calyx,  blue.    Plant  small.     N.-W. 

6.  MIM'ULUS.     Monkey-flower. 

Calyx  prismatic,  5-angled  and  5-toothed.  Co- 
rolla tubular,  upper  lip  reflexed  or  erect,  2-lobed, 
lower  lip  spreading,  with  a  prominent  palate, 
3-lobed.  Pod  2-celled,  many-seeded.  —  Herbs 
prostrate  or  erect,  with  square  stems,  opposite 
leaves,  and  axillary  solitary  flowers.     July. 

*  Species  from  California,  cultivated  in  gardens. . .  .3,  4 

*  Species  growing  wild,  in  fields,  road-sides,  &c.     Fls, 

blne....l,  2 

1  M.  rin'gens.  Ringent  M.  Stem  not  at  all  winged. 
Leaves  sessile.  Peduncles  longer  than  the 
flower,    c. 

?  M.  ala^tus.     Wing-stem  Zf.    Stem  slightly  winged.    Leaves  petiolate.    Pedun- 
cles shorter  than  the  calyx. 
3  M.  lu''tea.    Yellow  M.     Flowers  yellow,  often  spotted. 


Fig.  578.  Collinsia  verna. 
Fig.  579.  Section  of  a  flower, 
full  size. 


Leaves  round-ovate.     + 


4  M.  cardina''lis.     Cardinal  M.     Fls,  scarlet,  large  and  brilliant.     Leaves  ovate.    + 

7.  OHELO'NE.     Turtle-head. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  or  the  sepals  distinct.  Corolla  inflated,  upper  lip 
broad,  concave,  lower  3-lobed,  bearded  in  the  throat.  Stamens  4,  woolly, 
with  a  5th  sterile  filament  shorter  than  the  others.  Seeds  many,  broadly 
wing-margined. —  if  Plants  about  2f,  erect,  with  opposite  serrate  leaves. 
Auq.-Se'pt. 

1  G  purpu^rea.   Purple  T.    Leaves  lanceolate,  petiolate.    Flowers  purple.    Probably 

a  variety  of  the  next.     W.  M. 

2  0.  gla'bra.     White  T.    Leaves  lanceolate,  sessile  or  nearly  so.    Flowers  white  or 

purplish.     By  brooks  and  wet  places. 
8  C.  Lyo'ni.  LyorCs  T.   Lvs.  ovate,  petiolate,  rarely  cordate.  Fls.  purple  or  white.  S. 


8.  GERAR'DIA.     Purple  Gerardia. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-toothed,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Corolla  tubular, 
swelling  above,  with  5  unequal,  spreading  lobes,  which  are  shorter  than 
the  tube.  Stamens  4,  quite  unequal  by  pairs,  included,  hairy.  Pod  ovate, 
pointed,  many-seeded. — ®  Erect  and  branching  herbs,  with  opposite, 
slender  leaves,  and  large,  showy,  purple  or  rose  colored  flo-wers.  July-Sept 


Order  86.— FIGWORTS.  267 


Calyx  segments  longer  than  its  tube.    Two  anthers  verj  small.     W.     (Omitted.^ 

Calyx  segments  short,  equal.     Anthers  all  equal a 

a  Corolla  bi-labiate,  upper  lip  very  short,  erect.     S.     (Omitted.) 

a  Corolla  lobes  subequal,  all  spreading  ;  throat  usually  hairy b 

b  Leaves  almost  none;  opposite  scales  instead.     S.     (Omitted.) 
b  Leaves  all  alternate,  filiform.     S.     (Omitted.) 

b  Leaves  opposite c 

c  Peduncles  not  longer  than  the  calyx.     Leaves  linear 1,  2 

c  Peduncles  much  longer  than  the  calyx.     Leaves  linear,  long.,  ..d 

d  Flowers  large,  about  %"  long 3,  4 

d  Flowers  small,  about  C'  long 5,  6 

G.  mariti'ma.    Sea-side  G.     Leaves  linear,  fleshy.     Fls.  small,  their  stalks  scarco 

as  long  as  the  truncate  calyx.    Cor.  upper  lobes  fringed.    Salt  marshes.    E. 

Gr.  purpu'rea.    Purple  G.    Leaves  linear.    Peduncles  shorter  than  the  calyx,  which 

is  a  truncate  tube  with  setaceously  aoute  teeth.   Flowers  1'  long.   Common. 

3  Gr.  as'pera.  Rnngh-lv.  G.  Pedunc.  twice  longer  than  calyx,  which  has  teeth.  W. 

4  Gf-.  linifo'lia.  FlaxG.  Peduncles  many  times  longer  than  the  toothless  calyx.  S. 
G.  tenuifo'lia.     Slender  G.     Leaves  linear,  1'  long.     Peduncle  I'',  longer  than  the 

corolla,  which  is  purple,  with  spots  inside.   Slender,  branched,  6-12'  high,  c 

Gr,  seta'cea.    Bristle-lv.  G.     Leaves  linear-setaceous,  the  floral  ones  much  shorter 

than  the  very  long  peduncles.    Plant  12-18'  high.    Flowers  rose-color.   "W. 


9.  DASYS'TOMA.     Woolmouth. 

The  characters  are  the  same  as  in  Gekaedia,  except  that  the  calyx  ia 
5-cleft,  and  imbricated  in  the  early  bud;  the  corolla  yellow,  with  tube 
longer  than  the  lobes,  and  woolly  inside;  the  leaves  rather  large,  and 
mostly  pinnatifid,  and  the  root  U.  Elowers  very  showy.  Plants  2-4f. 
high.     July-Sept.     (Figs.  565-568.) 

§  Sepals  finely  toothed.     Leaves  all  pinnatifid,  with  toothed  lobes 4,  5 

§  Sepals  entire.    Leaves  entire  or  mostly  once  pinnatifid-toothed 1 

1  Glabrous.     Leaves  acute  at  apex,  lanceolate  in  outline 2,  3 

1  D.  flava.      Doicny  IF.     Downy.     Leaves   obtuse,   entire,   except   the   lower. 
Sepals  obtuse.     Common  in  woods. 
2  D.  quercifo'lia.     Oak-leaved  W.     Glaucous.     Leaves  mostly  pinnatifid.     Corolla  2' 

in  length.     Calyx  segments  lance-acuminate,  longer  than  its  tube. 
8  D.  integrifo'lia.     Entire-leaved  W.      Green.      Leaves  lanceolate,   entire.      Stalks 
shorter  than  calyx.     Flowers  V  long.     La  woods.     Ohio,  "VV. 

4  D.  pedicula'ria.     Lousewort  W.      Smoothish  or  downy,   branched.      Flower- 

stalks  longer  than  calyx.     Leaves  lance-ovate,  twice  pinnatifid. 

5  D.  pectina'ta.     Comhed  W.    Very  hairy.     Leaves  lanceolate,  pectinate-pi nnat- 

ifid.     Stalks  shorter  than  calyx. 


268 


THE  FLORA. 


Order  LXXXIX.   LABIATE.    Labiate  Plants. 


Herbs  with  square  stems,  and  opposite,  aromatic 

Jlowers  axillary,  in  verticils,  sometimes  as  if  in  spikes  or  heads; 

corolla  labiate  (rarely  regular),  the  upper  lip  2-cleft  or  entire,  Gv^erlapping 

in  the  iud  the  lower  3-cleft  lip  ;  stamens  4,  didynamous,  or  2 ; 
9fary  deeply  4-lobed,  forming  m  fruit  4  hard  nuts  or  achenia. 


Fig.  580.  Monarda  didyma.  1.  An  anther  enlarged.  2.  Flower  of  Hemp  Nettle  {Galeop^ 
sis).  S.  One  of  its  stamens  much  enlarged.  4.  The  calyx  opened,  showing  the  4  achenia 
5.  Flower  of  Sage  {Sal/via).  6.  Flower  of  Ocimuni  basilicum.  7.  Flower  of  Nepeta  Glechonia. 
8.  A  pair  ef  the  anthers  forming  a  cross.  9.  Flower  of  Physostegia  Virginioa  seen  from  benentn. 
Fiff.  590.  One  of  its  stamens.  1.  Its  ovaries  with  the  rudimentary  filament.  2.  Flower  of  Teu- 
crium  Canadense.  S.  F\o\ver  of  Catnei)  (N'epeta  Cataria).  4.  One  of  its  anthers.  5.  Dittany 
{C'unila  Mariana).    6.  A  calyx  and  style. 


Order  89.— LABIATE  PLANTS.  269 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

§  Flowers  "with  only  2  perfect  stamens 7 

§  Flowers  with  the  4  perfect  stamens  all  declining  to  the  lower  lip a 

§  Flowers  with  the  4  perfect  stamens  erect  or  ascending  to  the  upper  lip 2 

2  Stamens  of  eqaallength.     Corolla  almost  regular,  4  or  5-lobed c 

2  Sta.,  the  upperpair  longer  than  the  lower  (outer).  Calyx  13-15-veined k 

2  Stamens,  the  lower  pair  longer  than  the  upper  (interior)  pair. . .  .3 

3  Stamens  diverging  apart,  mostly  straight  and  exserted 6 

3  Stamens  parallel,  ascending  and  long-exserted  from  the  upper  side b 

8  Stamens  parallel,  ascending  in  pairs  beneath  the  upper  lip 4 

4  Calyx  13-veined,  5-toothed,  and  somewhat  2-lipped g 

4  Calyx  5-10-veined  or  irregularly  netted 5 

5  Calyx  strongly  2-lipped,  upper  lip  truncate,  closed  in  fruit m 

6  Calyx  not  labiate,  3  or  4-lobed,  open  in  fruit. . .  .u 

5  Calyx  subequally  5-toothed,  teeth  not  spinescent o 

5  Calyx  subequally  5-toothed,  teeth  ending  in  sharp  spines.. . .q 

5  Calyx  unequally  8-10-toothed s 

6  Calyx  hairy  in  the  throat,  mostly  labiate. . .  .f 

6  Calyx  naked  in  the  throat,  mostly  equal,  5-toothed e 

7  Stamens  ascending  beneath  the  galea  (upper  lip).     Anthers  1-celled. . .  .h 
7  Stamens  exserted,  distant.     Anthers  2-ceIled.  - .  .d 
a  Corolla  upper  lip  4-lobed,  lower  entire,  flattish.     +  Siveet  Basil.  O'cymum. 

a  Corolla  upper  lip  4-lobed,  lower  saccate,  deflexed.     S.  Hyptls.  Hyptis. 

a  Corolla  upper  lip  2-lobed,  lower  3-lobed,  long,  lilac,    t    La'^ender.  Lavan^dula. 
b  Stamens  exserted  through  a  fissure  in  the  tube.  Blue  Curls.  Tkichos''tema. 
b  Stamens  very  long,  involute,  arching  the  corolla.     Germander.  Teu^cridm. 
c  Corolla  limb  equally  5-lobed.     Stamens  short.      Blue-false- Gentian.  Isan'thus. 
c  Corolla  limb  4-lobed,  the  broadest  lobe  notched.         Peppermint,  &c.  Mentha.  1 
d  Cor.  nearly  reg.,4-cleft.  Calyx  naked  in  throat.  Water  Boarhomid.jjxc^ ofvs.  2 
d  Corolla  labiate,  cyanic,  throat  naked.    Stam.  straight.      Dittany.  Cuni'la.  8 
d  (]or.  labiate,  cyanic,  throat  naked.     Stam.  ascend.  Pennyroyal.  Hede'oma. 
d  Corolla  labiate,  yellow,  throat  hairy.     Stamens  ^ 

long-exserted.  .      v  Horse-lalm.  Collinso'nia. 

e  Fls.  yel.   Coarse  herbs  not  fragrant,  with  large  Ivs.  ) 

e  Fls.  bright  blue.    Handsome  herbs.     Calyx  15-veined.     +    Hyssop.  ilYs'&ovvs. 

e  Fls.  pale  blue,  in  dense  hds,  CalyxlO  or  13-striate.  Wild  Basil.  Tyc^x^'th-ethvu. 

e  Fls.  pink-colored,  axillary.     Lvs.  linear,  small,  t    Summer  Savory.  Sature'ja. 

f  Corolla  exserted,  pink-color,  racemed.    Leaves  linear,  smooth.  Stem  If.  S. 

Diceran'dra. 
f  Corolla  short  as  calyx,  pale-purple.     Bracts  roundish,  colored. 

Marjoram.  Orig'anum. 
f  CoTolia  short  as  calyx,  blue-purp.    Bracts  minute,  green.   Thyme.  Thymus. 


270  THE  FLORA. 


g  Cor.  tube  straight.    Lvs.  small,  subcrenate  or  entire.   Calaminth.  Calamin'tha.  4 
g  Corolla  tube  curved  upwards.     Leaves  large,  coarse-crenate.    Balm.  Melis'sa. 

h  Anthers  halved,  the  halves  widely  separated,  each  1-celled.    Sage.^KL'wK.  5 

h  Anthers  halved,  one  half  present,  1  celled.     Filaments  toothed.     Shrub,  t 

Rosemary.  Eosmari'nus. 

h  Anthers  whole,  2-celled.     Calyx  snbsequally  5-toothed. 

Mountain  Mint.  Monar''da.  6 

h  Anthers  whole,  2-celled.     Calyx  labiate,  teeth  bristle-shaped.    Blephil''ia. 
k  Leaves  serrate.     Stamens  diverging.     Fls.  spiked.     Tall  Hyssop.  Lophan^thus. 
k  Lvs.  serrate.     Stam.  all  ascend.     Fls.  capitate.    Dragonhead.  Dracoceph^alum. 
k  Lvs.  crenate,  cordate  or  reniform.     Corolla  smooth  inside.     Catmint.  Nep'eta.  7 
k  Leaves  crenate,  cordate.     Corolla  tube  very  broad,  hairy  inside.  Cedronel''la. 

m  Calyx  lips  toothed.     Filam.  forked.     Fls.  spiked.      Self-heal.  Brunel''la.  8 

m  Calyx  lips  entire,  the  upper  appendaged  on  back.  Skullcap.  Scutella''eia.  9 
n  Calyx  3-lobed.    Anthers  all  distinct.     Corolla  large,  purplish.  S.     Macbri'dea. 
n  Calyx  4-lobed.     Anthers,  upper  pair,  connate.     White.     W.  Synan'dra.IO 

o  Cor.  tube  inflated  in  the  midst,  whitish.    Tall.  TAon's-heart.  Physoste'gia.11 

o  Cor.  tube  inflated  at  the  throat,  purple.     Lvs.  roundish.    Henbit.  Lam^icm. 

o  Corolla  inflated  in  the  broad  concave  upper  lip.     Jerusalem  Sage.  Fhlomis. 

o  Corolla  not  inflated,  short p 

p  Calyx  salver- form,  10-veined.  Bk(ch  Boar  hound.  Ballo'ta. 

p  Calyx  bro.ad-cam.panulate,  netted.  Molucca  Balm.  Molluccel'la. 

q  Lvs.  serrate.     Anth.  open  crosswise.     Nuts  truncate.  Hemp  Nettle.  Galeop'sis. 

q  Leaves  serrate.     Anth.  open  lengthwise.     Nuts  obtuse.  Hedge  Nettle.  Stachys. 

q  Leaves  lobed.     Nuts  truncate  at  top,  3-angled.  Motherwort.  Leonu^rus. 

s  Cor.  white,  upper  lip  flattish.  Style  equally  bifid.    Hoarhound.  Marru'bium. 

R  Corolla  white,  upper  lip  concave.     Style  unequally  bifid.     S.  Leucas. 

s  Corolla  scarlet,  exserted.  Calyx  upper  tooth  longest.  Lion''s-ears.  Leono'tis. 

1.  MEN'THA.     Mint. 

Calyx  equally  5-tootlied.  Corolla  nearly  regular,  tube  included  in  the 
calyx,  border  6-cleft,  the  upper  lobe  mostly  notched.  Stamens  4,  equal, 
straight,  erect,  distant. — Aromatic  herbs,  with  the  pale  purple  or  white 
flowers  in  close  axillary  clusters,  or  forming  spikes. 

*  Whol-ls  of  flowers  remote,  axillary,  not  in  spikes.     Leaves  petiolate 1,  2 

*  Whorls  of  flowers  approximate,  forming  terminal  spikes. . .  .3,  4 

1  M.  Canaden'sis.      Wild  Mint.     Plant  grayish,  fragrant.     Lvs.  acute  at  each  end. 

2  M.  arven'sis.  Fiud  M.     Plant  green,  ill-scented.     Lvs.  frequently  obtuse  at  base. 

3  M.  piperi'ta.    Peppermint.     Leaves  petiolate,  ovate,  serrate,  smooth.     Spikea 

few,  thick,  short.     Stems  2-3f.  high. 

4  M.  vir'idis.    Spearmint.    Leaves  sessile,  lance-oblong,  acute,  serrate.     Spikes 

many,  slender,  long.    Stems  l-2f.  high. 


Order  89.— LABIATE   PLANTS.  271 


2.  LYC'OPUS.     "Water  Hoarhound. 

Calyx  tubular,  4-5-cleft.  Corolla  nearly  regular,  4-cleft,  tube  as  long 
as  the  calyx,  stamens  2,  distant,  diverging  the  length  of  the  straight  style. 
— 11  Low  herbs,  with  deeply  toothed  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  remote 
axillary  whorls  of  small,  whitish  flowers.     July,  Aug. 

L.  Virgin'icus.     Stem  obtuse-angled.     Leaves  sharp-toothed.     Calyx  4-cleft,  blunt. 
L.  Europae'us,     Stem  sharp-angled.     Leaves  sinuate-toothed.    Calyx  5-cleft,  spiny. 

3.  OUNI'LA.     Dittany.     (Figs.  595,  59G.) 

C.  Maria'na.  Maryland  D.  Stem  branched,  l-2f.  high.  Leaves  ovate,  serrate, 
nearly  sessile.  Cymes  axillary  and  terminal,  corymbous,  stalked.  Corolla 
nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  pale-red.  In  rocky  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Ga. 
Summer. 

4.  CALAMINTHA.     Calaminth. 

Calyx  13-veined,  tubular,  throat  mostfy  hairy,  upper  lip  3-cleft,  lower 
2-cleft.  Corolla  tube  straight,  exserted,  throat  enlarged,  upper  lip  erect, 
subcutive,  lower  lip  spreading,  its  middle  lobe  largest.  Stamens  4,  lower 
pair  longer. — if 

1  C.  Clinopo'dium.    Wild  Basil.     Herb  hairy,  l-2f.  high.    Leaves  ovate,  subserrate. 

Flowers  many,  in  dense,  axillary  whorls,  with  subulate  bracts.     Calyx  bent. 

2  0.  Nep'eta.    False  Catmint.     Herb  hairy,  2f.,  much  branched  below.     Lvs.  broad- 

ovate,  petiolate.     Whorls  few-flowered  above.     Calyx  straight.     Hills.     Va. 

3  C.  glabel'la.    False  Pennyroyal.     Herb  smooth,  half  erect,  6-12',  branched.    Lvs. 

oblong,  those  of  the  runners  ovate.     Cor.  pale-violet.     Fragrant.    June.     M. 

4  0.  canes'cens.     Hoary  G.     Shrub  10''  high.    Lvs.  linear.    Fls.  opposite,  roseate.  S. 

5  C.  coccin'ea.     Scarlet  G.     Shrub  with  narrow  obovate  leaves,  large  scarlet  fls.     S. 

6  O,  Carolinia''na.     Garolina  G.     Shrub  If.     Leaves  ovate,  serrate-crenate.    Flowere 

rose-purple.     S. 

5.  SAL'VIA.     Sage. 

Calyx  striate,  labiate,  throat  not  hairy.  Corolla  ringent,  upper  lip 
straight  or  falcate,  lower  spreading,  3-lobed.  Stamens  2.  The  connectile 
is  placed  transversely  on  the  filament  like  the  letter  T,  bearing  at  eacb 
end  1  lobe  of  the  halved  anther.     (See  Figs.  585,  176.) 

§  Herbs  native,  in  woods,  &c a 

§  Herbs  or  shrubs  in  gardens,  with  blue  flowers 7,  8 

§  Shnibs  from  Mexico,  cultivated,  with  large  scarlet  flowers 9,  10 


272  THE   FLORA. 


a  Calyx  slightly  2-lipped,  obscurely  3-toothed,  equal.     8outh 1-3 

a  Calyx  deeply  2-lipped,  5-toothed,  lower  lip  longer 4-6 

1  S.  azu^rea.     Azwe  S.     Leaves  linear-oblong.     Fls.  downy,  azure-blue.     Summer, 

2  S.  urticifo^lia.     Nettle-lti.  S.     Lvs.  rhombic-ovate.     Corolla  smooth,  blue.     Mai/. 

8  S,  coccin'ea.     Scarlet  S.     Lvs.  ovate,  cordate,  hoary.     Corolla  red,  smooth.     Jul^, 

4  S.  Clayto'ni.     ClaytoTi's  S.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  pinnatifld,  cauline.  Fls.  small.  S. 

5  S.  obova^ta.     Ohovate  S.     Lvs.  broadly  obovate,  entire.     Flowers  blue.     S. 

6  S.  lyra'ta.     Lyrate  S.     Leaves  all  radical,  oblong,  lyrate,  erose-dentate,  1  or  2 

on  the  scape,  bract-like.     Fls.  1^  long,  violet-purple.     M.  S.     Sping. 

7  S  Scla'rea.     Glarry  S.     Lvs.  ample,  broad-ovate.     Corolla  upper  lip  large,  high- 

arched,     t     (Fig.  585.) 

8  S.  ofEcina'lis.     Cam7non  S.     Lvs.  not  large,  lance-oblong,  rugous.     Corolla  upper 

lip  scarce  longer  than  the  lower,  some  vaulted.     Shrubby. 
9  S.  ful'gens.  Stem  weak.  Lvs.  lance-ovate,  long-stalked.  Calyx  scarcely  colored. 
10  S.  splen'dens.     Stem  erect.     Leaves  broad-ovate,  stalked.     Calyx  scarlet  also. 

6.  MONAR'DA.     Mountain-mint. 

Calyx  tubular,  lengthened,  15-ribbed,  nearly  equally  5-tootlied.  Corolla 
tubular,  long,  the  lips  linear  or  oblong,  lower  reflexed,  8-lobed,  upper 
erect,  entire,  involving  the  filaments.  Stamens  2,  with  rudiments  of  more. 
— Erect,  fragrant  herbs,  with  rather  large  flowers  in  bracted  whorls  or 
heads,  the  bracts  generally  tinged  with  the  color  of  the  flowers,  July- 
Sept.     (Figs.  580,  581.) 

§  Calyx  densely  hairy  in  the  throat.     Corolla  purple  or  whitish 1,2 

§  Calyx  naked  in  the  throat.     Corolla  scarlet  or  yellow 8,  4 

1  M.  fistulo''sa.      l^Vild  Bergamot.     Stem  acutely  angular,  2-4f.     Leaves  lance- 

ovate,  petiolate.     Heads  of  flowers  large,  dense,  terminal,     b.  p.  w.   M.  W. 

2  M.  Bradburia'na.     Bradhiiry^s  M.      Stem  simple,   3f.     Leaves  lance-oblong, 

subsessile,  hairy  both  sides.     Heads  few,  large,  purple.     W. 

8  M.  puncta'ta.  Horsemint.  Stem  branched,  2-3f.  high.  Leaves  lance-oblong, 
tapering  to  a  petiole.     Bracts  longer  than  the  pale  yellow  flowers.     M.  W.  S. 

4  M.  did^yma.  Mountain  Balm.  Stem  branched,  2-3f.  Leaves  broad-ovate,  acu- 
minate.   Heads  large,  with  long  crimson  flowers  and  bracts,     f 

7.  NEP'ETA.     Catmint. 

Calyx  striate,  obliquely  5-toothed.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  notched  or 
2-cleft,  lower  3-lobed,  middle  lobe  largest,  throat  naked  and  widened. 
Stamens  ascending  beneath  the  upper  lip. — li  Lvs.  crenate.  (Figs.  587,  588.) 

1  W.  Cata'ria.     Catnep.    Tall.    Cymes  dense,  terminal  spikes.    Leaves  cordate. 

2  N.  Grlecho'ma.     QUI.     Trailing.     Cymes  loose,  axillary.     Leaves  round-reniform 


Order  89.— LARIATE  PLANTS.  273 


8.  BRUN'EL'LA.     Blue-curls. 


B.  vulga'ris.  Common  B.  Stem  simple,  ascending  S-IS'.  Leaves  oblong-ovate, 
stalked,  toothed.  Whorls  close  together,  forming  an  oblong,  dense  spike. 
Corolla  blue,  upper  lip  truncate,  with  3  awns. 


9.  SCUTELLA'RIA.     Skullcap. 

Calyx  campanulate,  lips  entire,  with  an  appendage. on  the  back  and 
closed  after  floweriDg.  Corolla  with  a  long,  ascending  tube,  the  upper  lip 
vaulted,  nearly  entire,  middle  lobe  of  the  lower  lip  wide,  spreading.  Sta- 
mens approximate  in  pairs,  ascending  beneath  upper  lip. — Bitter  herbs,  not 
aromatic.  Flowers  generally  blue.  May-August. 
§  Flowers  large  (7-13^''  long),  racemed  above,  with  bracts. , .  .a 

§  Flowers  large  or  small,  opposite,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves 8-10 

§  Flowers  small  {Z"  long),  in  slender,  axillary,  1-sided  racemes 11 

a  Bracts  ovate,  abrupt  at  base.    Lips  of  the  corolla  short 1,  2 

a  Bracts  lance-oblong,  acute  at  base.    Leaves  notched,  petiolate b 

a  Bracts  leaf-like,  longer  than  the  calyx.     Leaves  entire,  subsessile. . .  .7 

b  Helmet  (upper  lip)  of  the  corolla  longer  than  the  lower 3,  4 

b  Helmet  of  the  corolla  not  longer  than  the  lip 5,  6 

1  S.  rersic'olor.      Variegated  S.     Floral  leaves  sessile,  broad-ovate,  not  cordate 

Corolla  lower  lip  scarcely  longer  than  the  upper,  blue  above.     M.  W. 

2  S.  saxati'lis.     Roch  S.     Weak,  branched,  ascending.     Upper  leaves  oval,  obtuse. 

Corolla  lower  lip  twice  longer  than  the  upper,  blue  above,  tube  pale.    Eocks. 
W.  S. 

3  S.  canes'cens.     Hoary  S.     Tall,  downy.    Leaves  petiolate,  oblong  or  ovate. 

Flowers  canescent,  tube  gradually  enlarged.     M.  W.     c. 

4  S,  villo'sa.     Woolly  S.     Stem  woolly.     Corolla  tube  slender,  enlarged  only  at 

the  throat.     Helmet  much  larger  than  the  lip.     S. 

5  S.  serra^ta.     Saw-lf.  S.     Nearly  smooth.     Leaves  acuminate,  both  ends.     W.  S. 

6  S.  pilo'sa.     Hairy  S.     Plant  hairy.     Leaves  rhomb.-ovate,  obtuse.    M.  S. 

7  S.  integrifo'lia.     Entire-leaved  S.     Erect.     Leaves  ovate-lance.,  entire,  sub- 
sessile.     M. 

8  S.  nervo'sa.     Nerve-lf.  S.     Lvs.  broad-ovate,  3-5-veined.     Stem  8-15'.     M.  "W 

9  S.par'vrUa.  Pigmy  S.  Lvs.  oblong,  ovate,  obtuse,  entire,  sessile.  Stem  3-6''.  M.  W. 
*C  ■»■  galericula''ta.    Common  S.    Leaves  lance-cordate,  crenate-serrate.     Flowers  1' 

long.     c. 
11  S.  lateriflo'ra.    Mad- dog  S.     Branching,  smoothish.     Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  serrate,  petiolate.     Kacemes  lateral,  leafy,     e. 
12* 


274 


THE  FLORA 


10.  SYNAN'DRA.     Synandra. 
Calyx  4-cleft.     Upper  lips  of  corolla  entire,  vaulted, 
the  lower  in  3  unequal,  obtuse  lobes.     Throat  widened. 
Stamens  ascending  beneath  the  upper  lip,  the  two  up- 
per anthers  cohering.     (Figs.  597,  90.) 
1  S.  grandiflo^ra.     Great-floioered   S.     Grows   in   woods,  West. 
6-8'  high.    Leaves  opposite,  ovate,  cordate,  toothed.  Fls. 
few,  1'  long,  upper  lip  very  \&rgQ.  June. 

11.  PHYSOSTE'GIA.    Lion's-heart 

P.  Virginia 'nii.  Virginian  L.  Stem  square,  erect  2-3f.,  with 
very  smooth,  sessile  leaves  in  four  rows,  and  a  terminal, 
4-rowed  spike  of  large,  showy,  purplish-white  flowers. 
Avg.^  Sept.     (Figs.  589-59 L) 


Order  XC.  BORRAGINACE^.    Borrageworts. 


Fig-  59S.  Borrage  {Borrago  officinalis).  9.  The  four  nuts  with  the  style  amd  calyx.  Fig.  600 
One  of  the  nuts  cut  open,  showing  the  seed,  euibryo,  &c.  1.  Paccoon  {Lithospertmim  canes 
cens).  2.  Corolla  laid  open,  showing  the  stamens.  3.  Pistil  of  Comfrey,  consisting  of  the  deeplj 
4-lobed  ovary  with  the  slender  style  arising  from  between  the  lobes  and  near  their  base. 

fferhs^  shrubs.,  or  trees^  with  round  stems  and  branches  ; 

leaves  alternate,  generally  rough  with  stiff  hairs  ;  stipules  none  ; 


Order  90.— BORR  AGE  WORTS.  275 


flowers  seldom  yellow,  generally  in  a  coiled  (circinate)  inflorescence  • 
sepals  5  ;  petals  5,  united  below,  almost  always  regular ; 
stamens  5 ;    ovary  deeply  4-lobed,  forming  in  fruit  4  separate,  1 -seeded 
nuts  or  nutlets,  generally  without  albumen. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

§  Ovary  not  4-l(/bed,  but  separating  when  ripe  ir  to  several  achenia a 

I  Ovary  4-lobed  or  parted,  becoming  4  achenia  around  the  style 2 

2  Corolla  irregular,  with  unequal  lobes  or  a  bent  tube b 

2  Corolla  perfectly  regular 3 

3  Achenia  or  ovary  prickly.     Corolla  throat  closed  with  5  scales. . . .f 

3  Achenia  and  ovary  not  prickly 4 

4  Corolla  throat  closed  by  5  scales c 

4  Corolla  throat  open,  no  scales,  sometimes  5  ridges d 

a  Corolla  tube  with  open  throat.    Achenia  4.    Heliotrope.  Twrnw^.  Heliotro^pium.  1 

a  Corolla  tube  with  constricted  throat.  Achenia  2.  i^a^^e  ^e^*o.  Heliotroph'ttum. 

b  Corolla  irregularly  5-lobed.    Throat  open.    Blue.     Viper's  Bugloss.^cn' wm. 

b  Corolla  with  the  slender  tube  bent,  closed.     Blue.  Bughss.  Ltcop'sis. 

•c  Corolla  wheel-form,  anthers  exserted.     Blue.  Barrage.  Borra'go. 

c  Corolla  tubular  bell-form.     Style  exserted.     White.         Comfrey.  Sym'phttum. 

d  Cor.  tubular,  with  erect,  acute  lobes.  White.   False  GromweU.  Onosmo'dium. 

d  Corolla  lobes  rounded,  spreading, e 

e  and  imbricated  in  the  bud.  White  or  yellow.   Gromivell. 'Lithosvief/mvu.  2 

e  and  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Purple  or  blue,  large.  Mertex'sia.  3 

e  and  convolute  in  the  bud.    Blue  or  white,  small.  Myoso'tis.  4 

f  Corolla  salver-form.     Ach.  prickly  on  the  edge.       Burr-seed.  Echinosper'mum. 

f  Corolla  funnel-form.    Achenia  prickly  all  over.  Hound' s-tongue.  Cynoglos'sum.  5 

1.  HELIOTROTIUM.     Turnsol.     Heliotrope. 

Corolla  salver-form,  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube.  Anthers  sessile.  Style 
short,  terminal.  Ovary  entire,  splitting  at  length  into  4  achenia.— Herbs 
or  shrubs.     Flowers  in  one-sided,  coiled  spikes. 

1  H.  Europae'um.    Wild  H.     Herb  downy.    Leaves  oval,  obtuse.     Spikes  single  or 

forked.     White.     S.  [oUuse.     Blue.     W. 

2  H.  curassav'icum.     Glaucovs  H.     Herb  smooth,  glaucous.     Lvs.  linear-lanceolate, 
8  H.  Peruvia'num.     Common  H.      Shrubby,  whitish-downy.      Spikes  many,   clus- 
tered,    to.- p.     t 

2.  LITHOSPER'MUM.     GromweU  or  Grammell. 

Calyx  .5-parted.     Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-form,  the  limb  o-lobe,! 
throat  open,  naked  or  with  5  projections.     Stamens  included.     Achenia 


27G 


THE  FLORA. 


bony,  ovate,  smooth  or  wrinkled,  fixed  by  a  flat  base. — Herbs  generally 
with  thick,  reddish  roots.  Flowers  spiked  or  racemed,  with  leafy  bracts. 
May -July. 

§  Flowers  white,  small a 

§  Flowers  yellow,  showy.     Achenia  smooth,  polished. . .  .5-7 

a  Achenia  roughened  with  wrinkles 1 

a  Achenia  smooth  and  polished 2-4 

1  L.  arven^se.    Wheat-thief.    Eoot  ®,  red.    Leaves  lance-linear.    Plant  12-18^  high, 
hairy,     c.  [tube.     N.  M, 

2  L.  oiBcina'le.     Gromwell.     Koot  %.     Lvs.  lanceolate.     Calyx  equal  to  corolla 

8  L.  latifo'lium.    Broad-leaved  G.     Eoot  U.    Leaves  lance-ovate,  sharply  acumi- 
nate.    Sepals  longer  than  the  corolla,  spreading  in  fruit.     Stem  l-2f. 

4  L.  angustifo'lium.  Narrow-lv.  G.  ^  Lvs.  linear,  stiff",  edges  some  revolute.  M.W. 

5  L.  canes'cens.     Puccoon.     Soft-velvety,  canescent.     Lvs.  oblong-linear.     Tube  of 

the  corolla  thrice  as  long  as  the  very  short  calyx.    Plant  8-12^  erect.  W.  &c. 

6  L.  hirtum.    Hairy  P.    Eough-hairy.    Lvs.  lance-linear.    Cor.  long  as  calyx.   W.  S. 

7  L.  longiflc'rum.     Long-jioioered  P.     Rough-ashy.     Lvs.  lance-linear.    Corolla  tube 

four  times  as  long  as  the  calyx,  lobes  crenulatc,  wavy.     W.  S. 


3.  MERTEN'SIA.     Lungwort. 

A  short,  5 -cleft  calyx ;  a  tubular  corolla,  slender  below,  suddenly  en- 
larged above,  limb  5-cleft;  the  5  stamens  inserted  at  top  of  the  tube,  and 
with  smooth  achenia. — %  Plants  usually  smooth,  with  tenninal  racemes. 

1  M.  Virgin'ica.    Virginian  L.    Very  smooth,  12-18^  high.    Eoot  lvs.  large,  .stalked ; 

stem  lvs.  sessile.   Fls,  somewhat  trumpet-shaped,  blue-lilac,  very  fine.  May.  W. 

2  M.  marit'ima.   Sea  L.    Smooth,  diff"use.    Leaves  ovate, 

fleshy.     Corolla  limb  longer  than  the  tube,  which 
shows  5  folds  in  throat,  blue-purple.     E. 

3  M.  panicula'ta.    Panicled  L.     Eough.    Leaves  cordate, 

acuminate,  veiny.    Calyx  hispid,  thrice  shorter  than 
the  tube,  bell-form,  blue-white  corolla.     N.-W. 

4.  MYOSO'TIS.  Forget-me-not.  Scorpion-grass. 

Oalyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  salver-form,  the  5  lobes 
slightly  notched  at  the  end,  throat  closed  with  5 
short,  concave  scales.  Nuts  smooth,  ovate,  with 
a  small  cavity  at  base. — Little  herbs  slightly  wool- 
ly.    Racemes  finally  becoming  long.     May-Aug. 

1  M.  paius'tris.  Tnie  F.  Flowers  in  one-sided  racemes. 
Plant  smoothish,  6-12''  high.  Leaves  linear-oblong, 
obtuse.     Flowers  blue  with  a  yellow  centre. 


Fig.  604.  Forget-me-not,— 
a  pair  of  scorpoid  cyme^ 


OiiDER  91.— THE  HYDROPHYLLS.  277 


2  M.  arven'sis.    Field  F.    Fls.  in  2-sided,  leafless  racemes.     Plant  hairy.    Pedicb^ 

twice  as  long  as  the  open,  equal  calyx.    Lvs.  oblong-lance.,  acute.     Rare.    w. 

3  M.  stric'ta.    Rough  F.     Flowers  in  2-sided  racemes,  which  are  leafy  at  their  base. 

Peiicels  as  long  as  the  closed,  2-lipped  calyx.     Leaves  oblong,    w. 

5.  CYNOGLOS'SUM.     Hound's -tongue. 
Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla  short,  funnel-form,  the  throat  closed  with  5 
ohtnse  scales,  lobes  rounded.    Nuts  depressed,  covered  with  short,  hooked 
prickles,  fixed  laterally  to  the  base  of  the  style. — Coarse  herbs,  strong- 
scented,  with  the  flowers  in  leafless,  panicled  racemes.     June^  July. 
C.  ofEcina'le.     Common  H.     Velvety.     Stem  leafy  (l-2f.).     Flowers  reddish  purple. 
C.  virgin ^icum.     Stalked  H.     Hairy.     Stem  leafless  above  (2f ).     Flowers  pale  blue. 
0.  Morriso'm.    Morrison's  H.     Hairy,  leafy  (2-3f.),  wide-spread.     Flowers  whitish. 


Order  XCI.   HYDROPHYLLACE^.     The  Hydrophylls. 

Mostly  herhs  with  alternate  lobed  leaves^  and  regular  hlmsh.  flowers ; 
calyx  5-cleft,  usually  with  appendages  at  the  clefts,  persistent ; 
corolla  5-lobed,  often  with  10  honey  scales  or  furrows  near  the  base  ; 
stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  corolla,  with  a  single  bifid  style; 
ovary  simple,   free,    1-celled,   with  2   usually  projecting  several-seeded 
placentas. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

1  Corolla  with  10  honey  scales  inside,  extending  lengthwise. .-.  .2 
1  Corolla  destitute  of  honey  scales.  Stamens  equalling  corolla.  Cosman'thus.  2 
2  Fls.  in  coiled  cymes,  without  bracts.   Placentae  large,  fleshy.    HYDROPHYL''LtrM:.  1 
2  Flowers  in  one-sided  racemes,  bractless.     Placenta?  linear.  Phaoe''lia. 

2  Flowers  (mostly)  solitary.     Calyx  very  large.     Leaves  pinnatifld.         Ellis'ia. 

1.  HYDROPHYL'LUM.  Water-leaf. 
Sepals  slightly  united  at  base.  Corolla  campanulate,  with  10  linear 
honey  scales  running  lengthwise,  folded  inward  so  as  to  form  5  grooves. 
Stamens  exserted.  Pod  globular,  2-celled,  1-4-seeded,  with  large,  fleshy 
placentae. — Handsome  herbs,  with  the  root  leaves  on  long  petioles,  and 
the  flowers  in  clustered  cymes,  bluish  or  white. 

§  Calyx  not  appeudaged.     Stamens  much  exserted 1-3 

§  H.  appendicvila'tum.    Appendaged  W.     Calyx  appeudaged  at  the  clefts.    Stamenfl 
not  exs'^rted.     W.  S. 


278 


THE  FLORA. 


1  H.  macrophyllum.    Great-leaved  W.    Lvs.  pinnately-veiued  and  lobed,  rough- 

hairy.     Peduncles  long.     W.  S. 

2  H.  Virgin''icum,      Virginia  W.     Leaves  pinnateiy-veined  and  lobed,  smooth, 

Peduncles  long.     c. 
8  H.  Canaden'se.     Canada  W.     Leaves   palmately-veined   and  lobed,  smooth. 
Peduncles  shorter  than  petals,    r. 


Fig.  605.  A  flower  of  Virginian  Water-leaf.    Fig.  606.  The  Ovary  and  Style.    Fig.  607. 
Corolla  cut  open,  showing  the  honey  grooves.    Fig.  608.  A  seed,  cut,  showing  the  embryo. 

2.  COSMAN'THUS.     Miami  Mist. 

Corolla  broad-campanulate,  soon  falling  off,  throat  not  appendaged, 
limb  of  5-fringed  lobes.  Ovary  1-celled,  the  two  projecting  placentaa 
eacli  2-seeded. — (D  Delicate  herbs  with  alternate  leaves,  long,  bractless 
racemes,  and  small,  white  or  pale-blue  flowers. 

1  C.  Pnr'shii.    PursTCs  M.     Nearly  smooth.    Leaves  pectinately  pinnatifid,  lobes 

oblong-acute.  Sepals  lauce-liiiear.  Height  8-12'.    Penn.,  S.  and  W.    Pale  blue. 

2  0.  fimbria''tus.    Fringed  G.     Downy.    Leaves  pinnate,  segments  rounded  or  ob- 

long, obtuse.    Sepals  obtuse,  oblong-spatulate.    Mts.  Tenn.    S. 


Order  XCII.   POLEMONIACEJE.     Phloxworts. 

Herbs  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves.,  and  regular,  showy,  5-parted 

Jiowers  ;  calyx  free  from  the  ovary ; 

corolla  of  5  united  petals.,  twisted  and  imbricate  in  the  bud ; 

stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  midst  of  the  corolla  tube  and  alternate  witli 

its  lobes ; 
ovary  3-celled ;  styles  united  into  1 ;  stigma  3-cleft ; 
capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  with  few  or  many  albuminous  seeds. 


Order  92.— PHLOXWORTS.  ^^^ 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

Corolla  salver-form.     Filaments  unequal.     Leaves  simple.  Phlox.  Pulox.  j 

Corolla  funnel-form.     Filaments  equal.     Leaves  dissected.  Gilia.  Gi'lia. 

Corolla  bcU-form.     Filaments  equal.    Leaves  pinnate.     Fole7nony.  Poi.emo'nium,  2 

1.  PHLOX.     Lychnidea 

Calyx  angular,  deeply  5-cleft,  corolla  saxver-icrzi. 
the  tube  more  or  less  curved.  Stamens  qui^e  unequa^. 
inserted  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla  above  the  middle. 
Capsule  3-celled,  cells  1-seeded.  —  Ver}  beautiful 
North  American  herbs.  Leaves  generally  opposite, 
sessile,  simple,  entire.  Flowers  varying  from  pur 
pie  to  white.     April-July. 

Fig.  609.  Flower  of 

*  Lobes  of  the  corolla  rounded  and  entire  at  the  end 10-12     ^^  ^  Phlox. 

*  Lobes  of  the  corolla  notched  or  bifid  at  the  end a 

a  Panicle  of  cymes  oblong  or  pyramidal,  many-flowered...,!,  2 

a  Panicle  of  cymes  corymbed,  level-topped,  flowers  fewer b 

b  Plants  glabrous.     Calyx  teeth  shorter  than  its  tube. . .  .3,  4 

0  Plants  hairy.     Calyx  teeth  very  slender,  larger  than  its  tube....c 

c  Leaves  narrow,  linear  or  nearly  so 5,  6 

c  Leaves  broad,  ovate,  lanceolate,  &c 7-9 

1  P.  panicula'ta.    Fanicled  L.     Garden  P.     Tall,     Leaves  lance-ovate,  acuminate  at 

each  end.     Calyx-teeth  bristle-pointed,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube.     "W.  S.    t 

2  P.  macula'ta.     Spotted  L.     Stem  purple-spotted.     Leaves  lance-ovate,  upper  cor- 

date.   Calyx-teeth  lanceolate,  acute,  half  as  long  as  its  tube.    Fields.  W,  S,  t 
S  P.  Oaroli'na.     Carolina  L.     Stem  ascending.     Leaves  lance-ovate.     W,  S, 
4  P.  glaberMma.     Polished  L.     Stem  erect,  simple.  Leaves  lance-linear.  W.  S. 

5  P.pilo'sa     Hairy  L.    Leaves  lance-linear,  acute.     Calyx  segments  bristle-subulate, 

much  longer  than  its  tube.     Stem  slender,  l-2f.     W.  S.    p.-^. 

6  P.  involucra'ta.     Cup-jl.  L.     Hoary-downy.     Lvs.  linear  oblong,  obtusish  at  each 

end,  the  floral  crowded  beneath  the  dense  cymes,    p.-r.     S. 

7  P.  rep'tans.     Creeping  L.     Stolons  creeping.     Stem  oblique.     Lvs.  obovate, 

tatuse.    W.  S, 

8  P.  Laphamii.    LapJiani's  P.     Slender,  erect.     Lvs.  ovate,  acute,  thin.     "W". 

9  P.  Drummondii.     Dr ummond' s  P.     Annual,  branched,  hairy.     Leaves  mostly 

alternate.     Calyx  segments  revohite.     Corolla  purple,  -with  a  star.     S.     \ 

10  P.  divarica'ta.     Wild  L.     Low,  diffuse,  downy.     Lvs.  lance-ovate,  acute.     Pan- 

icle corymbed,  loose.     Corolla  grayish-blue.    c.     (No.  8,  may  be  the  same.) 

11  P.  bi'nda.    Beck''sL.     Low,  diff"usely  branched.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  stem-clasping. 

12  P.  subnla''ta.    Moss  Pink.    Prostrate,  much  branched,     Lvs.  linear-subulate,     ft 

grows  in  dense  tufts,  covered  over  with  rose-colored  flowers  in  May.     ^ 


280 


THE  FLORA. 


2.  POLEMO'NIUM.     Polemony. 

1  P.  coeru'leum.  Blue  P.  Greek  Valerian.  Stem  erect,  l-2f.  high.  Lvs.  pinnate, 
with  11-17  leaflets.    Capsule  12-20-seeded.     Sometimes  wild,      t 

i  P.  rep'tans.  Creeping  P.  Stem  weak,  diffuse.  Leaves  pinnate,  with  7-11  lea&eljs. 
Capsule  4-6-seeded.     Woods,  common.     Light  blue. 


Order  XCIII.  CONYOLYULACEiE.    Bindweeds. 


Serbs  twining  or  trailing,  with  alternate  leaves  ;  flowers  showy: 

calyx  with  5  much  imbricated  sepals,  persistent: 

corolla  regular,  5-iobed  or  entire,  pjaited  and  twisted  in  the  bud: 

stamens  5,  and  style  single  ;  ovary  free,  oecommg  in 

fruit  a  pod  which  is  2-4-celled  and  2-6-seeded ; 

embryo  large  and  leafy,  with  thin  mucilaginous  albumen. 

The  suborder,  Ousoutine^,  consists  of  small  orange-colored,  leafless 
plants,  living  on  other  plants  (parasites), 
with   small   flowers,  and    no   cotyledons 
(OusoiJTA,  the  Dodder). 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

§  Ovaries  2,  distinct,  with  2  distinct  styles f 

§  Ovary  1,  open,  when  ripe  by  2-4  valves 2 

2  Ovary  2-celIed,  2-valved,  4-seeded.. .  .3 

2  Ovary  3-celled,  3-valved,  6-seeded b 

2  Ovary  4-celled,  4-valved,  4-seeded. . .  .a 

3  Styles  2,  distinct e 

3  Styles  united  into  1 4 

4  Calyx  enveloped  in  2  large  bracts . . .  .d 

4  Calyx  naked c 

<i  Stamens  exserted.     Cor.  small  (scarce  V  broad). 
a  Stamens  included.     Corolla  large  (2^  broad).     + 

b  Beautiful  twining  vines.     Cor.  bell-funnel. 
c  Stamens  included.     Stigma  capitate. 
e  Stamens  included.     Stigmas  2,  linear, 
e  Stamens  exserted.     Corolla  tube  slender,     t 

d  Stigmas  2,  obtuse.     Corolla  bell-form,     f 
e  Peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves.     Soft-downy. 

f  Caii,snles  2,  each  1-sceded.     Plant  very  small 


Fig.  610.  Entire-leaved  Cypress-vine 
{Quamoclit  coccin&a.) 

t    Cypress  Vine.  Quam^oclit.  1 

Siveet  Potato.  Bata'tas.  2 

t   Morning-glory.  Phar''bitis.  3 

False  Bindweed.  IpoMiE''A.  4 

Bindweed.  CoNVOL^vcLrs.  £ 

Good-niglit.  Calyntc'tion. 

Eutland  Beauty.  Calyste''gia.  6 

^iylisma.  Stylis'ma. 
,  prostrate.     S.      Dichon'dra. 


Order  93.— BINDWEEDS.  281 


1.  QTJAM'OCLIT.     Cypress  Vine. 

1  Q.  vulga''ris.     True  G.    Leaves  pectinate-pinnatifid.    Fls.  scarlet,  crimson,  &c.  S. 

2  Q.  coccinea.   Entive-lv.  G.     Lvs.  undivided,  cordate,  acuminate.     Crimson.  W.S. 

2.  BATATAS.     Sweet  Potato. 

1  B.  littora'lis.    Sea-side  B.     Peduncle  1-flowered,  as  long  as  the  sinuate,  cordate 

leaf.     S. 
B,  macrorhi''za.     Wild,  Potato.     Peduncle  1-5-fowered,  shorter  tlian  the  lobcd  or 

entire  leaf,  which  is  downy  beneath.     Flowers  purplish-white.    S. 
B.  ed'ulis.    Sweet  Potato,     Peduncle  3-5-flowered,  shorter  than  the  palmate  or 

pedate-lobed  leaf.     Flowers  showy,  rose-purple,     f 

3.  PHAR'BITIS.     Morning-glory.     (Fig.  22.) 

1  P.  purpu''rea.     Gammon  M.     Leaves  entire,  cordate.     Peduncle  2-5-flowered.     f 

2  P.  Nil.     Indigo  M.     Lvs.  3-lobed,  cordate.     Ped.  1-3-flwd.     Sepals  long.  M.  S.  t 

4.  IPOM^'A.     False  Bindweed. 

A  large  genus.  Some  of  its  tropical  species  are  shrubs  and  tre(>« ;  and 
are  all  trailing  or  climbing  herbs,  chiefly  at  the  South.  We  men.^on  but 
one  species. 

*.  pan''durata.  Wild  Potato.  Leaves  broadly  cordate,  often  fiddle-shaped  (pandnri- 
form).  Corolla  large  (near  Z'  long),  4  times  longer  than  the  calyx,  white,  with 
a  purple  centre.     Eoot  very  large.     Sandy  fields.  West  and  South. 

5.  CONYOL'VULUS.     Bindweed. 

1  C.  arven'sis.    Field  B.    Leaves  sagittate.     Fls.  white,  with  a  tinge  of  red,  small. 

2  O.  tri'color.     Tri-colored  B.     Leaves  lance-obovate.    Fls.  yellow,  white,  blue,     t 

6.  CALYSTE'GIA.     Bracted  Bindweed. 

1  C.  spithamaB''us.     Erect  B.     Stem  ascending,  8-10\a  span).     Leaves  lance-oblong 

Peduncle  as  long  as  the  leaves,  bearing  1  large,  white  flower.     Fields. 

2  C.   Sepium.     Butland  Beautjj.     Stem    twining,    long.     Leaves    cordate-sagittato. 

Flowers  numerous,  large,  white,  sometimes  double  in  cultivation. 
ij  C  Catesbeia'nus.     Catesby'aB.     Plant  downy,  twining.     Flowers  purple.     8. 


382 


THE  FLORA. 


Order  XCIV.   SOLANACEJE.    Nightshades. 


Fig,  611.    A  flower  of  Bitter-sweet  {Solanum  Dulcamara).     2.  Cross-section  of   tlie 
berry.    3.  A  seed  cut  open,  showing  the  long,  curved  embryo.    Fig.  614.  Flower  of  Petuni* 

Plants  herbaceous  or  shrubby,  with  alternate  leaves;  and  with 

fiower-stalhs  often  opposite  to  the  leaves;  and  the 

pedicels  without  bracts ;  calyx  generally  persistent,  5-lobed ; 

corolla  o-lobed,  mostly  regular,  valvate  and  plaited  in  the  bud; 

ovary  free,  2-cened  (rarely  3  or  4-celled),  many-seeded ; 

style  and  stigma  single ;  fruit  a  capsule  or  berry,  with  many  seeds ; 

erribryo  curved,  lying  in  fleshy  albumen. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

I  Corolla  vv'heel-shaped,  the  tube  very  short.     Anthers  convergent a 

§  Corolla  bell-shaped,  the  broad  tube  including  the  erect  anthers. . .  .b 
§  Corolla  funnel-form,  tube  long,  and — (2) 

2  The  limb  somewhat  irregular c 

,    2  The  limb  perfectly  regular 3 

3  Stamens  exserted d 

,  3  Stamens  included.. .  ,e 

a  Anthers  connate,  opening  by  slits.     Berry  lobed. 
a  Anthers  connivent,  opening  by  pores.     Berry  round 
a  Anthers  connivent,  opening  by  pores.    Pod  angular, 

b  Corolla  bluish.  Berry  dry,  enveloped  in  the  calyx.  Apple  Peru.  Nican'dra. 
b  Corolla  yellowi.sii.     Berry  fleshy,  inclosed  in  the  calyx. 

Ground  Cherry.  Phys''alis. 

b  Corolla  purplish.     Berry  black,  in  the  open  calyx.       Belladonna.  At'ropa. 

e  Stamens  exserted,  declining.  Capsule  opening  by  a  lid.  Henbane.  Hyoscy'amcs. 

c  Stamens  included,  unequal.     Capsule  opeiiing  by  valves.      Petunia.  Petu''nia, 


Tomato.  Ltcosper'sicum. 
Potato.  Sola'num. 
Cap''sicum. 


Order  94.— NIGHTSHADES.  283 


d  Stamens  growing  to  the  summit  of  the  tube.  Neircmherg.  NEraEMBER^ciA. 

d  Stamens  growing  to  the  bottom  of  the  tube.  Matrimony.  Ltc'iom. 

e  Calyx  5-angled.     Capsule  spiny  or  smooth.  Thorn  Apple.  Datu'ra. 

e  Calyx  terete.     Stigma  capitate.    Herbs  coarse.  Tobacco.  Nicotia'na. 

e  Calyx  terete.     Stigma  2-lobed.     Delicate  shrubs.  +   FaUe  Tamarisk.  Fabia'na. 

SOL  A' NUM.     Nightshade. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  limb  spreading,  tube  very  short,  limb 
plaited  in  the  bud,  5-lobed.  Anthers  erect,  slightly  united  or  converging, 
each  opening  at  top  by  2  pores.  Berry  globular  or  depressed,  2-celled. 
— Herbs  or  shrubs  unarmed  or  prickly.  Leaves  often  2  together,  a  large 
and  a  small  one.     Flowers  generally  lateral.     May-July. 

%  Plants  not  prickly.     Anthers  short,  blunt. . .  .a 

§  Plants  prickly.     Anthers  long,  linear,  and  pointed.... b 

a  Herbs  with  pinnatifid  leaves,  shorter  than  the  racemes. . .  .1 
a  Herbs  with  undivided  leaves,  longer  than  the  racemes. . .  .2-4 

a  Shrubby  plants,  erect  or  climbing.     Berries  red 5-7 

b  Peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves,  many-flowered 8,  9 

b  Peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  few-flowered. , .  .10,  11 

I  S.  tubero'sum.     Potato.     Segments  of  the  leaves  unequal,  some  very  small.     Co- 

rolla limb  5-angled.     Tubers  on  the  underground  branches. 
2  S.  nig'rum.     Blach  Nightshade.  Smoothish.  Leaves  ovate,  toothed,  and  wavy. 

Flowers  small,  white,  in  lateral  umbels.     Berries  black. 
8  S.  nodiflo'rum.      Knot-flowered  N.      Quite  smooth.      Leaves  ovate,   entire. 

Flowers  minute,  white,  the  stalk  arising  from  a  knot  in  the  stem.     S. 
.  4  S.  pycnan'thiun.    Stem  hispid.    Leaves  ovate-acuminate,  wavy.    Peduncle  2 
or  3-flowered.    S. 

5  S.  Dxalcama''ra.    Bitter-sweet.     Stem  flexuous,  climbing.    Leaves  ovate,  cordate, 

wpper  ones  lobed  or  gashed.     Flowers  purple,  in  lateral  cymes,  drooping. 
(Fig.  611.) 

6  S.  Pseudo-cap 'sicum.     Jervsalem  Cherry.   A  small,  handsome,  erect  shrub,  2-4f.  t 

7  S.  sempervi'rens.     Evergreen  JV.     Climbing.     Leaves  thick,  cordate,  elliptic,  ob- 

tuse, with  a  blunt  cusp,  very  smooth  and  shining.     Panicles  terminal,     f  * 

8  S.  Carolinen'se.     Horse  Nettle.     Leaves  angulur-lobed.     Kacemes  leafless,     xv. 

9  S  Virginia 'num.      Virginia  N.     Leaves  pinnatifid.    Eacemes  leafy.    Pale.  S. 
10  S.  mammo'sum.     A^yple  of  Sodom.     Woolly  and  prickly.  Leaves  roundish-ovate, 

lobed.     Fruit  inversely  pear-shaped.     Flowers  violet-colored. 

II  S  esculen'tum.    Egg-plant.     Leaves  ovate,  somewhat  sinuate,  downy.     Flowers 

6-9-parted.     Fruit  egg-shaped,  from  the  size  of  an  &gg  to  a  water-n.elon.     f 


384 


THE  FLORA. 


Order  XCY.— GENTIAN ACE^.     The  Gentianworts. 

Herbs  with  opposite,  entire, 
smooth  leaves^  and  showy 
regular  floicers  ; 

corolla  usually  twisted  in  the 
bud,  with  as  many  lobes  as 

stamens^  and  alternate  with 
them,  mostly  persistent 
and  withering; 

stigmas  1  or  2  ; 

ovary  1 -celled,  superior,  be- 
coming a  2-valved 

pod  with  many  seeds. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

§  Leaves   opposite  or  whorled, 

sometimes  miunte.     Corolla 

mostly  twisted  in  bud 2 

§  Leaves    alternate    or  radical. 

Corolla  valvate  in  the  bud 

2  Corolla  with  a  glandular  spot 
on  each  lobe,  sometimes 

with  spurs c 

2  Corolla    without    glandular 

spots  or  spurs 3 

3  Corolla  tubular,  the  tube  longer  than  the  limb a 

3  Corolla  deeply  cleft,  mostly  wheel-shaped,  tube  very  short b 

a  Sepals  4  or  5.    Corolla  fringed,  or  with  folds  between  lobes.    Anthers  straight. 

Gentia'na. 

a  Sepals  4  or  5.     Anthers  spirally  twisted.  European  Centaury.  Erythr^'a. 

a  Sepals  2,  leaf-like.     Cor.  4-cleft,  white  or  purplish.        Pennywort.  Obola^ria. 

b  Leaves  very  small  or  mere  bracts.     Fla.  4-parted.     Screw-stem.  Baeto^nia. 

b  Leafy.    Fls.  5-12-parted,    Anthers  curved.  American  Centaury.  Sabba'tia. 

c  Corolla  4-parted,  with  4  spurs  beneath  at  base.        Spurred  Gentian.  Hale^nia. 

c  Cor.  4-parted,  without  spurs.     Tall,  with  whorled  leaves.    Columbo.  Fra''sera. 

d  Corolla  bearded  inside.     Leaves  3-foliate,  on  long  stalks. 

jBuck-bean.  MENyAN''THES. 
d  Corolla  smooth  inside.    Leaves  simple,  floating. 

Floating  Heart.  Limnan''themum. 


Fig.  615. 
capsule.    7. 


Gentiana  Andrewsii.    6.  The  calyx   and 

The  corolla  laid  open,  showing  the  folds 

(2-lobed)  between  the  proper  petals,  and  the  stamens 

attached    at    base.    8.  Capsule    cut    across.    9.  Seed 

magnified,  with  its  large,  loose  testa. 


Order  95.— THE  GENTIAN  WORTS.  285 


1.  GENTIA'NA.     Gentian. 


Calyx  4-5-cleft,  Corolla  4-5-lobed,  regular,  usually  with  plaited  folds* 
between  the  lobes.  Stigmas  2,  style  short  or  none.  Pod  oblong,  2-valved, 
many-seeded. — Leaves  opposite.    Flowers  solitary  or  in  cymes.   Aug.-  Oct. 

Corolla  with  folded  appendages  between  the  5  lobes.     Anthers  cohering b 

Corolla  with  no  appendages  between  the  lobes.     Anthers  separate a 

a  Segments  ot  me  corolla  entire,  pale-blue,  5  in  number 1 

a  {Segments  oi  me  corolla  fringed,  mostly  but  4,  bright  blue 2,  3 

o  Jjlowers  soliti^ry,  terminal,  blue  or  white. . .  .4 

^  l^'lowers  erxstered,  yellowish  or  cream-white. . .  .5,  6 

•:.  Fl'^wers  clustered,  blue 7-9 

*  CJ,  quinqneflo'ra.    FiVfr-leaved  Q.    Clusters  about  5-flowered.    Corolla  lobes  bristle- 
•^ointed. 
2  Gr.  crini'ta.     Fringed  Q.     Leaves  lanceolate.     Corolla  conspicuously  fringed. 

Height  If. 
S  G-.  det'onsa.  Shorn  Q.  Lvs.  linear.     Corolla  lobes  crenato-ciliate.      Height  If. 
4  Gr.  angustifo'lia.     Sand  G.     Slender,  If.  erect.     Lvs.  linear.    Flower  large,     b.orp. 

5  Gr.  ochroleu'ca.   Pale  Q.   Lvs.  lance-oval,  narrowed  to  the  sessile  base.    Corolla 

greenish-white,  a  third  longer  than  the  sepals.     S.  M. 

6  Gr.  alba.     Whitish  G.    Lvs.  lance-ovate,  clasping  with  the  bi'oad  base.     Corolla 

cream-white,  4  times  longer  than  sepals.     W.  M. 

7  G-.  Andrew'sii.    Closed  Blue  G.     Leaves  ovate  -lanceolate,  S-veined.    Corolla  never 

opening,  the  lobes  equalling  the  5  fringed  folds.     (Figs.  615-619.) 

8  G-.  Sapona'ria.     Soapwort  G.     Plant  smooth.     Leaves  rough-edged,  linear-lanceo- 

late.    Corolla  open,  the  lobes  twice  longer  than  the  cleft  folds. 

9  Gr.  puber'ula.     Bough  G.     Plant  scabrous.     Lvs.  lance-ovate,  very  rough  at  edge. 

Corolla  somewhat  bell-shaped,  folds  very  short.     W.  S. 

2.  SABBA'TIA.     American  Centaury. 

Calyx  5-12-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  limb  5-12-parted.  Stamens  5-12. 
Style  2-parted.  Capsule  1-celled. — Beautiful  biennials,  with  mostly  ro- 
seate flowers. 

§  Corolla  mostly  9  (rarely  7-12)-parted 1,  2 

§  Corolla  5  (rarely  6)-parted a 

a  Branches  alternate  or  forked b 

a  Branches  opposite.     Flowers  with  a  central  star. . .  .o 

b  Flowers  white  or  nearly  white 3,  4 

b  Flowers  rose-red,  with  a  central  star. . .  .5,  6 

c  Flowers  white,  corymbed 7,  8 

c  Flowers  rose  red,  paniculate 9,  10 


286  THE  FLORA. 


1  S.  gentianoi'des.     Gentian  C.     Leaves  linear,  rigid,  longer  than  the  internod'^s 

Flowers  8-10-parted,  bright  flesh-color,  clustered.     S. 

2  S.   chloroi^des.     Chlora    0.      Leaves   lanceolate.     Branches   few,   alternate,    each 

bearing  at  top  a  solitary,  7-12-parted,  bright  purple  flower.     E. 

3  S.  calyco''sa.     Cup  G.     Calyx  leafy,  as  large  as  the  5-6-parted  corolla.     S. 

4  S.  panicula'ta.     Panicled  C.     Sepals  linear,  half  as  long  as  5-parted  cor.     S. 

5  S.  gra'cilis.    Slender  G.    Leaves  ovate  to  linear.     Sepals  bristle-form,  as  long  as 

the  corolla.     M.  S. 
•;  S.  stella^ris.     Starry  G.     Leaves  lance-obovate.     Sepals  linear,  much  shorter  than 

corolla,    c. 

7  S.  corymbo''sa.     Gorymhed  G.    Leaves  lanceolate,  3-veined.     Calyx  segmenta 

linear,  thrice  longer  than  its  tube,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla.     N.-J.     S. 

8  S.  macrophyl'la.    Leaves  5- veined,  cusp-pointed.     Sepals  shorter  than  calyx 

tube.     S. 
9  S,   angularis.     Angled    G.     Stem  square,   with   winged   angles.     Leaves    ovate, 
clasping,  5-veined.     Flowers  many,  rose-red,  the  star  greenish.     Wet.    c. 
10  S.  brachia'ta.    Prairie  G.     Stem  square,  slender,  joints  2-4  times  longer  than  the 
sessile,  lance-linear  leaves.    Panicle  oblong.     Corolla  6-parted,  the  star 
yellow.     W.  S. 


Order  XCYL   APOCYNACEJE.    Dogbanes. 

Plants  with  a  milky  juice^  entire  and  mostly  opposite  leaves  ; 
flowers  5-parted  and  regular,  with  the  corolla  twisted  in  the  bud ; 
stamens  5,  with  distinct  filaments,  anthers  sometimes  slightly  united ; 
ovaries  2,  distinct,  but  with  their  stigmas  united  at  top  of  the  styles ; 
fruit  2  follicles  containing  several  or  many  albuminous  seeds. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

*  Herbs  erect,  2-4f.  high,  the  flowers  in  cymes a 

*  Shrubs  twining  or  trailing,  with  opposite  leaves b 

*  Shrubs  erect,  3-6f.  high,  with  the  leaves  in  whorls  of  8 c 

a  Cor.  bell-shaped,  whitish.  Style  none.  Sds.  silky.  DogU-hane.  Apoc'ynum.  1 
a  Corolla  funnel-form,  bluish.    Style  1.    Lvs.  scattered.     Amson.  Amso^nia. 

b  Fls.  solitary,  blue.     Throat  5-angled.     Lvs.  evergreen,  t    Periwinkle.  Vin''ca. 

b  Flowers  in  cymes,  yellow,  small.     Lvs.  petiolate.    Wet.   South.   Forstero''nia. 
c  Leaves  thick,  evergreen.    Flowers  large,  rose-colored.   Gleand-er.  Nk'rium. 

APOCYNUM.     Dog's-bane. 

Stamens  shorter  than  the  corolla,  arising  from  its  base,  and  alternate 
with  5  glandular  teeth.     Anthers  arrow-shaped,  cohering  to  the  stigmas 


Order  97.— ASCLEPIADS. 


287 


by  the  middle.  Follicles  long,  slen- 
der, separate.  Seeds  with  a  tuft  of 
long,  silky  down.     Jime-Avgust. 

1  A.  androsaeinifo''limn.  Tutsan-leaved  D. 
Corolla  rose-white,  much  longer  than 
the  calyx.  Leaves  ovate.  Plant 
smooth,  elegant,  about  3f.  high. 

5:  A,  cannabi'num.  Hemp  D.  Cor.  green- 
ish-white, scarce  longer,  than  the 
calyx.  Leaves  oblong.  Bark  tough 
as  hemp. 


Fig.  620,  Common  Dog"s-bane.  1.  A  flower 
of  the  natural  size.  2.  The  flower  cut  open, 
showing  the  peculiar  stamens.  .3.  The  2  styles 
and  stigmas.  4.  The  plan  of  the  flower.  5.  Tho 
2  follicles.    6.  A  seed  with  its  tuft  of  silk. 


Order  XCYII.   ASCLEPIADACE^.     Asclepiads. 

Plants  (chiefly  116x1)8  in  the  United  States)  with  a  milky  jwice; 
leaies  opposite  (rarely  whorled  or  scattered),  entire,  without  stipules; 
flowers  generally  umbeled,  5-parted,  regular ;  sepals  and  also  the 
petals  united  at  base,  both  commonly  valvate  in  the  bud ; 
stamens  united  into  a  fleshy  mass  with  the  two  stigmas ; 
pollen  cohering  in  masses;  ovaries  2,  forming  follicles  in  fruit 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 
§  Plants  erect.     Stamen-mass  crowned  with  5  little  hoods.... 2 

§  Plants  twining  or  prostrate 3 

2  Hoods  each  with  a  little  projecting  horn. . .  .a 

2  Hoods  destitute  of  horns b 

3  Flowers  dark  purple c 

3  Flowers  whitish  or  flesh-colored 

■  Petals  reflexed.    Hoods  erect,  horns  incurved.  Silkgrass.  MUkiceed.  Ascle''pia8. 

b  Petals  reflexed.     Hoods  erect,  adnate  to  the  anthers.  Acera'tes. 

.  b  Petals  spreading,  green.     Hoods  free  from  the  anthers.    S.     Anan'therix. 

b  Petals  erect,  yellowish.    Mass  of  anthers  stalked.    S.  Podostio'ma. 


288  THE   FLORA. 


c  The  5  filaments  distinct.     Pollen  masses  r>.     N.-Y.  PERirLo"oA. 

c  Filaments  united  as  well  as  the  stigmas.     Pollinia  10.  Gonol'obus. 

d  Petals  spreading.     Hoods  erect.     Leaves  linear.     Coast,  S.  Sente'ra. 

d  Petals  spreading.     Hoods  flat,  spreading,     t  Wax-plant.  Hoy'a. 

d  Petals  erect,  white.    Hoods  erect,  2-awned.    S.-W.   Common.    Ensle'nia. 

ASOLE'PIAS.     Silk-grass.     Milkweed. 

(We  have  many  species  of  this  genus,  blooming  in  the  Summer  montlis.  Begin 
oers  will  find  them  difficult  to  distinguish.  We  omit  them  here,  referring  the  rcades 
to  the  Class  Book.) 


Order  XCIX.    OLEACEvE.     Oliveworts. 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  opposite  leaves^  with 

flowers  4-parted,  regular,  sometimes  without  petals ; 

corolla  (when  present)  valvate  in  the  bud;  stamens  2,  rarely  4; 

ovary  2-celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell;  fruit  fleshy  or  dry. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

%  Leaves  pinnate.     Fruit  a  dry,  winged  samara a 

§  Leaves  simple.     Fruit  a  dry,  2-celled  pod  (capsule) b 

§  Leaves  simple.     Fruit  a  fleshy  drupe  or  berry 2 

2  Corolla  present.     Stamens  included.     White.... c 

2  Corolla  present.     Stamens  exserted d 

2  Corolla  none.     Fruit  an  oblong  drupe e 

a  Trees  with  imperfect  flowers  and  odd-pinnate  leaves.  Ash.  Frax'ind8. 

b  Corolla  salver-form,  with  short,  white  or  purple  lobes,  t    Lilac.  Syrin''ga.  1 

b  Corolla  bell-form,  with  long,  yellow  lobes,     t  Forsythia.  Forsy'thia. 

c  Corolla  with  long,  linear,  pendulous  lobes.     Virginia  Fringe-tree.  Chionan^thus. 
c  Cot.  with  short  lobes.  Panicle  dense.  Berries  black.    Pnvet.  Prim.  Ligus'trum. 

d  Style  2-parted.    Leaves  serrate.     Shrubs,     t  Osmanth.  Osman'thus. 

d  Style  simple.     Panicles  axillary.     S.  American  Olive.  Olea. 

d  Style  simple.    Panicles  terminal.     Trees,     t  Visian.  Visia^a. 

e  Flowers  very  imperfect,  dioecious.    Shrubs.  Wet.   W.  S.     Adelia.  Foeesti''era. 

SYKIN'GA.     LUac. 

.1  S.  vulga'ris.     Common  L.     Leaves  cordate-ovate,  entire.     Flowers  lilac-purple. 

2  S.  al'ba.    White  Lilac.     Flowers  pure  white.     Shrub  taller.     (Variety  of  No.  1.) 

3  S.  Per-'sica.    Persian  L.     Leaves  lanceolate,  entire  or  cleft.    Flowers  in  loosei 

panicles,  lilac-blue.     Apr.  May. 


Order  101.— MARVEL  WORTS.  ^S9 


COHORT    III 

THE   APETALOUS   EXOGENS. 

Essential  Character. — Flowering  plants  (PniExoGAMiA), 
with  their  stems  growing  bj  additions  to  the  outside  and  the 
wood  in  circular  layers  (Exogens),  with  the  seeds  inclosed  in 
seed-vessels  (Angiosperms),  and  the  flowers  destitute  of  petals 
(Apetalje). 

Order  C— ARISTOLOCHIACE.E.     Birthworts 

Low  herbs  or  climbing  shruhs  with  alternate  leaves^  large  Jfowers  ; 
calyx  adhering  to  the  ovary,  valvate  in  bud,  brown  or  dull  colored ; 
stamens  6-12,  at  top  of  the  G-celled,  many-seeded  ovary. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 
Ca]yx  bell-form,  regular,  3-cIeft.     Stamens  12.    Herbs  with  creeping, 

underground  stemSi  Wild  Ginger.  Asa'rum,  1 

Calyx  tubular,  bent,  irregular.     Anthers  6.     Shrubby,  erect  or  climbing, 

with  very  odd  flowers.  Birthicort.  Aristolo'chia. 

AS  ARUM.     Wild  Ginger. 

1  A  Oanadense.    Canada  W.    Leaves  in  pairs,  broad-renifbrm,  with  the  single  flower 

between  the  petioles  scarcely  above-ground.     May-July.    c. 

2  A.  Virginicurn.      Virginia  W.     Leaf  solitary,  round-ovate,  cordate,  the  single  flower 

much  shorter  than  the  petiole.     Sepals  obtuse.     Mts.  Va.  S.     April. 

3  A.  ariforium.    Arum-lv.  W.     Leaf  solitary,  broadly  hastate,  with  long,  angular 

lobes  at  base.     Calyx  throat  contracted,  lobes  very  short.     Va.  S.    April. 


Order  CI.— NYCTAGINACE.E.    Marvelworts. 

Herls  (shrubs  or  trees)  with  swelling  joints;  entire,  opposite  leaves  ; 
flowers  surrounded  by  an  involucre  (which  is,  of  course,  calyx-like  when 

the  flower  is  solitary) : 
calyx  often  colored  like  a  corolla,  tubular  or  funnel-form,  brejiking  off 

al)0ve  the  1 -colled,  L seeded  ovary. 

13 


290  THE  FLORA. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

Involucre  just  like  a  calyx,  involving  a  single,  large  flower.     Calj^x  fu.nnel-forra 

corolla-like,  the  limb  entire.  Four-o-chck.  Mii;Ab'ili8.  > 

Involucre  involving  2-5  small,  rose-red  flowers.     "W.  S.  OxYB''APHt;s. 

Involucre  none,  or  minute  bractlets.     Flowers  minute.    S.  Boeehaa^via. 

MIEAB'ILIS.     Marvel-of-Peru.     Four-o-clook. 

1  M.  Jala 'pa.     Peruvian  F.    Leaves  ovate,  subcordate.     Fls.  stalked,  with  a  largo 

border,  infinite  in  variety  of  color,  opening  about  4  o'clock,  p.  a.     f 

2  M.  dichotoma.     Mexican  F.     Erect,  smooth.     Calyx  with  a  small  border.    + 

3  M.  longiflo'ra.  Long-fl.  F.    Diffuse,  viscid.   Calyx  tube  downy,  ve/y  long,    i    Mex. 


Order  CII.— POLYGONACE.E.     Knotweeds. 

Herls  with  alternate  leaves^  swollen  joints,  and  with 
stipules  sheathing  the  stem  above  the  joints  ;  Jioicers  racemed,  perfect; 
calyx  persistent ;  sepals  4—6,  imbricated,  distinct  or  united  at  base ; 
stamens  4-12  ;  ovary  2  or  3-styled,  1-celled,  1-seeded  in  fruit. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

*  Calyx  4-parted,  regular.     Stamens  6.     Styles  2.         Mountain  Sorrel.  Oxye'ia. 

*  Calyx  6-parted.     Stamens  9.     Sepals  all  simila'-.  Rhubarb.  Rheum. 

*  Calyx  6-parted.     Stamens  6.     Inner  sepals  larp*^.  Bock.     Sorrel.     Ktmex. 

*  Calyx  5-parted  (irregularly  d-parted  in  one  specie-*) a 

a  Sep.,  the  3  inner  fringed.    Fls,  solitary.    S.    Fringe  Jinoiiveed.  TuYSASiih^ijA. 

a  Sepals  not  fringed,  entire  or  nearly  so b 

b  Pedicels  solitary.    Sep.  all  open  or  3  closed  on  the  fruit.    M.  S.  Polygonel''la. 
b  Pedicels  usually  clustered.     Sepals  all  closed  on  the  fruit.  Polyg''oxum.  1 

b  Pedicels  clustered  in  the  bract.     Sepals  all  opt^n.         Buckwheat.  Fagopy''rum. 

POLYG'ONUM.     Knotweed. 

Calyx  5-  (rarely  4-)  parted,  colored  or  corolla-like,  the  sepals  all  erect 
and  inclosing  the  fruit.  Stamens  4-9.  Styles  2  or  3.  Nut  lens-shaped 
or  3-cornered. — Herbs  with  swollen,  sheathed  joints.  Flowers  small, 
w^hite,  red,  or  greenish.     May-Aug. 

i  Stems  climbing,  with  reversed  prickles.    Leaves  cordate-sagittate 19,  20 

§  Stems  unarmed,  twining.     Leaves  cordate-liastate 17,  18 

S  Stems  erect  or  decumbent,  unarmed.    Leaves  hardly  ever  cordate. . .  .a 


Order  103.— KNOT  WEEDS.  291 

a  Calyx  unequally  4-cleft.     Styles  2,  long,  deflexed. . .  .16 
a  Calyx  equally  5-parted.     Styles  erect. ..  .b 
b  Sheaths  with  a  spreading  border.     Stamens  7.    Plant  tall. . .  .15 

b  Sheaths  not  bordered.     Stamens  5,  6,  or  8 c 

c  Flovv'^.rs  in  leafless,  terminal,  spike-like  racemes.... d 
c  Flowers  axillary,  or  rarely  forming  a  leafy  raceme. . .  .f 

d  Raceme  one,  dense.     Stems  decumbent  at  base 13,  H 

d  Eacemes  several.     Sheaths  naked,  not  fringed 11  'l2 

d  Eacemes  several.     Sheaths  bristly  friuge-ciliate e 

e  Style  2  (or  3)-cleft.     Achenia  flat  or  lens-shaped ....  8-1 0 

e  Style  3-cleft.     Achenia  sharply  3-cornered.     Wet 5-7 

f  Achenium  protruding  beyond  the  calyx,  3-angled. . .  .3,  4 
f  Achenium  included  in  the  calyx,  3-anu-led         1    2 
1  P.  avicula're.    Bird  K.     Prostrate  or  erect.     Leaves  emptic-lanc'eolate,  acutish  at 

each  end.     Achenia  striate,  dull.     Very  common 
2P.ten'ue.    Slender  K.     Slender,  rigidly  erect.    Leaves  lance-linear,  erect,  acute 

3  P.  marit  imum.    Sea  K.     Prostrate,  diffuse,  glaucous,  close-jointed.     Leaves 

linear-oblong,  fleshy.     Achenia  smooth,  shining.     E 

4  P.  ramosis'simum.    LaTce  K.     Erect,  much   brandied,'  2-3f.   hi-h.      Leaves 

lauce-oblong  or  linear.     Achenia  smooth,  dull      W 
oP.hirsu'tum.    //ai.j,  ^     Hairy-tawny.     Leaves  lanceolate*  from  a  blunt  base.     S. 

6  P.  hydropiperox  des.    Mxld  Water-pepper.    Stem  smooth.    Leaves  linear-lanceolate 

not  acnd,  tapering  at  both  ends.     Spikes  slender.     Calyx  dotless 

7  P.  acre     Sharp  W.     Stem  smooth.     Leaves  biting,  dotted  as  well  as  the  calyx 

lanceolate,  pointed.     Spikes  very  slender,  thread-form  " ' 

8  P.  hydropi'per.    Water-pepper.     Smooth.    Leaves  very  biting.,  dotted.     Spikes 

short,  noddmg.     Calyx  dotted.     Achenia  roughened 
9P.Car^eyi     Carei/s  K.     Plant  hairy.     Spikes  nodding,  on  very  Ion.  stalks 
10  P.PersicaMa.     Ladrfs-thumh.     Leaves  marked  witli  a  brown  spot      Si-ikea 

short,  dense,  erect.     Achenia  shining,  flattened 

11  P.  Pennsylvan'icum.     PenmyUania  K.     Spikes  oblong,  dense,  with  ^dandular- 

hispul  stalks  and  pedicels.     Achenia  with  flat  sides     c 

12  P.incarnaW     Flesh-red  K.     Spikes  linear,  nodding,  the  stalks  and  branches 

glandular-dotted.     W.  S.  "'u.ns 

18  P  amphibW.     Water  K.     Stem  ascending  from  a  prostrate,  rootin.  base 
Leaves  lance-oblong.     Stamens  5.     Spikes  large,  dense,  rose-red      "  ' 

UP.viviparum^/^/^,^,-,^,,^.    Creeping  at  base.    Lvs.  lance-hnean    Mts  N 
;rP  V         ..f '^^'-^'l^^f -•     Stem  stout,  tall,  with  large,  drooping  spikes".    \ 
16P.V.rg.xuaW   Up-Ji.  K.    Leaves  large.    Eacemes  slender,  flou;,-8  ren.ote 
7P.convorvulus.     Kuot-BMu^eed.     Roughish.     E.cemes  axillary'.     Fruit  dull 
P.c..no'de.   Bearded  B     Sheaths  with  a  hairy  ring.    Panicles  axil,  and    erminal 

20  P.  sagma  turn.    Scratch-gra.s.     Lvs.  lance-sagittate.     Stamens  8.    Styles  3 

21  P.  arxfo  hum.   Aram-lv.  S.   Lvs.  j.olnted,  with  pointed  lobes.  Stain.  6."  Stv.  2. 


292 


THE  FLORA. 


Order  GUI.   PHYTOLACCACE^.     Pokeweeds. 

Uerhs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  lemes^  no  stipules^  andjlowerg  racemed; 

sepals  colored,  4  or  5 ;  j^e^aZs  none;  stamens  few  or  many; 

ovary  of  one  or  several  carpels,  which  are  united  into  a  ring,  forming  a 

berry  in  fruit;  cells  as  many  as  the  carpels,  each  1-seeded; 
embryo  curved  around  the  fleshy  albumen. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

Sepals  5,  roundish.     Sta.  5-20.     Ovary  5-12-carpeled  and  seeded.    Phytolao'oa.  1 
Sepals  4,  persistent.    Stamens  4-12.    Ovary  1-carpeled  and  1-seeded.  S.    Eivi-'na. 


PHYTOLACCA.    Poke. 

Character  expressed  in  the 
Analysis. — Tall  and  stout  per-  .  U 

ennials,  with  greenish  flowers  ^i^ 

and  purple  berries. 

p.   decan'dra.      Plant   5-8f.    high,  _ 

very  smooth,  bushy.     Leaves   ''^^^^■*-^is>.;^i^^V_^ 
large,  ovate,  acute  at  each  end,  l^i) ) 

petioled.      Kacemes    at    first  ...,._ -.,^S^'/ 

terminal,   finally   opposite   to 
the  leaves.     Berries  oblate,  of      g^^jj/       8^ 
a  rich  dark  purple.    July-Sept. 
Fig.  627.  Phytolacca  decandria,  leaves,  flowers,  and  fruit 

stamens  and  ovary.     Fig.  630.  Cross-section  of  the  ovary.    1 

bryo  coiled  around  the  albumen. 


8.  A  flower,  natural  size. 
A  seed  cut  open,  showing 


Oeder  CV.  CHENOPODIAOE^.    Goose-foots. 

Herbs,  mostly  homely  weeds,  more  or  less  fleshy,  with  alternate  leaves  ; 
stipules  none,  scarious  bracts  nons.     Flowers  apetalous,  small,  greenish  ; 
stamens  opposite  the  sepals  or  fewer  in  number  than  they  ; 
ovary  2-stylud,  forming  a  1-seeded  utricle  or  caryopsis. 
Embryo  coiled  or  spiral  iu  Uie  seed. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

§  Stem  twining  and  climbing.    Flowers  in  many  racemes,  wliite (d) 

§  Stems  erect.     Leaves  none,  or  fleshy  and  terete,  often  spinescent (a) 

§  Stems  erect.    Leaves  flat,  neither  fleshy  nor  spinescent.    Flowers  greenish ....  (2) 


Order  106.— AMARANTHS.  293 


2  Flowers  all  perfect  and  alike  —  (b) 

2  Flowers  of  two  sorts,  monoecious  or  dioecious (c) 

a  Leaves  ovate,  cordate,  petiolate,  thick,    u     S.  Am.     Mexican  Vine.  Boussingaul'tia. 

b  Pericarp  rough  and  corxy.    Root  fusiform,  fleshy.     Lvs.  largt\  (2)  Beet.  Beta. 

b  Pericarp  smooth,  thin.  Calyx  bractlcss,  not  appendaged,  5-cleft,  enclos- 
ing the  utricle  which  is  lens-shaped  and  horizontal.  Fls.  minute,  in 
panicled  spikes.  (1)  u  Pigweed,  Oak-of-Jeritsalem,  etc.  Chenopo'dium. 

b  Pericarp  smooth,  thin.  Calyx  of  5  distinct  sepals,  often  becoming  berry- 
like  in  fruit.  Fls.  glomerate.  ®  Stt'awber?^  Blite.  Blit0M. 
c  Fruit  enclosed  In  a  hardened  calyx  without  bracts.  Styles  4.  Leaves  has- 
tate-lanceolate, to  sagittate,  petiolate.  Fls.  axillary.  Spinage.  Spina'cia. 
c  Fruit  naked  (no  calyx)  between  2  bracts.  Styles  2.  Herbs  (sometimes 
shrubby)  often  mealy  or  scurfy.  Lvs.  sometimes  opposite,  triangular, 
etc.  At'kiplex. 

d  Stems  jointed,  leafless,  having  the  flowers  at  the  joints.    Stamens  1  or  2. 

Fleshy,  herbs  with  opposite  branches.    Seaside.  Samjyhire.  Salicou'nia. 

d  Stems  with  leaves  linear  fleshy,  and  profusely  branched.  Flowers  mi- 
nute, sessile,  clu^^tered.  Stamens  5.  (T)  In  salt  marshes.  Glasswort.  Chenopodi'na. 

d  Stems  with  terete  awl-shaped  leaves  tipped  with  a  spine.  Calyx-wing- 
ed on  the  back,  wings  persistent  and  purplish  in  fruit.    Saltwort.  Sal'sola  Kali. 


Order  OVI.  AMARANTAOE.^.    Amaranths. 

Herbs  very  similar  to  the  Goose-foots,  but  with  an  imbricated  involucre 
of  3  dry  scarious  bracts  added  to  the  flowers.  Style  1.  Fruit  a  1-seeded 
utricle,  caryopsis  or  berry.    Flowers  very  small  and  numerous. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

§  Anthers  2-celled.    Ovary  with  00  ovules,  utricle  go  -  seeded.     CocJcscomb.       Calo'sia. 
§  Anthers  2-cellcd.     Ovary  1-ovuled,  utricle  1-seeded.    Leaves  alternate. . .  .(b) 
§  Anthers  Icelled.     Ovary  1-ovuled,  utricle  1-sceded.     Leaves  opposite (a) 

*  Flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous,  all  with  a  calyx  and  stamens.  Amahan'tus.  1 

*  Fls.  dioecious,  the  pistillate  with  neither  calyx  nor  stam.  Water  Hemp.  Acni'da. 
a  Sterile  stamens  5,  the  5  fertile  joined  into  a  tube.  Heads  axillary.  South.  Telanthe'ra. 
a  Sterile  stam.  5,  the  5  fertile  in  a  tube.  Spikes  terminal  and  axillary.  W.  Fkoelich'ia. 
a  Sterile  stamens  none.— b  Flowers  panicnlate,  white.    River  banks.    W.  Iresi'ne. 

— b  Fls.  capitate,  crimson,  &c.       Glebe  Amaranth.  Gomphre'na. 

1.  AMARANTUS.    Amaranth. 

Calyx  of  5  or  3  sepals,  with  3  bracts  at  base.  Stamens  3-5.  Stigmas 
2  or  3.  Fruit  a  1-seeded  utricle  Avhicli  is  regularly  circumscissile,  or  tears 
open,  or  does  not  open  at  all. — We  find  11  si)ecies  (see  Botanist  and  Florist, 
p.  283),  among  which  are  the  White  Pigweed  and  other  weeds  of  the  gar- 
den, and  a  few  showy  herbs  like  the  following  : 


294  THE  FLORA. 


A  hfpochondri'acus.  Prince's  Feather.  Smoothish.  Leaves  lance-oblong,  some  red- 
dened. Spikes  very  obtuse,  the  terminal  one  much  the  longest.  Flowers  deep  pur- 
ple, 5-parted.    Fields  and  gardens.    3-6f.    From  Mexico. 

A.  panicula'tus.  Pubescent,  pale  green  or  purplish.  Leaves  lance-ovate.  Spikes  slen- 
der, acutish,  numerous,  all  subequal,  reddish  green,  or  in  the  variety  sanguineus^ 
crimson.    Bracts  awn-pointed.    Calyx  5-parted.    Fields  and  gardens.    2-3f. 


Oeder  CYII.    THYAIELAOE^.    Daphnads. 

Shrubs  with  a  veiy  tougli  bark,  entire  leaves  and  perfect  flowers ; 
calyx  colored,  tubular,  regular,  4-parted,  bearing  the  4-8  stamens  ; 
ova)'2/  free,  forming  a  1-celled,  1-seeded  drupe  in  fruit. 

1.  DIRCA.     Leather-wood. 

Calj^x  colored  like  a  corolla,  its  limb  obscurely  4-toothed.     Stamens  8, 
exserted.     Style  1.    Flowers  opening  before  the  leaves,  8  from  each  bud. 

D.  palus'tris.  Shrub  3-5f.  high,  along  streams,  with  pendent,  yellowish  flowers  in  April 
and  May.    Drupes  small,  oval,  red.    Lvs.  oblong-obovate. 

2.  DAPHNE.     Daphne. 

Calyx  colored,  funnel-form,  limb  spreading,  4-parted.     Stamens  8,  not 
exserted.     Berry  fleshy,  1-seeded.    Exotics. 

1  D.  Meze'reum  is  a  shrub,  2-3f.,  with  very  smooth  lanceolate  leaves  appearing  later  than 
the  side  clusters  of  rose-purple,  sweet-scented  flowers.— Two  or  three  other  species 
are  found  in  the  greenhouse.    Europe. 


Order  CXYII.    JUGLA^^DACEiE.    Walnuts. 

Trees  with  alternate,  pinnate,  exstipulate  Im.  and  moncBclous  flowers ; 
sterile  floicers  in  aments  with  an  irregular  perianth  ;  fertile,  solitary,  &c. ; 
5  calyx  regular,  3-5-lobed.    Fruit  a  tryma  (§  172)  with  a  fibrous  epicarp 

{shuck)  and  a  bony  endocarp  {shell) ; 
seed  large,  with  lobed,  often  sinuous,  oily  cotyledons. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

Sterile  aments  solitary,  simple,    Epicarp  persistent  on  the  tryma.  Juslakb    1 

Sterile  aments  clustered,  lateral.    Epicarp  4-valved,  separating.  Cakta.  2 


Order  118.— LAURELS.  295 


1.  JUGLANS.    Walnut. 


$  Caljx  scale-like,  5  or  6-parted,  with  about  20  stamens.     $  Calyx  ter- 
miual,  4-parted,  with  4  greenish  petals  and  3  fringed  stigmas. 

1  J.  cine'rea.    Butternut.     White  W.    Tree  40-50f.,  with  wide-spread  branches.    Leaflets 

15-17,  lanceolate.  Fruit  oblong-ovoid.   Kernel  with  two  great  lobes,  rich  and  sweet. 
The  wood  is  used  in  ornamental  work 

2  J.  nigra.    Black  W.    Tree  60-801".,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk.    Leaflets  15-21,  lance- 

ovate,  subcordate.    Fruit  globular.    Wood  dark  purple,  used  in  cabinet-work,  very 
valuable.    Seed  rich  in  oil. 

2.  CAR'YA.     Hickory. 

$  Calyx  scale-like,  3-parted,  with  4  or  5  stamens.      ?  Calyx  4-cleft ;  no 
petals.     Shell  smooth  and  even.     Timber  very  strong. 

*  Leaflets  13-15,  scythe-shaped.    Nut  oblong,  thin-shelled,  very  sweet — No.  1 

*  Leaflets  7-11.    Nut  with  a  tender  shell  and  very  bitter  kernel. . .  .Nos.  2,  3 

*  Leaflets  5-9.    Nut  roundit^h,  hard-shelled,  sweet  and  eatable (a) 

a  Valves  of  the  epicarp  distinct  to  the  base.  Bark  with  loose  plates. . .  .Nos.  4,  f 
a  Valves  of  the  epicarp  united  below.    Bark  solid,  firm. .     Nos.  6-8 
1  0.  olivBefor'mis.    Pecan  Nut.    Tree  60-90f.,  in  river  bottoms,  W.  and  S.W. 

2  0.  ama'ra.    Bitter  Nut.    Tree  20-40f.    Leaflets  sharply  serrate.    Nut  white. 

3  0.  aquat'ica.    Tree  30-40f.    Leaflets  snbeiitire.     Nut  reddish.    Swamps,  S, 

4  C.  alba,  ShagbarTc.    Tree  40-50f.    Leaflets  5,  the  2  lower  smaller.    Common. 

5  0.  sulca'ta.      TMck  Shellbark.     Tree  40-80f.     Leaflets  9-11,  the  odd  one  eubsessile. 

Fruit  large,  oval,  4-furrowed ;  nut  pointed  at  both  ends,  shell  thick. 

6  C.  tomento'sa.    MocTcer  Nut.    Tree  40-60f.    Lf ts.  7-9,  rough-downy.    Little  meat; 

7  O.  porci'na.    Pignut.    Tree  60-lOOf.     Leaflets  5-7,  smoothish.     Fruit  somewha 

pear-shaped. 

8  C.  microcar'pa.    Tree  00-80f.     Leaflets  5-7,  glabrous.    Nut  small  as  a  nutmeg. 


Order  OXVIIL  LAURACE^.    Laurels. 

Trees  and  shrubs  aromatic,  with  alternate,  simple,  dotted  leaves; 
sepals  colored,  4-6,  slightly  miited,  strongly  imbricated ; 
anthers  2  or  4-celled,  opening  upwards  by  as  many  valves; 
ovary  1-ovnled,  becoming  a  drupe  in  fruit ;  no  albumen. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

§  Flowers  perfect,  the  caly.x  persistent.     Leaves  evergreen a 

§  Flowers  imperfect.     Calyx  deciduous.     Leaves  deciduous b 

a  Trees.    Lvs.  thick,  lance-ol-lonjr,    Fls.  umbeled,  S,      Baxj  Onlk.  Per'bea. 


396  THE  FLORA. 


b  Involucre  none.     Anthers  4-valved.    Leaves  lobed.        Sassafras.  Sas'safras.  1 
b  Involucre  4-Ieaved.     Anthers  2-valved.     Shrubs.  Spice-hush.  Ben'zoin, 

b  Involucre  4-leaved.  Anthei-s  4-valved.  Shrubs.  S.    Pond-spice.  Tetranthe  ra. 

SASSAEKAS.     Sassafras. 
Flowers  dioecious,  6-parted,  regular.     Stamens  9.     Trees  with  decidu- 
ous leaves,  expanding  after  the  clusters  of  yellow  flowers. 
S.  officina^le.     Common  S.     Leaves  of  two  forms,  ovate  and  entire,  or  3-lobed  and 
acute  at  base.     Tree  aromatic,  10-80f.  high. 


Order  CXIX.    CUPULIFERiE.     The  Mastworts. 

Trees  or  shrills.^  with  alternate,  simple  leaves,  and  deciduous  stipules; 
fioioers  monoecious,  the  sterile  in  aments,  which  are  racemed  or  head-like  ; 
stamens  in  the  sterile  flowers,  6  to  20,  on  the  base  of  the  calyx; 
otary  in  the  fertile  flowers  with  several  ceils  and  ovules,  hut  hecomjpg  ia 
fruit  a  1-seeded  nut  surrounded  by  an  involucre  (cup,  burr,  or  sac). 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

§  Sterile  flowers  in  aments,  fertile  flowers  so-litary  or  2  or  3  together 2 

§  Sterile  flowers  and  fertile  also  in  aments,  the  latter  loose  and  large c 

2  Involucre  1-flowered,  cup-like,  composed  of  many  little  scales a 

2  Involucre  2  or  3-flowered,  composed  of  few  large  valves b 

a  Sterile  aments  slender,  calyx  5-cleft,  stamens  5  or  10.  Fertile  flowers,  con- 
sisting of  an  ovary  sitting  in  a  scaly  cup,  becoming,  in  fruit,  an  acorn.,  1- 
celled,  1-seeded.  A  noble  genus  of  trees  (rarely  shrubs),  always  known  by 
their  peculiar  fruit,  called  acorns.  The  timber  is  of  great  value,  especially 
in  ship-building.  In  the  Class  Book  of  Botany,  23  species  are  described. 
(See  Figs.  32-34,  2^57.)  Oalc.  Querctis.  1 

b  Involucre  of  the  fruit  and  fertile  flowers  a  burr  with  4  valves.  Sterile  aments 
slender,  each  flower  with  5-15  stamens  ;  3  fertile  flowers  in  each  involucre, 
which  is  beset  with  slender  prickles.  We  have  two  species,  one  a  tree,  the 
other  a  shrub.  Timber  excellent.  The  fruit  is  sweet  and  nutritious.  (See 
Fif.  277.)  Chestnut.  Casta ''nea, 

b  Invohicre  of  the  fruit  a  burr  with  4  valves.  Sterile  aments  head-like,  sus- 
pended by  a  slender  stalk.  Calyx  6-cleft.  Two  flowers  in  each  burr,  which 
is  covered  by  weak  spines.  Nuts  sharply  3-angled.  They  are  tall,  valua- 
ble forest-trees.  -^^^^^-  1^'aocp. 

b  Involucre  a  sac,  longer  than  the  nuts,  torn  at  the  top.  Sterile  flowers  in  a 
slender  ament.    Shrubs.    Usually  but  one  flower  or  nut  in  each  involucre. 

Hazel.  Cor'yi»us. 


Order  121.— GALE  WORTS.  29? 


c  Involucre  a  closed,  inflated  sac,  one-flowered,  many  together  in  the  pendu- 
lous, hop-like  cluster.    Small  trees,  with  very  compact,  strong  timber,  called 

Hop  IJornheam.     Iron-icood.     Lever-wood.  Os'tkta, 

c  Involucie  an  open,  3-lobecJ   leaf,   l-flovvered.     Small  trees,   with   a  strong, 

heavy  timber.  Hornbeam.  Carpi'ncs. 

1.  QUERCUS.     Oak. 

§  Leaves  mostly  entire,  the  ends  subequal,  petioles  very  short No?.  1-4 

§  Leaves  3-lobed  and  dilated  above,  awnless  when  full-iciown.    Fruit  (2). . .  Nos.  5,  6 

§  Leaves  3-9-lobed  or  pinnatifid,  broad  ;  the  lobes  bnstle-imnted.    Fruit  (D (a) 

§  Leaves  5-9-l()bed,  lobes-obtuse,  never  bristle-pointed.      Fruit  (Y),  sessile 13-15 

§  Leaves  0-25-toothed,  obovate,  downy  beneath,  awnless.   Acorn  (i),  sweet 16-17 

a  Leaves  at   base  cuneate,  short-petiolcd,  3-5-lobed.    Shrubs  or  small  trees 7,8 

a  Leaves  at  base  abrupt  or  truncate,  mostly  long-petioled,  7-9-lobed (b) 

b  Nut  one-third  immers.ed  in  the  saucer-shaped,  ftue-scaled  cup 9, 10 

b  Nut  near  half  immersed  in  the  hemispherical,  coarss-scaled  cup. .  ..11-12 

1  Q.  virens.    Live  Oak.    Tree  40-5Uf.,  often  smaller.    Lvs.  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse,  rarely 

with  a  few  teeth.    Peduncle  longer  than  acorn.    Timber  excellent.    Va.  and  S. 

2  Q.  cine'rea.  Upland  Willoiv  0.   Shrub  4-20r.  Lvs.  as  in  No.  1.  Peduncle  short.  Va.  andS. 

3  Q.  imbrica'ria.    Shirt gle  0.    Laurel  0.    (Fig.  33.)    A  handsome  tree  40-50f.,  with  dark, 

shiuiuL',  lance-oblong,  wavy  leaves.    Nut  roundish,  on  a  short  peduncle.    W.  and  S. 

4  Q.  Phellos.  Willow  0.  Tree  38-60f.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  often  !?ome  teeth.  N.  J.  and  S. 

5  Q.  aquat'ica.  Water  0.   Tree  20-40,  handsome.  Leaves  . glabrous,  acute  at  base.   S. 

6  Q.  nigra.    Blackjack.    Barren  0.      Tree  small  (8-2."5f.),  gnarled.      Leaves  rust- 
downy  beneath.   Lobes  obtuse,  or  in  var.  triloba  with  a  few  aiimed  teeth.   M.  W.  S. 

7Q.  Oatesbae'i.  Turkey  0.   Tree  20-25f .    Leaves  large,  narrowly  and  irregularly  lobed.  S. 
8  Q.  illicifo'lia.     Sci^b  0.    Shrub  4-7f.     Lvs.  regularly  5-lobed,  white-downy  beneath. 
9  Q.  rubra.    Bed  0.    (Fig.  2G7.)    Tree  50-70f.    Lvs.  (not  deeply)  7-9-lobed,  dark-red 

in  autumn.     Cup  9-12"  broad,  nut  1',  oblon^-ovoid. 
10  Q.  palus'tris.      Pin,   0.    Tree  (i0-80f.    Lvs.  deeply  .5-7-lobed,  russet-brown    in 
autunm.     Cup  5-7"  broad,  nut  round-oval,  9"  long.     (Fig.  318,  etc.) 

11  Q.  falca'ta.    Spanish  O.    Tree  60-70f.     Lvs.  ashy-pubescent  beneath,  lobes  falcate.  S. 

12  Q.  cocci'nia.   Scarlet  0.    Tree  verv  large  (SOf.).    Lvs.  much  like  No.  9,  but  turn  6ng'^^ 

red  in  autumn,  glabrous,  ofteu  widening  above.    Nut  half  covered  by  the  cup. 

13  Q.  alba.    White  0.   (Fig.  32.)   Tree  30-(;0f.  or  more,  with  light-colored  bark.    Lvs. 

sinuate-pinuatifid,  lobes  subequal.    Nut  i  immersed.    Timber  excellent. 

14  Q.  obtusi'loba.    Post  0.     Three  upper  lobes  broader,  2-lobed.    Nut|  immersed. 

15  Q.  macrocar'pa.    Mo^s-ctip  0.    (Fig.  34.)    Lvs.  deepest  lobed  in  middle.    Cup 

fringed,  nearly  enclosini;  the  globons  nut. 

16  Q.  bi'color.    Swamp  White  0.    Lvs.  whitened  beneath.    Acorns  in  pairs,  long-stalked. 

17  Q.  Prinus.     Chestnut  0.    Tree  or  shrub.    Lvs.  crenate  or  serrate.    Nut  subsessile. 


Order  CXX.      MYEICACE.E.     Galeworts. 

Analysis  of  tJie  Genera  and  Species. 
§  Leaves  lance-linear,  pinnatifid,  fern-like.    Fertile  amenls  globular.    Ovary 
surrounded  by  6-8  long  linear  scales.    Nut   ovoid,  smooth.     A  low 
(2-3f.)  bush  with  peculiarly  fragrant  leaves.  Sweet  Ffrn.  Cotvipto'nia* 

13* 


298 


THE  FLORA. 


§  Leaves  undivided.    Fertile  amcnts  ovoid.    Drupes  gobular,  coated  witli 

wax  or  resiuous  grains.    Shrubs  growing  along  shores.  Mtrica.  (*) 

*  M.  cerife'ra.     Bayberry.    Lvs.  oblanceolatc.     Drupes  coated  with 

white  wax. 

*  M.  Gale.    Sweet  Gale.    Lvs.  M'edge-oblong.    Drupes  winged,  reddish. 


Order  CXXI.  BETULACE^.     The  Birchworts. 

Trees  or  sJiriils^  witL  deciduous  stipules.^  with  the  alternate 
leates  simple,  having  the  veinlets  running  straight  to  the  margin; 
flowers  monoecious,  both  kinds  contained  in  scalj 
catkins,  2  or  3  under  each  bract ;  calyx  and  corolla  hardly  any ; 
ovary  2-celled  and  2-ovuled,  but  becoming  in 

fruit  a  1-celled  and  1-seeded  nut,  by  the  suppression  of  the  other  seed 
and  cell. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 
$  bracts  with  12  stain,  each  ;    ?   bracts  with  mostly  8  ovaries.     Birch.  Bet'ula.  1 
^  bracts  with  4-8  stam.  each  ;    $  bracts  with  2  ova.  or  fls.  each.     Alder.  Alnus 


633 


BET'ULA.     Birch. 
5  in  a  cylindrical  cat- 
kin,  bracts  each  with  3 
tetrandrous    flowers    be- 
neath it.      ?  in  an  oblong 
or    egg  -  shaped     catkin, 
bracts  8-lobed,  each  with  3  2-styled  ova- 
ries or  flowers,  with  no  calyx.     Samara 
flattened,    broadly    winged.  —  Trees    and 
shrubs,  mostly  with  the  outer  bark  in  thin 
layers  with  horizontal  fibres.     Catkins  ap- 
pearing in  early  spring  before  the  leaves. 

§  Trees  with  a  yellowish  bark,  and  heart -ovate, 
serrate  leaves 1 

§  Trees  with  reddish-brown  bark,  and  ovate, 
doubly  serrate  leaves 2,  3 

§  Trees  with  white  bark  and  long-stalked,  long- 
pointed  leaves 4,  5 

§  Shrubs  with  l)ro\vnish  bark,  aud  roundish, 
crcna':;  leaves (3,  7 


632 


Mg.  632.  Sweet  Black  Birch  {Betuln 
lenta),  with  staminate  and  pistillate 
catkins :  a,  a  scale  with  staminata 
flowers;  6,  with  pistillate  flowers.  Fi{.'. 
033.  a,  A  winged  samara  cut  length- 
wise, showing  its  fertile  and  abortive 
cell ;  b,  the  same  <  ut  aoi  ot.s. 


Order  122.— THE  WILLOWORTS. 


290 


1  B,  escel'sior.  Yellow  Birch.  Tree  50-80f.   Fertile  aments  erect,  oblong,  1  inch 
in  length,  erect,  sterile  2-4',  pendulous,  clustered,    c.     N. 
2  B.  lenta.     Black  B.     Sweet  B.     Tree  40-60f.     Fertile  aments  erect,  oval,  obtuse, 

stalked;  sterile  2-3'',  pendulous.    Inner  bark  sweet-spicy.     M.  N. 
8  B.  ni'gra.     Red  Birch.    Tree  S0-50f.     Leaves  rhombic-ovate,  acute  at  both  eudn, 
obscurely  lobed.    Fertile  aments  sessile,  ovoid.     M.  S.  "W. 

4  B.  populifo'lia.     White  B.     Tree  30-40f.     Leaves  triangular,  long-pointed, 

smooth,  unequally  serrate.     Sterile  aments  long,  pendulous.     N. 

5  B.  papyra'cea.     Canoe  Birch.     Tree  50-70f.     Leaves  ovate,  pointed,  doubly- 

serrate.     All  the  aments  nodding.     Hills  and  mountains.     N. 

6  B.^nm'ila..  Diva?f  B.     Shrub  erect,  2-6f.     Branches  warty.     Leaves  obovate,  ob- 

tusely serrate  above.     Fertile  aments  eylindric.     Mountains.     N. 

7  B.  na'na.    Tiny  B.     Shrub  low,  trailing,  smooth.    Leaves  round,  crenate.     Scales 

of  fertile  ament  deeply  3-parted.     3-12'.     Mountains.     N.-H. 


Order  CXXII.   SALICACEJE.     The  Willoworts. 

Trees  or  shruhs,  with  simple  leaves,  and  stipules  usually  present; 
flowers  dioecious,  naked,  both  kinds  in  aments,  each  with  a  bract ; 
ovaj^y  1  or  2-celled,  with  2  short  styles;  capsule  many-seeded; 
seeds  with  a  coma  and  no  albumen. 


Fig.  634.  A  fertile  flower  of  a  Willow,  consisting  of  a  pistil  and  a  bract.  Fig.  635.  Sterile 
flower,  2  stamens  and  a  bract.  Fig.  636.  A  sterile  flower  of  Balm-of-Gilead  (Populus  candi- 
cans);  many  stamens.  Fig.  637.  A  fertile  flower,  consisting  of  a  fringed  scale,  a  calyx  holding 
ft  double  ovary. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

S  Aments  eylindric,  bracts  entire.  Stamens  2  or  more.  Capsule  1-celk-d,  i"- 
valved,  the  seeds  very  small,  clothed  with  silky  hairs.  Trees  or  siirubs. 
Leaves  often  long  and  narrow.  (Figs.  12,  17,  88.)  We  have  about  27  spe- 
cies. Willow.    Osier.  Salia 

§  Aments  eylindric,  bracts  fringed.  Stamens  8  or  more.  Capsule  2-celled,  2- 
valved.  Calyx  an  entire  cup.  Buds  varnished  with  a  fragrant  resfn. 
Leaves  broad,  large.     Trees.  Poplar.  Aspen.  PoPOLca 


300  THE  FLORA, 


COHORT   lY, 

THE  CONOIDS 


Ordee  OXXVIL    GONIFEKJ^].    Prneworts. 

T/res  or  shrubs,  mostly  evergreen,  abounding  in  resinous  juice  ; 
leave^^  scattered  or  fascicled,  mostly  linear,  parallel  or  fork- veined. 
floicers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  naked,  in  aments  and  cones. 
i  Stamens  1,  or  several  united.    ?  Ovules  l-X)  naked  in  tlie  axil  of  the  scale 
No  pistil,  calyx,  or  corolla. 

F-ruit  a  strobile  or  cone  with  the  scales  woody  and  distinct,  or  berry-like 
with  the  scales  fleshy  and  coherent.  Illustrated  in  Figs.  7,  9,  ^1,  300,  &c. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

%  Scales  of  the  cone  each  with  a  bract  beneath  and  2  seeds  above (a) 

§  Scale;?  bractless.     Ovules  ami  seeds  1-9.    Lvs:  scale  like  or  awl-shaped.   ..(IJ) 

a  Leaves  evergreen,  linear,  2-5-together  in  each  fascicle.  Pine.  Pmus.   1' 

a  Leaves  evergreen,  linear,  solitary,  scattered.  Sp?'vce,  &c.  Abies.   2 

a  Leaves  deciduous,  linear,  in  fascicles  of  many  together.  Larch.  Larix.   .3 

b  Cones  berry  like,  consisting  of  the  fleshy  coherent  scales.  Junip&r.  Junipekus.   ^ 

b  Cones  dry,  sca'es  imbricated.    Leaves  scale-form,  opposite,  4-rowed.  Thuya. 

b  Cones  dry,  glo-bular  ;  scales  angular,  valvately  closed  until  rip® (c) 

c  Leaves  scale-form,  opposite,  4-rowed.  Cones  small  (8").    White  Cedar.  Cupressus* 
c  Leaves  linear,  alternate,  deciduous.     Cones  1'  sliameter.  Ci/press.  Taxodium. 

1.  PIXUS.     Pine. 

§  Leaves  lai  5^*.    Scales  spineless,  scarcely  thickened  at  the  eml No.  1 

§  Leaves  in  3s.— a  Cones  oblong,  with  small  recun-ed  spines 2,  3 

—a  Cones  egg-sliaped,  with  weak  or  strong  spines 4,  5 

§  Leaves  in  &s.— b  Scates  tipped  with  spines  or  prickks 6,  7 

b  Scales  without  spines 8,  9 

1  P.  Strobus.     White  Pine.     A  majestic  tree  lOO-l^Of.  in   the  forests.     Leaves  needle- 

shaped,  4-5',  not  rigid.     Cones  pendulous,  oblong  5-7'.    Timber  of  great  value. 

2  P.  austra'lis.    Long-leaved  P.  Trc  e  (iO-lOOf..  very  resinous.   Leaves  10-15' long,  crowded, 

Cnnes  If.  long.     S.     Exciallent  for  tinib  u-,  turpentine,  or  fuel. 

3  P.  Taeda.    Loblolly  P.  Tree  50-90f.     Leaves  6-10',  with  long   sheaths.      Cones  half  as 

long  as  tiie  leaves,  with  small  but  strong  spines.     Excellent  fuel.     Va.  and  S. 

4  P.  sero'tina.  Pond  P.   Tree30-50f.   Lvs.  5-S',  rigid.   Cone  as  large  as  a  goose  egg, 

smooth  and  shining,  nearly  spineless.     Grows  in  wet  woods,  South. 

5  P.  rig'ida.    Pilch  P.    Tree  30-70f.,  with  very  rough  baric.      Leaves  rigid,  4-6'o 

Spines  stout,  recurved,  cones  clustered,  ovoic  conic,  2-3'.      In  sandy  barrens. 
G  P.  mitis.   Yellow  P.     Spruce  P.     Tree  of  slow  growtn.  30-60f.    Leaves  often  in  3s,  bat 
m.ostly  in  pair?,  slander,  3-5'.    Cone  scaaxely  2',  ovoid-conic.    Timber  good. 


Order  128.— THE  YEWS.  301 


7  P.  pungens.    Tree  20-30f.,  with  crooked  branches.    Lvs.  about  2',  stout,  crowded. 

Cones  ovoid,  3',  with  stout  spines  3"  lonjr.    Mts.  Pa.  and  S. 

8  P.  inops.    Jersey  P.     Scrub  P.      Tree  15-25f.,  rou:,'h  and  crooked.     Leaves  rigid, 

obtuse,  2-3'.     Cones  ovoid-oblong,  2-3',  Avith  straightish  prickles.    Barrens. 
9  P.  resino'sa.     Norway  P.    Red  P.     Tree  (JOf.,  with  sraoothish  bark.    Lvs.  5-6', 
slender,  with  long  sheaths.    Cones  ovoid-conic,  2-3'.    Dry  woods,  northward. 
10  P.  Hudso'nica.    Bank's  P.    A  straggling  shrub  5-25f.    Lvs.  1'  long,  curved  and  stiff, 
the  cones  some  longer,  recurved,  smooth.    Kocks,  Me.  and  W. 

2.  AB'IES.     Spruce.     Fir.     He.-nlook. 

§  Fir.    Cones  erect,  the  scales  deciduous.    Lvs.  flat,  spreading  two  ways Nos.  4,  5 

i  Spruce.    Cones  nodding.    Leaves  4-sided  or  ensilbrm,  pointing  all  around 2,3 

S  liemloclc.    Cones  hanging.     Leaves  flat,  mostly  spreading  two  ways No.  1 

1  A.  Oanaden'sis.  Common  H.  Tree  50-801".,  elegant  while  young.  Leaves  short- 
linear  (G-8"),  glaucous  beneath.  Cones  ovoid,  terminal,  as  long  as  the  leaves. 
Scales  concealing  the  bracts.    Rocky  woods.    Timber  inferior,  but  useful. 

I  A.  nigra.    Double  S.      Tree  pyramidal,  50-80f.    Leaves  6-7",  dark-green.     Cones  ovoid 

1-2',  scales  erose-denticulate.     Damp  mountain  woods,  nortliward. 
)  A.  alba.    Single  S.      Tree  3U-80f.,  pyramidal.    Leaves  6-9",  glaucous.    Cones  decidu- 
ous, cylindrical,  2',  with  the  scales  entire.     Common  in  r<3cky  woods. 

4  A.  Fra'seri.  Double  Balsam  Fir.  Tree  small,  15-30f.  Bark  Mstorc?  with  reser- 
voirs of  balsam.  Lvs.  .S-10".  Cones  oblong  1-2' ;  bracts  long-pointed,  reflexed. 
Mountains.    This  and  the  next  are  handsome  and  often  cultivated. 

5  A.  balsa'mea.  Balsam  F.  Tree  .30-50f.  Bark  as  in  No.  4.  Lvs.  8-10",  obtuse, 
silvery  beneath.    Cones  3-4'  by  1',  cylindrical ;  bracts  scarcely  exserted. 

3.  LARIX.     Larch.     Tamerac. 

1  L.  America'na.  Ajuerican  L.  (Fig.  91.)  A  beautiful  tree,  70-lOOf.  Leaves  filiform, 
soft,  1-2'.  Cones  6-10",  darkpnrple,  the  few  rounded  scales  each  with  2  winged 
seeds.    Vai*.  pendula  has  slender,  drooping  branches. 

i  L,  Europae'a.    A  large  tree  with  flattened  leaves,  and  cones  12-18"  long.    From  Eur. 

4.  JUNIP'ERUS.     Juniper. 

§  Leaves  all  subulate  and  in  3s,  spreading,  jointed  to  the  stem,  1-nerved No.  1 

§  Leaves  scale-form,  opposite,  4-rowed,  appressed,  some  of  them  awl-shaped 2,3 

I  J.  commu'nis.  Common  J.  (Fig.  7.)  Shrub  or  low  tree,  often  prostrate.  Leaves 
crowded,  pungent-pointed,  6-8".  Fruit  small  (2"),  dark-purple,  sweetish.  Woods 
and  mountains. 

2  J.  Virginia 'na.  Red  Cedar.  Tree  3a-40f.,  dark-green.  Early  leaves,  awl- 
shaped,  3-4",  some  spreading  ;  later  ones  scaleform.  Fruit  blue-white.  Eocky 
soils.    Timber  red,  durable,  used  for  posts  or  lead-pencils. 

3  J.  sabi'na,     A  trailing  shrub.    Fruit  larger  (3"),  nodding,  dark-purple.   Rocks,  N 


Order  CXXVIIL,  TAXACE^,  The  Yews,  is  represented 
11  our  flora  by  the  genus  Taxus,  and  species  T.  Canadensis,  Tew,  a  lo^Y, 
:)r  prostrate  shrub.     (Fig.  301.) 


302 


THE  FLORA. 


COHORT    V. 

SPADICIFLORiE,  OR  THE  APETALOUS  ENDOGENS. 


Order  CXXXI.   ARACEJE.     Aroids. 

Chiefly  herbs  with  a  fleshy  rootstock  of  corm ;  leaxes  sometimes  net- veined 
flowers  mostly  without  calyx  or  corolla,  arranged  on  a  spadix ; 
stamens  few  or  many,  hypogynous,  very  short ;  anthers  turned  outwards 
ovarrj  free;  stigmas  sessile;  fruit  a  dry  or  juicy  berry,  and  the 
seeds  with  or  without  albumen.     Growing  in  wet  places. 


Fi%.  68S.  Wild  Calla  {Calla  palustris),  a  leaf,  and  a  spadix  of  flowers,  with  its  spathe  (5). 
Fig.  639.  The  same  enlarged.  Fig.  640.  A  flower  enlarged.  Fig.  641.  One  of  tlie  berries  cut, 
sliowing  the  6  cells.  Fig.  642.  Golden  Club  {Orontium  aqunticum);  its  spadix  (s)  is  without 
a  sjiathe. 

Analysis  of  the  Geiiera, 

*  Spadix  enveloped  in  a  spathe 2 

Spadix  destitute  of  a  spathe.     Sepals  4-6 d 

2  Flowers  covering  only  the  base  of  the  spadix.     Perianth  0, . .  .a 
2  Flowers  covering  the  whole  spadix,  monoecious.     Perianth  0....b 
2  Flowers  covering  the  whole  spadix  and  perfect c 


Order  131.— AKOIDS.  303 


Spatlie  rolled  in  at  base.  Top  of  spadix  club-shaped.  Dragon-root.  Aris^'ma.  1 
b  Spathe  rolled  inwards  the  whole  lenf^th.  Anoiv-lvd.  Dragon.  Peltan'dra.  2 
b  Spathe  rolled  backwards  above,  white.  Egyptian-  Calla.  Kighak'dia. 

c  Perianth  0.     Spathe  open,  flattish,  white.     Lvs.  cordate.       Wild  Calla.  Calla. 

c  Perianth  regular.    Spa.  shell-form.    Lvs,  large.    Shunk-cabbage.  SYMPLOCAii'pns. 
d  Flowers  terminal,  yellow.     Scape  terete.  Golden  Club.  Okontium. 

d  Ficwers  lateral,  green.     Scape  leaf-like.  Sweet  Flag.  A'corus.  3 

1.  ARIS^'MA,     Arum.     Indian  Turnip. 

Spathe  rolled,  inward  at  base.  Spadix  covered  with  flowers  below, 
naked  and  club-shaped  above.  Sterile  flowers  above  the  fertile,  each  a 
clump  of  4  stamens.  Fertile  flowers  each  a  1-celled  ovarj,  with  a  flat 
stigma.  Berrj  red,  with  1  or  several  seeds. — Odd-looking  plants,  with 
scape  arising  from  a  corm  or  rootstock,  and  sheathed  with  the  radical 
leaves.     Taste  very  acrid. 

1  A.  triphyPlum.    Jach-in-the- Pulpit.    Leaves  usually  2,  trifoliate.    Spathe  bent  and 

inflected  above,  covering  the  obtuse  spadix,  striped. 

2  A.  quina'tum.     Five-leaved  Jack.     Leaves  in  pairs,  one  or  both  quinate.     S. 

3  A.  Dracon'tium.     Green  Dragon.     Leaf  mostly  solitary,  pedate,  7-11-foliate. 

2.  PELTAN'DRA.     Arrow  Dragon. 

The  sterile  flowers  consist  of  8-12  anthers  attached  to  the  border  of  a 
shield-shaped  (peltate)  connectile. — Eoot  fibrous.    Leaves  sagittate. 

1  P.  Virgin'ica.      Virginia  A.     Spathe  green,  incurved,  long,  wavy  on  the  margin. 

Leaves  many,  large,  hastate-sagittate,  very  smooth,  dark. 

2  P.  glau'ca.     Glaucous  A.     Spathe  white,  entire,  gradually  unrolled  and  widene<f 

above.     Leaves  ovate-sagittate,  the  base  lobes  large.     S. 

3.  AC'ORUS.     Sweet  Flag. 

Spadix  cyliudric,  sessile,  issuing  from  the  side  of  a  leaf-like  scape  with- 
out a  spathe.     Perianth  of  6  sepals.     Stamens  6.     Fruit  capsular,  3-celled, 
CO -seeded,     n  lilnzome  thick,  aromatic.      Leaves  all  radical,  linear-svvord- 
shapcd  like  tlie  scape. 
A.  calamus.     Tha  Sweet  Flag  grows  in  swampy  places  throughout  the  country.     Tlie 

lori<j  sword-shaped  leaves  are  marked  by  a  rid:je  ruuning  their  whole  length  ('.J-Sf.). 

Spadix  about  3'  long,  yellowish-green,  home  inidway  of  the  length  of  the  leaf-like 

scape.      Koot  a  thick,  creeping  rhizome,  much  valued  for  its  warmly  pungoiil 

qualities. 


304  THE  FLORA. 


Oedeh  CXXXII.    TYPHACE^.    Typhads. 

Herls  growing  in  marshes  and  ditches,  with  rigid,  sword-shaped  leaves ; 
floicers  monoecious,  arranged  on  a  spadix  or  in  heads  with  no  spathe ; 
Ijerianth  of  a  few  scales,  or  a  tuft  of  hairs,  or  0 ;  stamens  1-4,  slender ; 
ooary  1-OTuled,  nut-like  and  1-seeded  in  fruit. — Comprises  2  genera. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

§  Cat-tail.  Reed-mace.  Spadix  long-C}''Iindric,  brownish  green,  the  sterile  flowers  above, 
the  fertile  innumerable,  packed  solid  in  the  lower  part.  Stem  with  its  terminal  spa- 
dix 3-4f.,  the  leaves  4-5f.  long.  Ttpha. 

§  Burr-reed.  Spadices  or  globular  heads  many,  the  lower  fertile  ;  pistils  sessile,  each 
with  3-6  scales  for  a  calyx.    Upper  heads  staminate.  Sparga'nium. 


Okder  CXXXIII.    NAIADACE^.    Naiads. 

Water  plants,  with  sheathing  petioles  or  stipules,  and  jointed  stems ; 
flowers  often  perfect,  with  a  perianth,  or  imperfect  and  naked  ;  with 
stamens  definite,  ovaries  free,  sessile,  and  1-sceded  Indehiscent/rz^iY.  • 

The  Naiads  grow  in  rivers,  lakes,  or  seas.  They  have  linear,  grass-like  leaves,  and 
some  of  the  Pondweeds  have  broad  or  oval  leaves  beside. 

Potamoge'ton  {Pondweed)  is  the  principal  genus.  Its  flowers  are  perfect,  greenish, 
clustered  on  spike-lilce  sp:idicc'S  which  arise  just  above  tlie  water  while  in  bloom.  The 
stamens,  sepals,  and  ovaries  are  each  4,  and  the  fruit  4  achenia.  We  have  about  20  species, 
all  in  fresh  water.  Eight  of  these  have  two  kinds  of  leaves;  the  submersed  linear,  the 
floating  elliptical.  The  other  species  have  all  their  Ivs.  submersed  and  linear.  (See 
Botanist  and  Florist.) 


COHORT    YI. 

FLORIDE^,  OR  THE  FLOWERING  ENDOGENS. 


Order  CXXXIV.    HYDEOCHAEIDACE^.    Frogbits. 

Aqvatic  herbs  with  regular,  imperfect  flowers  growing  from  a  spathe  ; 
2Jerianih  3-  or  6-parted,  the  inner  segments  petaloid;  stamens  3-12; 
ovary  adherent,  6-9-celled;  fi'uit  indehiscent,  many-seeded. 


Order  136.— GREENBRIERS.  305 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

1  Frog"s-Ut.  Loaves  all  radical,  round-cordate,  sponf^y  beneath,  floating  in  stasrnant 
waters.  Flowers  dicecious,  white,  the  fertile  on  short,  the  sterile  on  long  (3') 
peduncles.    Berry  many-?eeded.  Limno'bium. 

i  Ditch-moss.  Leaves  crowded  on  the  long  ?xibmersed  stems  opposite  or  whorled,  linear- 
oblong.  Perianth  Avhite,  6-parted,  its  base  extended  into  a  capillary  tube  4-10' 
long  !    Stigmas  3.    la  brooks  and  rivers.  Anach'aris. 

3  Eel-grass.  Leaves  all  radical,  grass-like  in  water.  Flowers  dioecious,  the  fertile  white, 
one  on  each  long  spiral  thread-form  scape ;  the  sterile  in  clusters  at  the  root,  but 
breaking  away  and  arising  to  the  surface  to  open  and  shed  their  pollen. 

Vallisne'ria  spiralis. 


Okder  OXXXV.     PONTEDERIACEiE.     Pontederiads. 

Aquatic  herbs  with  more  or  less  irregular  perfect  flowers,  with  the 
perianth  colored,  tubular,  6-parted,  stamens  3  or  6,  and  style  1 ; 
ovavy  free  ;  capsule  3  or  1-celled,  co  or  1-seeded. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

*  StaiMf  lis  6,  unequal.    Perianth  blue,  2-lipped.    Utricle  1-seeded.  Pontederia.  1 

*  Stamens  3,  unequal,  the  lower  one  sagittate.    Capsule  3-celled,   CO-seeded.     Perianth 

white  or  blue,  6-parted,  with  a  slender  tube.  Heteranthe'ra. 

*  Stamens  3,  equal.   Capsule  1-celled,   CO-seedod.    Perianth  regularly  C-parted,  yellow,  its 

tube  very  long  (2-3')  and  slender.  Leaves  grass-like,  growing  wholly  under  water. 
Water  Star-grass.  Schol'lera. 

1.  PONTEDE'RIA.     Pickerel-weed. 

Large  showy  lierbs  growing  in  patches  extending  from  the  shore  to 
deep  water.  Leaves  radical,  long-stalked.  Stem  or  scape  bearing  1  leaf 
and  a  terminal  spike  of  showy  flowers  lasting  but  a  day. 

1  P.  cordifo'lia.    Leaves  between  heart-and  arrow-shaped,  blunt,  very  smooth,  and  shin- 

ing. Scape  stout,  arising  l-2f.  above  the  water.  Flowers  violet  blue,  very  irregular, 
in  a  spike  2  or  3'  long.  After  flowering  the  corolla  rolls  downward  from  the  top, 
persisting  and  withering  on  the  1-sceded  fruit.     Common.     July. 

2  P.  lancifo'lia.    Leaves  lance-oblong  to  lance-linear,  rather  acute  at  each  end.   South. 


Order  CXXXVI.     SMILACACE.E.    Greenbriers. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  often  climbing.     Leaves  reticulate-veined.     Fl^.  dicecious ; 
Tperianth  6-parted,  regular,  free  from  the  3-cclled  ovary.    Fruit  a  berry. 

1.  SMILxVX.     Greenbrier. 
Leaves  palmate-veined,  entire,  petiolate,  with  a  pair  of  tendrils  in  tb«^ 
place  of  stipules.     (See  Fig.  95.)    Flowers  greenish,  in  axillary  umbels 


306 


THE  FLORA. 


1  S.  herba'cea.   Carrion-floiver.    Stem  herbaceous,  erect  or  reclined,  without  prickles. 

Lvs.  ovate-obloug,  T-veined.    Flowers'  8-50  on  each  long  peduncle,  ill-scented. 

2  S.  rotundifo'lia.    Co.'juno/i  Greenbrier.    Vine  green,  stron^'  and  tlioniy.  somewhat  4-an- 

gled.   Leaves  round-ovate,  5-T-veined,  cusp-pointed.   Peduucles  a  little  longer  (6-7") 
than  the  petioles.    Berries  bluish-black.     Thickets.     l0-30f. 
8  S.  hispida.    Vine  terete,  bispid  with  weak  prickles  if  any.     Lvs.  thin,  ovate,  cuspidate. 
Peduncle  twice  as  long  (!')  as  the  petioles.    Berries  black.    Thickets. 


Okder  CXXXVII.     ALISMAOEJ^.    Alismads. 

Herbs  growing  in  water,  with  the  leaves  parallel-yeined,  and  with  the 
-fioitners  regular  and  not  on  a  spadix  ;  the  i^eriantli  consisting  of 
se'pah  and  jpetals^  3  of  each,  the  former  always  green  ; 
ovaries  free,  8  or  more,  separating  into  as  many  1-seeded  achenia. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 


Lvs. 


§  Both  the  calyx  and  corolla  greenish. 

rush-like  {Arrow-grasses) b 

§  Corolla  colored,   white.      Leaves    mostly 

with  a  lamina a 

a  Fls.  5  .     Sta.  6.    Carpels  whorled. 

Water  Plantain.  Alisma.  1 
a  Fls.  5  .  Stamens  9-24.  Carpels  in  a 
head.      Echinodore.  Echinodorus. 
Sta.  many.    Carpels  in  a 
Arroio-Jiead.  Saoittaria.  2 
Anthers  ovate.    Carpels 
Trigloch.  Triglochin. 
linear.    Car- 

SCHEUOHZEKIA. 


a  Fls.  S- 

head. 

b  Lvs.  radical 

1  seeded 

b  Leaves  cauline.     Anthei 

pels  1-2-seeded. 


1.  ALISMA.     "Water  Plantain. 

Flowers  perfect.  Stamens  6.  Ova- 
ries and  styles  numerous,  collected  into 
a  whorl,  becoming  in  fruit  many  dis- 
tinct, flattened  achenia. — if  Stemless 
herbs,  the  leaves  all  radical.  Flowers 
in  a  panicle. 

A.  planta'go.  A  common,  smooth,  handsome 
inhabitant  of  ponds  and  ditches.  Leaves 
oval  or  ovate,  abruptly  acuminate,  7-9- 


Fig.  643.  Sagittaria  sagittifolia  (com- 
mon form),  leaf  and  flowers.  4.  One 
of  the  pistils  enlarged.  5.  The  pistil  of 
Alisma  cut  open,  showing  the  seed  and 
curved  embryo. 


ORDEK  138.— THE  ORCHIDS.  '^^7 


Veiued,  entire,  on  long  petioles.    Scape  l-2f.  high,  branching  in  whorls,  bearing  nu- 
merous purplish-white  flowers,  in  July. 

2.  SAGITTA'RIA.     Arrow-head. 

Flowers  monoecious,  rarelj  dioecious,  the  $  with  about  24  stamen?, 
the  ?  with  numerous  ovaries  crowded  in  a  head,  and  becoming  in  fruit  as 
many  compressed,  margined  achenia. — U  Stemless  plants,  leaves  radical, 
generally  arrow-shaped.  Flowers  in  whorls  of  3's,  the  sterile  ones  above 
the  fertile. 

S.  variab'ilis.  A  curious  plant,  conspicuous  with  its  large  white  flowers  among  the 
rushes  and  sedges  of  sluggish  waters.  The  petals  are  wholly  white,  and  the 
scape  simple,  with  the  stalks  1-flowcred.  The  leaves  are  generally  arrow- 
shaped  (as  seen  in  the  figure),  but  exceedingly  variable,  sometimes  lanceolate, 
and  sometimes  even  consisting  of  a  petiole  only.     About  If.  high.    Jul]/. 


Order  CXXXYIII.   ORCHID ACEJE.    The  Orchids. 

Jlerhs  perennial,  with  thick,  fleshy  roots;  entire,  parallel-veined  leaves; 
flowers  very  irregular,  but  i\\Q> lyeriantli  consisting  always  of  6  parts,  viz.,  of  3 
sepals  and  3  petals.^  all  usually  colored,  the  lower  petal  called  the 
Zij?  differing  in  form  from  the  others,  and  frequently  spurred  at  base  ; 
stamens  3,  but  only  1  or  rarely  2  of  them  perfect,  united  with  the 
style  and  forming  what  is  called  the  column  ;  anthers  2,  4  or  8-celled ; 
pollen  powdery,  or  waxy,  or  granulated ;  ovary  1-celled,  many-seeded. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

*  Stems  green,  furnished  with  one  or  more  leaves.... 2 

*  Stems  green,  furnished  with  sheaths  instead  of  leaves . . .  .d 

*  Stems  brownish,  furnished  with  sheaths  and  no  leaves,  or  a  late  one. . . .o 

2  Corolla  lip  very  large,  inflated  and  sack-like a 

2  Corolla  lip  of  various  forms,  but  neither  very  large  nor  sack-like. . .  .8 

3  Corolla  prodnced  into  a  spur  behind, . .  .b 

3  Corolla  destitute  of  a  spur 4 

4  Flowers  small,  many,  in  a  loose  raceme,  beardless 6 

4  Flowers  small,  many,  in  a  close,  twisted  spike,  beardless. .  ..f 
4  Flowers  showy,  purple  or  yellow,  few  or  1  only g 

a  Root  fibrous.   Lip  obtuse,  spurless.   Anthers  2.    Ladifs-slipper.  CvrRiPE'DiUM.  1 

a  Root  a  corm.    Lip  3-lobed,  2-spurred.     Anther  1.  Calypso.  Calyp'so. 


308 


THE  FLORA. 


Fig.  646.  Lady's-slipper  {Cypripedium  acaule),  whole  plant,  with  its  2  leaves,  scape,  and 
curious  flower.  7.  Plan  of  the  flower ;  .9,  sepals  (outer  circle),  the  2  lower  united  ;  p,  the  petals ; 
i,lip  (lower  petal) ;  e,  the  anthers,  upper  one  sterile ;  o,  the  3-celled  ovary.  8.  The  column  f)een 
roin  beneath,  with  the  pistil,  two  stamens,  and  the  leaf-like  sterile  one.  9.  Flower  and  bract  of 
Jrchis  spectabilis.  Fig.  &50.  Its  2  pollen  masses  exhibited  (enlarged).  1.  Arelhusa  bulbosa;  yj 
he  flower.    2.  Its  column  enlarged,  with  its  lid-like  anther  opening,  showing  its  pollen-massca 


b  Fls.  in  the  axils  of  bracts.     Pollen  masses  2.     Lvs.  1-go  .      Orchis.  Orchis. 

b  Flowers  bnictless.  Pollen  masses  4.  Leaf  1  only.  TipuLa.  Tipul.\'ria. 
3  Eootcoralino.  Spur  growing  to  the  ovary.  Lvs.  none.  Coral-root.  Corallorhi'za. 
c  Eoot  2  conns.     Spar  none.     Leaf  1,  late,  radical.  Putty-root.  Avi.v.cTv.vm, 

d  Flowers  1  only,  rose-purple.     Lip  bearded.  Arethusa.  Arethu'sa, 

d  Fls.  racenied,  dark-purple,  beardless.  (Lvs.  0  or  few.)  Bletia.  Bletia. 
eLeafl.     Lip  sagittate.     Column  minute.  Micros'tylis.  Micros''ttli8. 

e  Leaves  2,  radical.  Lip  flat,  ascending.  Column  winged.  Liparis.  Lip^aris. 
e  Leaves  2,  cauline.     Lip  pendulous,  2-lobed  or  2-cleft.         Tway-Uade.  Listeha 


OiiDER  138.— THE  ORCHIDS.  309 


f  Leaves  all  green.     Lip  obtuse,  erect.  Ladies"-  Tresses.  Spiraj^'thes.  5 

f  Leaves  netted  witn  white.    Lip  pointed,  reflexed. 

Rattlesnake  Piantain.  Goodye'ra. 

f  Lvs.  all  green.     Lip  3-lobed,  recurved.     South.          Granichis.  Poutuieva. 
g  Lip  on  the  upper  side  of  the  fl.,  bearded.  Leaf  linear.    Grass  Pink.  Calopo'gon.  6 
g  Lip  on  the  lower  side  (ovary  twisted  as  in  the  other  genera) h 

h  Column  free  from  the  lip.     Flowers  purplish.  Beard  Pink.  Pogo'nia.  7 

h  Column  growing  to  the  lip.  Yellow.  On  trees.  S.  7";'^  6>/'<:A/6-.  Epiden'urum. 

1.  CYPRIPE'DIUM.     Lady's-slipper. 

The  2  lower  sepals  united  into  one  piece  or  rarely  distinct.  Lip  very 
large,  inflated,  sack  or  slipper  form,  obtuse.  Column  terminated  by  a 
petal-like  lobe  (which  is  the  sterile  stamen).  Fertile  stamens  2. — Root 
fibrous.  Leaves  large,  plaited.  Flowers  large  and  showy,  one  or  few. 
May- July. 

*  Flowers  yellow,  one  or  more.     Stems  leafy 5,  6 

*  Flowers  white  or  rose-purple 1 

1  Stem  leafy.     Flower  one  or  more 2-4 

1  C.  acau'le.    Stemless  L.     (Figs.  642-644.)    Scape  naked,  with  2  leaves  at  the  base, 
and  1  large  flower  at  top.     c. 
2  O.  can^didum.     White  L.     Two  lower  sepals  united.     Flowers  1  only,  smaller, 

white.     W.  S.     r. 
S  C.  spectab'ile.    Shoioy  L.     Two  lower  sepals  united.     Flowers  few,  very  large, 

purplish,     c. 
4  C.  Arieti'num.     Eani's-Head  L.     Two  lower  sepals  separate.     Flower  3   only, 
small,  purplish,     r. 

5  C.  pubes'cens.     Large  yellow  L.     Moccasin  Fl.     Sepals   narrow-lanceolate.     Lip 

flattened  at  sides,  pale  yellow\     c.     (Fig.  89.) 

6  C.  parviflo'rum.     Smaller  yellow  L.     Sepals  ovate-lanceolate.     Lip  fiat  above  and 

below,  bright  yellow,     c. 

2.  ORCHIS.     Orchis. 

Flower  ringent,  sepals  and  petals  similar ;  all,  or  all  but  two,  ascending 
and  arching  over  the  column.  Lip  turned  downward,  entire  or  lobed, 
produced  at  base  into  a  spur  beneath,  which  is  distinct  from  the  ovary. 
Stamen  1,  anther  2-celled,  pollen-masses  2,  consisting  of  numerous  waxy 
grains. — Flowers  gene/ally  showy,  in  spikes  or  racemes.  June- Aug.  vwstly. 

NoTK.— Under  this  genus  »ve  include  two  others,  viz.:  Gyinnadenia  and  Platanthera.  Tht 
beginner  would  find  it  difficult  to  separate  them.  See  Class  Boole  of  Botany,  p.  6S2,  &c.  No.  I 
is  the  true  Orchis.    Nos.  8,  9,  10,  are  Gymnndenia,  and  all  the  others  belong  to  Platanthera. 


310  THE  FLORA. 


§  Leaves  radical  and  oiiiy  2  (rarely  3).    Flowers  on  a  scape , . .  .1-8 

§  Leaf  radical  and  only  1.     Flowers  small,  on  a  scape 4,  5 

§  Leaves  on  the  stem,  several,  upper  ones  reduced  to  bracts.... a 

a  Corolla  lip  entire,  neiliior  lobed,  fringed,  nor  toothed 6-9 

a  Corolla  lip  2  or  3-toothed,  not  fringed  nor  divided.     Flowers  greenish..  ..10-12 

a  Corolla  lip  cleft  into  a  fringe  at  the  edge,  but  not  divided 13-15 

a  Corolla  lip  divided  into  3  parts,  which  are  fringed  or  not b 

b  Flowers  white  or  yellowish,  with  5  long  bristles,  the  2  side  petals  2-parted. 

S... .16,17. 
b  Flowers  white,  the  2  side  petals  entire  or  toothed  ;  lip  clawed....  18,  19 
b  Flowers  purple,  numerous,  showy  ;  lip  raised  on  a  claw 20-22 

1  O.  spectab'ilis.     Showy  Orchis.     True  Orchis.     Fls.  few,  pink-purple,  handsome. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate.     Height  4-7'.     (Figs.  649,  650.) 

2  O.  orbicula'ta.    Round-lv.  0.     Fls.  whitish,  racemed.     Spur  very  long.    Leaves 

round.     Scape  bracted. 

3  O.  Hook''eri.    Hoolcer^s  0.    Flowers  green,  spiked.    Spur  long  as  ovary.     Leaves 

round.     Scape  naked. 

4  O.  obtusa'ta.     Blunt-lv.  0.     Leaf  obovate,  obtuse.  Lip  linear,  entire.  5-8''.  r. 

5  O.  rotundifo'lia.  Small  Round-lf.  0.  Lf.  round.  Lip,  mid.  lobe  obcord.  6-9'.  n 

6  O.  hyperbo'rea.    Northern  0.    Flowers  greenish.     Lip,  petals,  leaves,  and  bracts, 

lanceolate. 

7  O.  dllata'ta.    Broad-lip  0.    Flowers  whitish.     Lip  lance-linear,  rhombic  at  base. 

8  O.  niv'ea.     Snowy  0.     Flowers  white.     Lip  oblong-linear.     Leaves  linear.     S, 

9  O.  nigra.     Black  0.     Flowers  yellow,  close.    Lip  ovate.     Leaves  lance-oblong. 

1 0  O.  tridenta'ta.     Trident  O.     Lip  3-toothed  at  end.     Spur  longer  than  ovary, 

11  O.  bractea'ta.     Bracted  0.     Lip  2-3-tootlied  at  end,  spur  half  as  long. 

12  O.  fla'va.     Small  yellow  0.     Lip  obtuse,  with  a  tooth  each  side,  spur  long. 

13  O.  crista'ta.     G rested  yellow  0.     Flowers  yellow,  small,  lip  as  long  as  the  spur. 

14  O.  cilia'ris.     Large  yellow  0.     Flowers  yellow,  large,  lip  half  as  long  as  the  spur. 

15  O.  Blephariglot'tis.     Ox-tongue  0.     Fls.  white,  large  ;  2  side  petals  cut-toothed. 

16  O.  Miohauxii.    Michaux's  0.     Leaves  oval.     Spur  twice  as  long  as  ovary. 

17  O.  re'pens.     Five-lristled  0.     Leaves  lance-line^^.     Spur  shorter  than  ovary. 

18  O.  leucophae'a.      White  Prairie   0.     Bracts  shorter  than  the  ovaries.     Lip   fan- 

shaped,  3-parted,  fringed.     Spur  club-shaped,  twice  longer  than  ovary. 

19  O.  lac'era.    Bagged  0.     Bracts  longer  than  the  flowers.    Petals  notched  at  end. 

Lip  segments  wedge-shaped,  fringed.     Spur  filiform,  long  as  ovary. 

20  O.  amoena.    Prairie  0.    Flowers  dark-purple.    Lip  broad,  lobes  toothed,  not 

fringed.     M.  W.  S.     c. 

21  O.  Psyc'odes.     Fringed  0.     Flowers  hght-purple.     Lip  wedge-shaped,  the  2 

petals  merely  toothed,     c. 

22  O.  grandiflo'ra.     Great-fl.  0,    Flowers  light-purple.    Lip  semicircular,  large, 

2  petals  fringed,    r. 


Ordeh  138.— the  ORCHIDS.  311 


3.  CORALLORHI'ZA.     Coral-root.     Dragons- claw. 

Flower  ringeiit  Sepals  and  petals  similar,  ascending,  the  upper  arch- 
ing. Lip  produced  behind  into  a  short  spur,  which  grows  closely  to  the 
ovary.  Pollen-masses  4,  oblique. — Herbs  without  green  herbage,  leafless, 
with  coraline  roots,  and  spikes  of  dull-colored  flowers.     May-Sept. 

1  Spur  imperceptible.     Lip  not  lobed,  often  with  2  teeth  at  base. . .  .2,  3 
1  C.  multiflo'ra.     Many-jiowered  C.     Spur  manifest.     Lip  3-lobed  (the  side  lobes 
small),  spotted.     Flowers  10-20,  purple.     Height  10-15'. 

2  0.  odontorhi'za.     Drag  orb's- claw.     Flowers  9-18,  purple.     Lip  orenulate,  spotted. 

Ovary  and  pod  nearly  globular.     Scape  9-14'. 

3  0.  inna'ta.    Lessei'  G.     Flowers  5-10,  purplish.    Lip  obscurely  2-toothed  near  the 

base,  spotless.     Ovary  and  pod  club-shaped.     5-6'. 

4.  ARETHU'SA. 

Sepals  and  petals  cohering  at  base,  similar,  ascending,  arching.  Lip 
spurless,  deflexed  at  the  end,  bearded  inside,  cohering  to  the  petal-liko 
column  at  base.  Anther  terminal,  closing  the  2  pollen  cells  like  a  lid. 
Pollen-masses  2  in  each  cell. — Small  plants,  1 -flowered,  in  wet  places. 
Leaves  none,  or  hidden  in  the  sheaths. 

A.  bulbo'sa.  A  beautiful  plant  6-12'  high,  invested  with  about  3  long  loose  sheaths 
with  lanceolate  points  (hardly  leaves).  At  the  top  is  a  large,  fragrant  purple 
flower,  in  June.     (See  Figs.  651,  652.) 


5.  SPIRAN'THES.     Ladies'  tresses. 

Flowers  in  a  spiral  spike,  somewhat  ringent.  Petals  and  sepals  nearly 
erect,  all  tending  to  the  upper  side  opposite  the  lip.  Lip  raised  on  a  short 
claw,  concave,  entire,  widened  at  top  and  furnished  with  2  callous  pro- 
cesses at  base.  Column  arching,  pollen-masses  2. — Stem  leafy  below  or 
nearly  naked,  bearing  a  spike  of  small,  white  flowers,  which  are  bent 
sideways  and  horizontal.     July- Oct.     (Fig.  240.) 

*  Fls.  in  a  single  row  on  one  side,  and  but  little  twisted.     Lvs.  radical 1.  2 

*  Fls.  in  several  rows  all  around  the  short  spike.     Lvs.  on  stem  below 3,  4 

1  S   grac'ilis.    Slender  L.     Leaves  ovate,  varying  to  lance-oblong.     Lip  obovate, 

wavy-crisped. 

2  S  tor'tiUs.     Twisted  L.     Leaves  linear,  early  w.'thering  (like  first).     Lip  8-lobed, 

finely  crenate. 


312 


THE   FLORA. 


3  S.  latifo'lia.    Broad-lv.  L.     Leaves  oblong-lance.     2-4'  Io"g-     Spike  dense 

Lip  oblong,  blunt,  crisp. 

4  S.  cer'nua.     Nodding  L.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  3-10'  long.     Spike  denee. 

Lip  oblong,  round,  crisp. 

6.  CALOPO'GON.     Grass  Pink. 

Flower  with  the  sepals  and  petals  similar,  spreading,  distinct.  Lip  on 
the  upper  side  of  the  flower,  stalked  at  base  and  bearded  above.  Column 
winged  at  the  summit.  Pollen-masses  2. — Leaf  sheathing  the  base  of  the 
scape,  which  is  bulbous  at  base.     Flowers  several.     (Fig.  655.) 

C  pulchel'lus,  A  handsome  plant,  common  in  moist  meadows  and  in  bogs.  Scape 
slender,  l-2f.  high.  Leaf  sword-shapcd  or  broad  linear,  long.  Flowers  pink- 
purple,  remarkable  for  having  the  lip  on  the  upper  side  and  the  column  below. 
July. 


Fig.  653.  Pogonia  verticillata.   Fig.  654.  Pogoiiia  opbiglossoidea.    Fig.  655.  Calopogon  pulchellivi 


Order  140.— THE  AIMARYLLIDS.  313 


7.  POGO'NIA.     Beard-flower. 


Flower  with  its  sepals  and  petals  distinct  and  somewhat  spreading. 
T.ip  bearded  inside,  soraetiraes  3-lobed.  Column  club-shaped,  wingless; 
anther  terminal,  pollen-masses  2,  mealy. — Leaves  1-5,  on  the  stem. 
Flowers  purple.     June- Aug. 

*  Sepals  linear,  spreading,  much  longer  than  the  petals....!,  2  . 

*  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal,  i=;iinilar,  and  nearly  erect 3,  4 

1  P.  verti cilia 'ta.     Whoii-leaved  B.     Leaves  5,  in  a  whorl  near  tlie  1  brownisb 

flower.     Sepals  1'  long.     r.     (Fig.  693.) 

2  P.  divarica'ta.     Spi^ading  i>.     Leaves  2,  alternate,  distant,  lance- oblate.     Lip 

8-lobed.  crenulate.     S. 

8  P.  ophiglossoi'des.  Adder-tongue  B.  Leaves  2,  distant,  upper  bract-like.  Flowers 
terminal,  pink-colored.     (Fig.  (594:.) 

4  P.  pen'dula.  Nodding  B.  Leaves  3-4,  alternate,  with  as  many  pink-white,  droop- 
ing flowers. 


Order  CXL.   AMARYLLIDACE.E.     The  Amaryllids. 

Herbs  perennial,  mostly  bulbous,  with  linear  leaves.^  with  the 
Jiowers  showy,  mostly  regular  and  on  scapes,  hexandrous ; 
perianth  of  6  similar  pieces  united  below  and  adherent  to  the 
ovary,  which  is  3-celled,  with  the  styles  united  into  1 ; 
fruit  a  capsule  or  berry,  with  albuminous  seeds.     (Fig,  137.) 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 
§  Perianth  bearing  a  crown  on  the  summit  of  its  tube. . .  .a 

§  Perianth  destitute  of  a  crown 2 

2  Segments  united  into  a  tube  above  the  ovary b 

2  Segments  distinct  down  to  the  ovary,     Fhnvers  nodding 3 

3  Periantii  irregular c 

3  Perianth  regular d 

a  Crovvn  a  thin  membrane  coiuiecting  the  stamens,    S.  Pancra'tium. 

a  Crown  a  firm  cup  containing  the  stamens.  Narcissus.  Narcis'scs.  \ 

b  Fir.  solitary,    Perianth-tuhe  straight,  erect,    Atamanco  L.  ZEPnyuAx'Tnus, 
b  Flowers  many.     Perianth-tube  straight.  American  Aloe-.-  Agavk.  2 

b  Flowers  many.     Perianth-tube  curved.  Tuberose.  Polyanthus. 

c  Stamens  declined  and  curved.     Scape  with!.  Jacobea  Lili/.  Sprkkklia 

d  Sepals  all  white,  larger  than  the  petals.  Snow-drop.  Galanthiis 

d  Sepals  green-tipped,  as  large  as  the  petiils.  Snow-Jial.e.  Ltrcojci* 

d  Sepals  ar\d  petals  equal,  yellow.  Stur-gra^s.  IfYPOXi 

14 


314  THE  FLORA. 


1.   N"ARCIS'SUS.     Jonquil.     Daffodil. 

Perianth  regular,  crown  of  one  piece,  funnel-form  or  bell-form,  consist- 
ing of  a  whorl  of  sterile  petal-like  filaments  united  by  their  edges,  within 
wliich  the  fertile  stamens  are  inserted. —  A  beautiful  genus  of  bulbous 
plants  with  sword-shaped  leaves  and  yellow  or  white  flowers.  None  here 
uiitive.     t     Aprilr-June. 

*  Scape  beariiig  1-3  large  flowers 2-4 

*  N.  Tazet'ta.    Polyanthus.     Scape  many-flowered,  sep.  white,  crown  yellow,  short. 

2  N.  Daffodil.     Daffodil.     Scape  2-edged.    Sepals  whitish.  Crown  yellow,  long 

and  large. 

3  N.  Jonquil'la.     Jonquil.     Scape  terete.     Crown  yellow,  much  shorter  than  the 

yellow  sepals. 

4  N.  poet'icus.     Poefs  jVai'cissus.  Scape  terete.  Crown  variegated,  rotate,  short; 

sepals  mostly  white. 

2.  AGA'VE.     American  Aloe. 

1  A.  Virginica.     False  Aloe.   Scape  simple,  5-6f.  high.    Flowers  in  a  spike,  greenish- 

yellow.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  serrate.     Penn.  S. 

2  A.  America'na.     Century  Plant.      Scape   branched,    15-2.5f.  high,   bearing  1   vast 

panicle  of  yellow  flowers,  after  many  years.     Leaves  very  thick,  lanceolate, 
spinons-dentate,  often  striped,  f 


Order  CXLIII.   IRIDA'CE.E.     The  Irids. 

Perennial  Jievhs^  arising  from  bulbs  or  thickened  roots ; 
leates  2-rowed  ;  flowers  perfect,  regular  or  irregular,  spathaceous ; 
perianth  of  6  petal-like  segments ;  stamens  3  ;  anthers  turned  outwards , 
ovary  inferior,  3-celled,  with  1  style  and  8  stigmas.,  becoming  in 
fruit  a  3-celled  capsule  with  many  albuminous  seeds. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

1  Flowers  regular,  8  petals  unequal  to  the  3  sepals 2 

1  Flowers  regular,  petals  and  sepals  alike. . .  .3 

1  Fls.  irregular,  stamens  ascending.  Sds.  winged,  f  Corn  Flag.  Gladi'olus. 
2  Stamens  separate.     Stigmas  petal-hke.     Petals  erect.     Sepals  reflexed.        Iris.  . 
2  Stamens  united.  Sepals  very  large.  Pets,  spreading,  f  Tiger-flower.  Tigrid'ia. 

3  Flowers  blue,  small,  rotate.     Leaves,  &c.,  grass-like.     (Fig.  4S.) 

Blue-eyed- grass.  Sysiryn'chu'm. 

3  Fls.  purp.,  white  or  yellow,  tube  very  long,  sessile  on  the  bulb,  t  Cro'cus. 

8  Fls.  yellow,  red-spotted,  tube  short.     Ile'ght  3-5f.  t      I-cia.  Paruan'tuiis. 


Order  147.— THE  TiJLLIADS.  315 


IRIS.  Flower-de-luce. 
Perianth  G-partetl,  the  3  outer  divisions  (sepals)  reflexed,  or  spreading, 
tlie  3  inner  (petals)  erect.  Stamens  3,  distinct.  Style  short.  Stigmas  3, 
petal-like,  covering  the  stamens. — Perennial  herbs  with  thick  roots  or 
rootstocks,  sword-shaped  or  grass-like  leaves,  and  large  showy  flower's. 
April- July. 

§  Stems  leafy,  tall  (l-2f.  high),  mostly  bearing  several  flower.s a 

§  Scapes  leafless,  low  (l-B'  high),  mostly  bearing  but  1  flower c 

a  Sepals  or  perianth  bearded.     Cultivated  exotics  in  gardens,  &c 11-13 

a  Sepals  and  petals  beardless.     Wild  plants,  hardly  ever  cultivated b 

b  Leaves  linear,  grass-like,  less  than  half  an  inch  wide....l 

b  Leaves  sword-shaped,  nearly  1  or  2^  wide 2-4 

c  Sepals  or  perianth  bearded,  beard  crested  or  not  crested 8-10 

c  Sepals  and  petals  beardless,  but  sometimes  with  a  crest 5-7 

I  I.  Virgin'ica.    Boston  I.     Stem  slender.     Ovary  and  pod  acute,  sides  2-grooved 

Flowers  yellow-blue.    E.  [uls  obtuse,  large,     c. 

2  I.  versic'olor.    Blue  Flag.     Stem  1-angled.    Flowers  blue-yellow-white.     Pet- 
8  I.  tripet'ala.     Stem  terete.     Flowers  blue.     Petals  very  small,  3-toothed.     S. 
4  I.  cu'prea,  Copper-coVd  I.  Stem  terete.  Fls.  orange-yellow.  Sepals  notched.  S. 
5  I.  lacus'tris.    Lal'e  I.     Scape  1-flowered,  flower  blue  and  yellow.     Lvs.  lance.    W. 
G  I.  ver'na.    Early  I.     Scape  1-flowered,  flower  blue.     Leaves  linear,  very  long.    S. 
7  I.  ochroleu'ca.     Cream-colored  I.     Scape  3-flowered,  flowers  yellow.     Lvs.  sword- 
shaped.     Pod  6-angled.     t 

8  I.  crista'ta.     Crested  1.     Scape  1-flowered,  2-4'  high,  flower  blue  and  yellow 

Leaves  lanceolate,  3'  long.     S.  [obtuse.     Leaves  ensiforni.     f 

9  I.  pum'ila,    Dwarf  I.     Scape  1-flowered,  6-10' high,  flower  deep  blue.    Petals 
10  I.  Chinen'sis.     China  I.     Scape  many-flowered,  flattened,  flowers  pale  blue. 

Stigmas  jagged.     \ 

II  I.  sambuci'na.     Common  Flower-de-lzice.    Stem  many-flowered,  flowers  blue  oi 

whitish.     Petals  and  sepals  notched,    c.     t 
12  I.  German'ica.    German  F.    Stem  many-flowered,  flowers  deep  blue,  spathes  also 

colored,     r.     f 
18  I.  Susia'na.    Chalcedonian  Iris.     Stem  1-flowered,  fl.  striped.     Petals  deflexed.     ■ 


Order  CXLYII.   TRILLIACE.E.     The  Trilliads. 

Herls  with  tuberous  roots,  simple  sterna,  and  whorled,  net-veined  leaves, 
with  ihajloirers  one  or  few,  terminal,  and  mostly  3-parted;  with  the 
sepals  green,  and  the  petals  more  or  less  colored ;  with  the 
stamens  0-10,  awl-shaped  filaments  and  linear  anthers;  with  the 
oi:ary  free,  3-5-celled,  becoming  m  fruit  a  juicy,  many-seeded  joocZ. 


;16 


THE  FLORA. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

Plants  with  1  whorl  of  leaves  and  1  flower. 

Pod  many-seeded.    Wake- Robin.  TiuL'Liim.  1 
Plants  with  2  whorls  of  leaves  and  several 

greenish  flowers.     (Fig.  92.) 

Indian  Cuciimher.  Meue'ola. 

Fic).  656  Trillium  erytlirocarpum,  with  the  parts  of  its 
flower  as  if  separated:  s,  tlie  3  sepals;  p^  the  3  petals;  st, 
tlie  6  stamens ;  o,  the  3  carpels. 

TRIL'LIUM.     Wake-Robin. 

Character  as  expressed  in  the  Order  above. 
—  n  Low  herbs  with  a  simple  stem,  bearing 
at  top  a  whorl  of  3  leaves  and  a  single  large 
flower.     Apr-Jime.     (Figs.  108,  110,  656.) 

§  Flower  se.ssile,  petals  dark  purple 1,  2 

§  FI.  on  a  peduncle,  raised  above  the  leaves a 

§  Fl.  on  a  peduncle,  recurved  beneatli  the  Ivs. .  .7-9 

a  Lvs.  ses.,  rhomboidal  or  rhomb. -ovate. .  .5,  6 

a  Leaves  petiolate,  rounded  at  the  base 8,  4 

1  T.  ses'sile.  Eicket  W.    Lvs.  sessile.   Sepals  erect, 

§  as  long  as  the  linear-lanceolate  petals. 

2  T.  recurva^'tum.  Bed  s  W.   Lvs,  petiolate.  Sepals 

recurved,  long  as  lance-ovate  petals. 

3  T.  niva'le.    Snowy  W.    Stem  2-4''  high.    Leaves  obtuse 

snow-white.     The  smallest  species.     W. 

4  T.  erythrocar'pum.   Smiling  W.    Stem  8-12' high.   Leaves  and  petals  pointed, 

wavy,  white,  tinged  and  pencilled  with  purple. 

5  T.  grandiflo'rum.    Great-flowered  W.     Petals  lance-obovate,  recurved,  twice  larger 

than  the  sepals,  rose-white.     Large  and  showy.     M.  W.  S. 

6  T.  erec'tum.     Bath  Flower.     Petals  ovate,  acute,  much  broader  (not  longer)  than 

the  sepals, 'dusky  purple  (or  white,  W.),  ill-scented, 

7  T.  pen'dulum.     Pendant  W.      Style  scarcely  any.     Leaves  rhombic.     Petals 

lance-obovate,  short-pointed,  flat,  scarce  larger  than  sepals,  w.     M.  S.  W. 

8  T.  cer'nuum.     Nodding    W.     Style   scarcely    any.      Leaves   ovate,    petiolata 

Petals  lanceolate,  wavy,  reciirved,  much  larger  than  calyx,     Kose-white. 
%  T.  stylo'sum.     Style-bearing  T.     St}le  manifest,  as  long  as  the  stigmas.     S, 


656 

Petals  obtuse,  wavy, 


Order  148.— LILYWORTS.  317 


Order  CXLYIII.    LILIACE.E.     Lilyworts. 

Herbs  with  parallel-veined  leaves^  bulbous  or  tuberous  sterns  ; 
^oicers  perfect,  regular,  generally  large  and  richly  colored  ; 
perianth  6  (rarely  4:)-parted,  uniformly  colored,  free  frvwi  the  ovary; 
stamens  6  (rarely  4) ;  anthers  fixed  by  a  point  and  turned  inwards ; 
style  single  ;  ovary  superior,  2  or  3-celled;  seed  with  fleshy  albumen. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

§  Plants  bulbous  at  the  base,  or  with  a  thick,  woody  stem  (caudex). . ,  .2 

§  Plants  with  a  rhizome,  creeper,  or  fibrous  roots 4 

2  Perianth  sea:ments  united,  forming  a  tubular  flower.'. .  .d 

2  Perianth  segments  separate,  not  forming  a  tube 3 

3  Stem  (or  caudex)  leafy  at  least  below,  few  or  many-flowered. . .  .b 
3  Stem  (scape)  sheathed  at  base,  bearing  a  solitary  flower. . .  .a 

3  Stem  (scape)  sheathed  at  base,  leafless,  many-flowered c 

4  Stamens  bent  to  one  side,  curved-ascending.     Flowers  showy e 

4  Stamens  straight,  and  equal  in  position 5 

5  Perianth  segments  united  to  near  the  summit f 

5  Perianth  segments  separate,  not  forming  a  tube. . .  .6 

6  Flowers  in  terminal,  leafless  clusters,  small,  whitish.... g 

6  Flowers  axillary,  or  terminal  and  solitary 7 

7  Leaves  thread-form,  &c h 

7  Leaves  ovate,  &c k 

a  Flowers  nodding.     Wild  plants.  Erythronium.  Erythronidm. 

a  Flowers  erect.     Garden  plants,     f  Tttlip.  Tu'lipa. 

b  Nectary  a  linear  groove  at  the  base  of  each  segment.  Lily.  Lilium. 

b  Nectary  a  round  cavity  at  base  of  each  seg.  t  Crown  Imperial.  Fritilla'bia. 

b  Nectary  none.     Flowers  panicled,  large.     Seeds  many,    t     Yucca.  Yucca. 

b  Nectary  none.     Flowers  panicled,  small.     Seeds  1-3.    S.  Kolina.  Noli''na. 

c  Flowers  in  racemes,  blue  or  purple,     f  Squill.  Scilla. 

c  Fls.  in  racemes  or  corymbs,  yellow  or  white.  Star- Bethlehem.  Ormthoo''alum. 

c  Flowers  in  umbels,  white  or  roseate.     Stamens  straight..  Garlic.  Al'lium. 

c  Fls.  in  umbels,  blue.    Stam.  declined  and  curved,  t  Love-flower.  Agapan'thus, 

d  Perianth-limb  revolute,  as  long  as  the  tube.  +  Ilyaeinth.  Hyacin'thts. 

d  Per.-limb  spreading,  much  shorter  than  tube.  +  Grape  Hyacinth.  Misca'ri. 

e  Seurments  distinct.     Stamens  at  base  valve-like.     \        AsphnJel.  x\>ph()I)'kliis. 

6  Segments  half-united.    Stamens  perigynous  (§  83).  +  Day  Lily.  Hemerocai/lis. 

e  Segments  half-united.     Stamens  hypogynous.     t        White  Day  Lily.  Fun'kia. 

f  Fl.  tubular-oblong,  greenish,  axillary.  Jointed  Solomon' s  Seal.  Poltgona'tum. 

f  Fl.  broad  bell-shaped,  white,  racemed.     Lily-of-ih«- Valley.  Convai.i.\'kia. 


318 


THE  FLORA. 


g  Stem  leafy,  bearing  a  cluster.     Flowers  6-parted       Solomon's  Seal.  Smilaci'na.  S 
g  Scape  leafless,  bearing  an  umbel.     Berry  2-seeded.  CUntonia.  Clinto'nia.  6 

g  Stem  leafy,  bearing  a  cluster.     Flowers  4-parted.       Tway-leaf.  MAjAN'xHEMnM. 
h  Stems  branching.     Flowers  small,  axillary.     Berry  red.  Aspar'aous. 

k  Filaments  flat,  as  long  as  the  sagittate  anthers.  Twist-foot.  Stkepto'pus. 

k  Filaments  filiform,  much  longer  than  the  anthers.  Frosartes.  Pkosar'tes. 

k  Filaments  ahorter  than  the  long,  linear  anthers.  Bdlwort.  Uvula'ria.  7 


1.  ERYTHRO'NIUM.     Dog-tooth  Violet 


Perianth  bell-form,  se- 
pals recurved,  the  3  inner 
ones  usually  with  a  callous 
tooth  each  side  near  the 
base,  and  a  groove  in  the 
middle.  Pod  a  little 
stalked.  Seeds  egg-shap- 
ed.—Stem  a  bulb  deep  in 
the  ground.  Scape  bear- 
ing a  single  flower,  its 
base  sheathed  by  the  base 
of  the  two  smooth  leaves. 
Jpr.,  May. 

Fig.  657.  The  Dog-tooth  Vio- 
let (E.  Americanurn).  8.  The 
bulb.  9.  Tlie  flower  spread  open, 
showing  the  2  teeth  in  each  petal, 
also  the  position  of  all  the  parts. 
660.  The  ovary,  style,  and  stigma. 

1.  A  cross-section  of  the  ovary. 

2.  The  plan  of  the  flower:  o,  the 
3  sepals  in  the  outer  circle;  &, 
the  3  petals  next;  c,  the  6  sta- 
mens ;  and  d,  the  3-celled  ovary. 


America'num.      Yellow  E.     Flower  yellow.      Scape  without    a  bract.      Petals 

toothed.     Leaves  spotted,  nearly  equal.     Common, 
bractea'tum.     Bvacted  E.      Flower  greenish-yellow.      Scape   bearing    a  bract. 

Leaves  very  unequal.     Mountains.     Vt. 
albi'dum.    White  E.     Flower  white.     Scape  without  a  bract.     Petals  not  toothed. 

Kara  in  N.  Y.  and  W. 


Order  148.— LILYWORTS.  310 


2.  LIL'IUM.  LUy. 
Perianth  bell-shaped,  segments  mostly  recurved,  each  with  a  groove 
running  lengthwise  within  from  the  middle  to  the  base.  Stamens  shorter 
than  the  style.  Valves  of  the  pod  connected  by  latticed  hairs. — Herbs 
with  bulbous  and  leafy  stems.  Leaves  whorled  or  scattered,  sessile. 
Flowers  terminal.     June^  July.     (See  Figs.  107,  150.) 

§  Plants  bearing  bulblets  in  the  axils.     Flowers  orange.     Gardens 6,  7 

§  Plants  not  bulbiferous  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves a 

a  Flowers  erect,  orange-red.  Sepals  raised  on  claws  ...  .4,  5 
a  Flowers  nodding,  white.  Sepals  sessile.  Gardens.. .  .8,  9 
a  Flowers  nodding,  yellow  or  orange.     Sepals  sessile.     Wild  plants. , .  .1 

1  Sepals  orange-red,  strongly  revolute,  almost  into  rings 2,  3 

1  L.  Canaden'se.     Common  Meadow  Lily.     Sepals  yellow,  merely  recurved,  spread- 
ing above  middle,     c. 

2  L.  super''bum.     Svperh  L.     Turh''s-cap.     Flowers  3-30,  very  showy.     Leaves 

lanceolate,  lower  whorled.    c.     M.  W.  S. 

3  L.  Carolini^num.    Carolina  L.    Flower  generally  but  1.    Leaves  wedge-laiice- 

olate,  partly  whorled.     S. 

4  L,  Philaderphicum.    Philadelphia  L.     Upper  leaves  in  whorls.    Flowers  1-3,  pur- 

ple-spotted,    c. 

5  L.  Catesbae'i.     Catesby's  L.     Lvs.  all  scattered.     Fl.  1,  red  and  yellow-spotted.    S. 

6  L.  bulbiferum.    Orange  L.    Flowers  erect,  rough  within,  bell-shaped.   Leaves 

3-veined,  scattered,     t 

7  L.  tigri'num.    Tiger  L.     Flowers  nodding.    Sepals  strongly  revolute.    Leaves 

3-veined,  scattered,     t 

8  L.  can''didum.    White  LUy.    Flowers  in  a  raceme,  smooth,  large.    Lvs.  scattered,   t 

9  L.  Japon^icum,  Japan.  Lily.    Flower  1  only,  very  large.   Sepals  refiexed  at  end.   t 

3.  AL'LIUM.  GarHc,  Onion,  Sec. 
Flowers  in  a  dense  umbel  with  a  2-leaved  spathe.  Perianth  deeply  6- 
parted,  colored,  usually  spreading,  persistent.  Stamens  6.  Ovary  angu- 
lar. Style  thread-like.  Pod  3-lobed,  containing  1  or  2  black  seeds  in  each 
cell. — Strong-scented,  bulbous,  stemless  herbs,  the  leaves  radical  and  the 
umbel  on  a  scape,  sometimes  bearing  bulblets  instead  of  flowers.  May- 
Jidy. 

%  Leaves  flat,  lanceolate,  but  perishing  before  flowering 1 

§  Leaves  flat,  lanceolate  or  linear,  present  with  the  flowers.... a 

§  Leaves  terete  and  hollow,  or  tubular c 

a  Filaments  simple.     Ovary  with  a  6-leaved  crown.     Leaves  linear. . .  .b 
a  Filaments  3-forked.     Leaves  lanee-Iiuear.     Gardens .... 


320  THE   FLORA. 


b  Stamens  longer  than  the  sepals.     Umbel  noddling 2 

V  Stamens  equalling  the  sepals.     Umbel  with  bulblets  or  flowers S,  i 

b  Stamens  shorter  than  the  sepals.     Umbels  with  flowers  only . . .  .5,  6 

c  Stem  leafy  half  way  up.     Filaments  S-forked. . .  .7,  8 

c  Stem  naked.     Filaments  simple 

I  A.  tricoc'cum.     Lance-leaved  Garlic.     Umbel  If.  high,  with  a  thin  spathe,  12-20- 

flowered.    Flowers  white.    Plants  strong-scented.     Woods.     N.  W. 
2  A.  cer'nu«m.    Nodding  G.     Leaves  longer  than  the  4-angled  scape.     Rose- 
colored  flowers,  12-20,  in  the  handsome,  nodding  umbel.     M.  W.  S. 

3  A.  Stella 'turn.    Star  G.     Umbel  erect  when  in  flower  (nodding  in  bud),  with 

many  rose-colored  flowers.     Western. 

4  A.  Canaden'se.     Canada  G.     Umbel  a  dense  head  of  bulblets  and  some  flowers. 

Bulblets  set^sile,  braeted,.  12-lS''  high. 
5  A.  mutab^le.     Changmhle  G.     Leaves  bristle-form.    Scape  terete.     Flowers 

many  (20-40).     S. 
4  A.  stria'tum.    Striate  G.     Leaves  striate,  linear.     Scape  S-angled.     Flowers 

few  (3-7). 

7  A.  sati'vum.     Common  G.     Bulb  compound.     Umbel  bearing  bulbs.     + 

8  A.  porrum.     Z^ek.     B.ull>  simple.     Umbel  bearing  num.erous  flowers,     t 

y  A.  venea'le.     Crow  G.     Sta.  exserted.     Umbel  with  bulbsj^  S-Iender.     M.W. 
10  A.  Schaenopra'sum.     Gives.     Leaves  rush-like,   as  long  as  the  scape.     Stamens* 
inolnded. 

II  A.  fistulo'sum.      Welsh  Onion.     Leaves  tliick,  as  long  as  the  swollen  scape. 

12  A.  cepa.     Common  Onion.     Leaves  thick,  much  shorter  than  the  swollen  scape-. 


4.  FUIvTKIA.     Day  Lily. 

1  F.  ovata.      White  D.     Flowers  white,  funnel-form,  many  in  the  raceme.     Leavets 

broad-ovate,  more  or  less  heart-shaped,     t     Japan. 

2  F.  coeru'lea.    Blue  D.     Flower  blue,  rather  bell-form.    Leaves  ovate-pointed,  noi< 

at  all  heart-shaped,     t     Japan, 


5.  SMILAOPNA.     Solomon's  seaL 

1  S.  racemo'sa.     Clustered  S.    Eaceme  compound.     Stamens  longer  than  the  peri- 

anth.    Stem  recurved,  U-2f.     Flowers  numerous,  small,  white. 

2  S.  Stella 'ta.    Stellate  S.     Flowers  few,  in  a  simple  raceme.     Leaves  many.     N. 

S.  trifolia'ta.     Three-leaved  K    Leaves  3  or  4,  lance-elliptic.    Flowers   few,,  m 
cemed.    N. 


Order  149.— THE  MELANTHfe. 


321 


6.  CLINTO'NIA.     Clintonia. 

1  O.  borea'lis.     Northern  C.     Leaves  broad,  oval- 

lanceolate.  Flowers  white,  2-5,  nodding  in 
the  erect,  bractless  umbel.  Common  in  woods. 
N. 

2  O.  multiflo'ra.  Mxny-flowered  G.     Leaves  oblong- 

lanceolate.  Flowers  spotted,  12-30  in  the  co- 
rymb, erect  or  spread.  Plant  downy.  Woods. 
M.S. 

r.  UVULARIA.     Bellwort. 

Perianth  G-parted.  Sepals  linear-spatulate 
or  lanceolate,  with  a  honey-cavity  at  the 
base  of  each.  Filaments  very  short,  anthers 
half  as  long  as  the  sepals.  Style  3-cleft.  /^;l^\  V  ft 
Pod  (or  berry)  3-celled,  cells  few-seeded. —  ^i^^C\HM 
Eoot-stock  creeping.  Stem  leafy  and  usually 
branched.  Flowers  mostly  solitary,  straw- 
yellow,  pendulous.     May. 

1  Leaves  perfoliate  (§  220).     Pod  obovate,  3- 

lobed  at  end 3 

1  Leaves  sessile.     Sepals  cream-colored,  ob- 

tiisish,  ovate,  3-angled 2 

2  U.  sessilifo'lia.      Wild  Oats.    Leaves  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath.     Pod  raised  on 

a  little  .stalk.     Stem  6-10'  high,  divided,     c. 
2  U.  puber'ula.     Doivny  B.     Leaves  fine-downy,  shining  green  both   sides.     J'od 
sessile.     Stem  8-12'  high.     Mountains.     S. 
3  XJ.  grandiflo'ra.     Great-flowered  B.     Sepals  smooth  within  and  without,  \\' 

long.     Anthers  obtuse.     Stem  If.  high. 
8  U.  perfolia'ta.    Mealy  B.      Sepals  granular-roughish  withm,  scarce  1'  long. 
Anthers  pointed.    Stem  If.  high. 


Fig.  663.  Clintonia  borcalis. 
Fig.  664.  A  berry  cut  across  to 
show  the  2  ceils. 


Order  CXLIX.  MELANTIIACE.E.     The  Melanths. 

Uerhs  perennial,  often  poisonous,  with  parallel-veined  leaves ; 
27erianth  double,  of  six  similar  pieces,  green  or  colored  alike,  persistent; 
stamens  6,  with  their  anthers  turned  outwards  (extrorse) ; 
ovary  3-celled,  the  styles  usually  distinct,  a  cai)sule  in  fruit, 

U* 


322  THE  FLORA. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

%  Perianth  segments  united  below  into  a  long  tube a 

§  Perianth  segments  distinct,  not  forming  a  tube 2 

2  Anthers  1-celled,  cordate  (shield-form  when  open)..,  .3 

2  Anthers  2-celled.     Flowers  in  simple  racemes d 

3  Flowers  in  a  panicle,  that  is,  a  compound  raceme b 

3  Flowers  in  a  simple  raceme  or  spike c 

^  Leaves  and  flower  arising  from  an  underground  corra.     Golchicum.  Col^'chicum. 

b  Sepals  clawed,  each  claw  bearing  a  stamen.  Melan'thium. 

b  Sepals  clawed,  claw  free  from  stamens.  Zigadene.  Zi'gadenus. 

b  Sepals  not  clawed,  base  bearing  a  stamen.  Puke.  Vera''tkum.  1 

c  Flowers  white,  in  racemes.     Stamens  on  the  sepals.    Fly-poison.  Amian''thium. 
c  Flowers  greenish,  in  a  spike.     Stamens  free  from  sepals.  Schjenocau'lon. 

d  Fls.  perfect.    Filaments  widened  at  base.    Ovary  6-ovuled.    Xerophtlltjm. 

d  Flowers  perfect.     Filaments  filiform.     Ovary  oo-ovuled.  Helonias. 

d  Flowers  dioecious,  white.     Stem  leafy.  Blazing  Star.  Cham^lir'idm. 

VEEA'TEUM.     Poke.     False  Hellebore. 

Flowers  polygamous  by  abortion  in  the  same  plant.  Sepals  united  at 
base,  colored,  spreading,  sessile,  and  without  glands.  Stamens  6,  shorter 
than  the  sepals,  wanting  in  some  of  the  flowers.  Ovaries  3,  united  at  base, 
often  abortive.  Pod  3-partible,  many-seeded. — Stems  leafy  more  or  less. 
Flowers  panicled.     June^  July. 

%  Stem  stout  and  very  leafy  throughout. . ,  .1 
§  Stem  slender,  nearly  naked 2 

2  Sepals  rather  blunt.     Leaves  oval  and  lanceolate. . .  .2,  8 

2  Sepals  acuminate.  Leaves  linear.... 4 
1  V.  viride.     Green-fl.  P.    Lvs.  large,  oval,  pointed.     Coarse  plant  with  green  fls. 

2  V.  Woodii.  Wood)s  V.    Scape  3-6f.    Leaves  lanceolate.     Fls.  nearly  black.  W 

3  V.  parviflo''rum.    Small-jl.  V.  Stem  2-5f.  Lvs.  oval.  Fls.  dingy  green.  Mts.  S 
4  V.  angustifolium.  Gras8-lv.  V.  Very  slender,  3f.  Lvs.  long.  Fls.  greenish- white.  W 


Order  CLI.  JUNCACE^.    Rushes. 

Herds  generally  grass-like,  often  leafless,  with  small,  dry,  green  Jloicers  ; 
'perianth  of  6  glume-like  pieces,  whorled  in  two  circles  (sepals  and  petals) 
stamens  6,  rarely  2,  on  the  torus  ;  style  1 ; 
oimry  3-colled;  seeds  few  or  many. 


Order  152.— SPIDERWORTS. 


3"?3 


is  of  the  Genera. 

Perianth  greenish  outside,  yellow  inside.   Stamens  6. 

Stigma   1.     Seeds   many.     Leaves   sword-shaped. 

Scape  nearly  naked.  Narthecium.  Nartheciom. 

J'crianth  green  or  brownish.     Stamens  6.     Stigmas  3. 

Capsule  3-celled,  8-seeded.     Stems  leafy,  jointed. 

Lea/es  linear.  Wood  Rush.  Ld'zula. 

Perianth  green  or  brownish.     Stamens  6,  rarely  3. 

Stifl^mas  3.     Capsule  many-seeded.     Leaves  terete, 

or  linear,  or  none.  Hush.   Bullrush.  Jun'cus. 


Fig.  665.  Flower  of  Luzula,  much  magni 
anth ;  s,  the  6  stamens ;  x,  the  3  stigmas. 


p,  the  green  peri- 


Order  CLII.   COMMELYNACEJE.     Spiderworts. 

Hei-bs  with  flat,  narrow  leaves  which  are  usually  sheathing  at  base ; 
perianth  of  2  circles,  outer  of  3  green  sepals,  inner  of  3  colored  2yetals; 
stamens  6,  on  the  torus  ;  ovary  2  or  3-celled ;  style  and  stigma  1 ; 
capsule  2  or  3-celled,  with  few  seeds. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

§  Flowers  irregular,  clustered  in  a  heart-shaped  floral  leaf.  CommelV'na. 

§  Flowers  regular,  chistered,  floral  leaf  like  the  rest.    Spiderwort.  Tradesoan'tia.  1 
§  Flowers  regular,  solitary,  axillary.     Stamens  3.  Moss-like  herbs.  S.    Maya'ca. 

TRADESOAN'TIA.     Spiderwort. 

Flowers  regular,  in  terminal,  close  umbels,  subtended  by  2  or  3  leaf-like 
bracts.  Petals  broad,  larger  than  the  sepals.  Filaments  clothed  with 
'ointed  hairs.     Juice  viscid,  spinning  into  cobwebs. 

§  Leaves  linear,  sessile,  not  narrowed  at  the  base,  smooth 1,  2 

§  Leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  base,  hairy 3,  4 

1  T.  Virgin'ica.    Common  S.     Leaves  broad^linear.     Umbel  many-flowered,  ses- 

sile, terminal,  with  2  leaf-like  bracts.     Petals  large,  blue  or  white. 

2  T.  ro^sea.     Roseate  S.     Leaves  linear,  long.     Umbel  few-flowered,  with  2  sub- 

ulate bjacts.     Petals  twice  longer  than  sepals,  rose-colored.     Penn.     S. 
T.pilo'sa.     Hairy  S.     Leaves  lanceolate,  long-pointed.     Umbels  both  terminal  .im.: 
a.illnry,  maaj-flowers.     Petals  small,  bluisli-purple.     W. 
t  T.  crassifo'lia.     Thkk-lv.  S.     Leaves  ovate,  some  petiolate.  acute,  woolly  be  c.    ., 
Flowers  small,  rose-purple,  terminal.    Stem  weak.     Leaves  striped,    t 


liSTDEX  AND   GLOSSARY: 

Gontaining  B^finitioiis  of  Boianieal  Terms,  together  with  references  to  thorn 
paragraphs  in  whieh  they  are  defined  in  the  foregoing  Lessons. 


A  (in  compoaition)  signifies  without }  as 

apetalous,  destitute  of  petals. 
Abbreviations,  p-.  131 
Abortive,  imperfect^  useless. 
Aeaulesceut,  '23>5. 
Acfrose,  needle-shaped. — Fig.  9. 
Acheniuni,  168. 
Aculeate,  armed  with  prickles. 
Aeu7ni/We,  pointed,  33. 
Aeute,  sharp-angled,  33. 
Adherent,^  82. 
Adhesion,  79. 

Adnute,  growing  to  or  upon,  105. 
Adtiate  stipules,  46. 
^Estivation,  134,  135. 
Aggregate,  assembled  close  togctlier. 
Aggregated  fruits,  183. 
Atbiimen,  Albuminous,  189,  192. 
Alburnurn,    white-wood     or    sap-wood; 

outer  layers  of  the  trunk. 
Alternate,  49. 
Anient,  149. 

AmpUxicaul,  stem-clasping,  41. 
Analysis,  263. 
Ancipital,  two-edged. 
Angiospe-rms,  256,  257. 
Annual,  yearly,  211. 
Anther,  100. 
Apetalae,  258. 
Apetalous,  without  petals. 
Apex. — Fig.  56. 
Apex  of  the  leaf,  2. 
Appendage,  some  unu&ual  part  added. 
Appressed,  pressed  closely  to  soiiiething 

else. 
Aquatic,  growing  in  water. 
Arborescent,  tree-like. 
Arid,  dry.  [ley. 

Aristate,  bearded ;  as  the  glumes  of  oar- 
Ar??ied,  furnished  with  spines  or  thorns, 

as  if  in  self-defence,  56. 
AromatiCy  strong-scented,  spicy. 


Arrangement  of  leaves. — Lesson  9". 
Ascending,  arising  obliquely. 
Ascending  axis. — Lesson  28. 
Attenuate,  made  slender  or  thin. 
Auriculate,  ear-shaped,  20.— Fig.  28. 
Aivned,  tipped  with  a  bristle-shaped  ap>- 

penduge,  as  th-e  beard  of  Barley,  &c. 
Axil,  53. 

Axillary,  growing  out  of  the  axils,  53. 
Axillary  buds,  53, 
Axis^,  the  stem  or  central  column,  about 

which  the  organs  are  arranged,  216. 

Baccate,  berry-like  ;  covered  with  pulp. 

Banner,  89. 

Bitrk,  the   external   covering   of  woody 

stems. 
Beak,  a  hiird^  short  pointy  like  that  of  a 

bird. 
Bearded,  with  long,  stiff  bristles  or  hairSk 
Berry,  174. 

Bi  (in  composition),  twice;  as  in 
Bi-cuspidate,  with  2  points. 
Bi-dentate,  with  2  teeth. 
Biennial,  of  2  years'  duration,  212. 
Bifid,  2-cleft. 
Bifoliate,  2-leaved. 
Bifurcate,  2-fl)rked. 
Bi-labiate,  2- lipped. 
Brnate,  2  grown  together. 
Bi-pinnate,  twice  pinnate,  3&. 
Bi-pinnatijid,  twice  pinnate-cleft,  24,- 

Fig.  31. 
Bi-saceate,  with  2  tumors  or  sacs. 
Bi-ternate,  twice  ternate,  39. 
Bi-vahed,  2-valved. 
Biographv  of  the  plant. — Lesson  2&. 
Blade  of  the  leaf,  2. 
Botanical  analysis,  264. 
Bracteate  or  Bracted,  having  bracts- 
Bractlets,  little  bracts. 
Bracl.s^  147. 


INDEX  AND  GLOSSARY. 


335 


Branches,  203. 

Branching  root,  219. 

Jirancklets,  small  branches. 

Bristles^  stiff  hairs. 

Bud,  52. 

Piilb,  230, 

Bulblets,  little  bulbs  borne  above  gronnd. 

i2"lbou8,  having  bulbs. 

Bushtc,  215. 

Caducous^  falling  off  early. 

Calyculate,  having  bracts  resembling  an 
outer,  additional  calyx. 

Calyx,  65. 

Cainpamdate,  bell-shaped,  91. 

Canescent,  whitish  with  tine  hairs. 

Capillary^  very  slender,  hair-like. 

Capitate,  head-shaped,  globular. 

Capsule,  a  pod,  182. 

Carinate,  keel-shaped. 

Carpels,  124. 

Cartilaginous,  gristly. 

Caryophyllaceous,  88. 

Caryopsis,  grain  or  kernel. 

Catkin,  149. 

Caudate,  with  a  tail. 

Caulescent,  235. 

Cauline,  146. 

Caulis,  235. 

Cellular,  composed  of  cells. 

Cernuovs,  nodding. 

Chaffy,  with  chaff. 

Character,  marks  which  distinguish  a  spe- 
cies, genus,  &c. 

Chartaceous,  of  the  texture  of  writing- 
paper. 

Cilice,  hairs,  like  those  of  the  eye  lashes. 

Ciliate,  furnished  with  ciliae. 

Circinate,  140. 

Circumscissile,  opening  like  a  lid. 

Cirrhous,  furnished  with  a  tendril. 

Classification. — Lesson  29. 

Clavate,  club-shaped. 

Claw,  71. 

Climbers,  54,  236. 

Climbing  fern,  12.* 

Gochleate,  resembling  the  shell  of  a  snail. 

Cohering,  connected. 

Cohesion,  79. 

Cohorts,  258. 

Colored,  not  green. 

Column,  the  consolidated  stamens  and 
pistils  of  the  Orchis.  "^ 

Coma,  a  tuft  of  hairs,  187,  183. 

Complete  fiowcr,  110. 

Compound  flowers,  156. 


Compound  leaves,  23-35. 

Compc)und  petiole,  44. 

Compound  pistil,  124. 

Compressed,  flattened  lengthwise. 

Cone,  the  same  as  strobile,  183,  185. 

Confluent,  joining  together. 

Conjugate,  joined  in  pairs. 

Connate,  joined  together  at  base,  43. . 

Conncftiie,  102. 

Conniveiit,  converging  together. 

Conoids,  258. 

Contorted,  twisted,  130. 

Convex,  rising  spherically. 

Convolute,  132. 

Cordate,  heart-shaped,  19. 

Coriaceous,  leathery,  thick  and  tough. 

Corm,  2o0; 

Corn.uU,  Corniculate,  horned. 

Corolla.— Lesson  12. 

Corona  or  Grown,  the  expanded,  cup-liko 

disk  of  Narcissus,  &c. 
Corymb,  151. 

Corymbous,  arranged  like  a  corymb. 
Costate,  ribbed. 
Cotyledon,  190,  191. 
Creeper,  232. 

Crenate  and  Crenulate,  31. 
Crisped,  Crispate,  with  excess  of  margin. 
Cristate  or  Crested,  with  raised  ridge. 
Cruciform,  87. 
Cryptogamia,  250. 
CucuUaie,  hood  shaped. 
Culm,  the  stem  of  grasses. 
Cuneate,  wedge-shaped,  17. 
Cwpule,  cup  of  the  acorn,  &c. 
Cuspidate,  with  a  small  abrupt  point,  38, 
Cuticle,  the  epidermis,  scarf-skin. 
Cyme,  157. 
Cymous,  like  a  cyme. 

Decandrous,  with  10  stamens. 

Deciduous,  falling  oft"  in  autumn. 

Decomjwund,  more  tlian  once  compound- 
ed, as  bi  or  tri-pinnate. 

Decumbent,  224. 

Decurrent,  extending  down  the  stem  as 
do  the  leaves  of  Mullen. 

Decussate,  crossing  at  right  angles. 

Deflexed,  bent  downwards. 

Definite,  106. 

Dehiscence,  102. 

Dehiscent  fruits,  166. 

Deltoid,  15. 

Dentate,  Denticulate,  30. 

Depressed,  flattened  from  above. 

Descending  axis.— Lesson  2v^. 


326 


INDEX  AND  GLOSSARY. 


Dialypetalse,  258. 

Dl  (in  composition),  tivo\  as  in 

Diadelphous,  1U7. 

Dlandrovs^  witli  2  stamens. 

Dlchutomous,  I'orked,  branched  by  two 

equal  divisions. 
Didynanious,  107. 

Diffuse^  spreading  loosely.  [lobes. 

Digitate^    finger-shaped,     with     narrow 
Dioicious,  stauiinateand  pistillate  flowers 

on  dilt'erent  plants,  as  in  the  Willow. 
Dl-coid  head^  the  florets  all  tubular,  as  in 

Burdock,  Ironweed,  156. 
Disk  flowers,  156. 
Dissected,  cut  into  2  parts. 
Dissepiment,  a  partition  in  a  pod. 
Distinct,  not  united,  77. 
Divaricate,    spreading    in    a   straggling 

manner. 
Dodecandrous^  with  12  stamens. 
Dorsal,  on  the  back. 
Double  flowers,  119. 
Doubly  dentate,  82. 
Downy,  clothed  with  soft  hairs. 
Drupe,  171. 
Duramen,  inner  wood  of  the  trunk. 

E,  or  Ex  (in  composition),  destitute  of. 

Echinate,  beset  with  prickles. 

EUiptical,  16. 

Elongated,  exceeding  the  common  length. 

Emarginate,  34. 

Embryo,  I'JO. 

Endogens,  253,  255. 

Enneandrous,  with  9  stamens. 

Ensiform,  sword-shaped,  28. — Fig.  8. 

Entire,  even-edged,  29. 

Ephemeral,  lasting  but  a  day. 

Epidermis,  the  outer  skin. 

E^ngynous,  standing  on  the  ovary. 

Epiphytes,  plants  growing  on  other  plants. 

Equally  pinnate,  37. 

Equitant,  137. 

Erect  stems,  224. 

Erose,  jagged,  as  if  gnawed. 

Etserio,  173. 

Exogens,  253. 

Exotic,  not  native,  foreign. 

Exserted,  projecting  out  of. 

Exsiccate,  dried  up. 

Exxtipulate,  without  stipules. 

Extrorse  (anthers),  facing  outwards,  108. 

Falcate,  sickle-shaped,  linear  and  curved. 
Fascicle,  159. 
Fasciculated,  50. 


Fadigiate,  having  a  flat  or  level  top. 
Feather- veined,  257. 
Ferriiginoux.,  rust-colored. 
Fertile,  fruit- bearing,  109. 
Fibrils,  198. 
Fibro-tuberous,  222, 
Fibrous,  221. 
Fig,  184. 
Filament,  101. 
Filiform,  thread-shaped. 
Fimfiriate,  bordered  with  a  fringe. 
Fistulous,  F'istula,  tubular,  hollow. 
Fifxuous,  bent  in  a  wavy  manner. 
Florets,  the  flowers  in  a  compound  flow- 
er, 156. 
Floridijfi,  258. 
Flower-bud,  128. 
Flowering  Plants,  250. 
Flowerless  Plants,  250. 
Foliaceous,  having  the  texture  of  leaves. 
Follicle.  179. 

Footstalk,  the  stalk  of  either  flower  or  leaf. 
Forked  venation,  12. 
Forms  of  leaves. — Lessons  8,  4. 
Free^  not  adhering,  81. 
Fringed,  the  same  ?i^ fimbriate. 
Fruit.— Lessons  22,  23. 
Frniesceni,  shrubby. 
Fugacious,  soon  perishing. 
Funiculus,  the  seed-stalk. 
Funnel-shaped,  03. 
Furcate,  forked. 
Fuilfonn,  spindle-shaped. 

Galea,  the  arched  upper  lip  of  a  labiate 

corolla. 
Gamopetalss,  258. 
Gamopetalous,  75. 
Gumosepalous,  75. 
Geminate,  in  pairs. 
Genus,  Genera,  243. 
Germ,  the  ovary,  189. 
Germination,  196. 
Gibbous,  swelled  out,  protuberant. 
Glabrous,  smooth,  without  hairs. 
Glands,  the  organs  of  secretion,  58. 
Glandular,  gland-bearing. 
Glans,  170. 
Glaucous,  sea-green :  pale,  bluish-green, 

with  a  powder  or  bloom. 
Globous,  Globular,  round  or  spherical. 
Glomerate,  crowded  together. 
Glomerule,  159. 
Glume,  the  outer  chaff,  enveloping  the 

flowers  of  the  Grasses. 
Glume  Plants,  257. 


INDEX    AND  GLOSSARY. 


3t>7 


GTumeless  Plants,  257. 
Gluiiiiferae,  257. 

Graniiiioids,  258.  [grains. 

Granular,  formed   of,  or   covered   with 
Grooved,  furrowed  or  channelled. 
Gymnoisperms,  256,  257. 
Gt/nandrous,  having  stamens  and  pistils 
combined  into  one  body. 

Htbit,  the  general  appearance  of  a  plant. 

Habitat,  the  place  where  a  plant  grovviJ. 

Hairs,  60. 

Hastate  or  Halbert-shaped. — Fig.  57,  I. 

Head,  155. 

Heart-wood,  same  as  duramen. 

Helmet,  same  as  galea. 

Heptandrous,  with  7  stamens. 

Herb,  a  plant  not  becoming  woody,  211. 

Herbarium,  a  collection  of  dried  plants. 

Hexandrous,  with  6  stamens. 

Hibernation,  210. 

Hip,  176. 

Hirsute,  62. 

Hi-^pid,  rough  with  stiff  hairs,  62. 

Hooded,  curved  or  rolled  into  the  form  of 

a  hood. 
Hybrid,  partaking  of  the  nature  of  two 

species. 
Hypogynous,  inserted  under  the  ovary,  83. 

Imbricated,  131. 
Imperfect  flowers,  109. 
Incised,  deeply  gashed  or  cut. 
Indefinite,  variable   in   number  and  too 

many  to  be  counted,  106. 
Indehiscent,  not  opening. 
Indehiscent  fruits,  166. 
Indigenous,  native  of. 
Inferior  calyx,  cal_yx  free. 
Inferior  ovary,  ovary  adherent. 
Inflated,  tumid,  as  if  filled  by  wind. 
Infiexed,  bending  inward. 
Inflorescence,  141. 
Innate,  105. 

Inserted,  growing  out  of. 
Internode,  202,  227. 
Interruptedly  pinnate,  37. 
Introrse,  103. 

Involucel,  involucre  of  an  umbellet,  152. 
Involucrate,  surrounded  by  an 
Involucre,  147. 
Involute,  ISy. 
Irregular  flowers,  86. 

Keel,  carina,  89.  [boat. 

Keeled,  ridged  and  curved  beneath,  like  a 


Labiate,  2-lipped,  07. 

Laciniate,  27.— Fig.  43. 

Lactescent,  milky  or  juicy. 

Lamina,  blade,  71. 

Lanceolate,  15. 

Lateral,  on  the  side,  53. 

Leaf.— Lessons  1,  2,  3. 

Leaf-bud,  128. 

Leaflets,  35. 

Leaf-stems,  228. 

Legume,  180. 

Leguminous,  bearing  legumes. 

Lenticular,  shaped  like  a  double  conve 

lens. 
Liber,  the  inner  bark. 
Ligneous,  woody. 
Ligulate,  strap  shaped,  96-. 
Ligule,  47. 
Liliaceous,  88. 
Limb,  76. 

Line  {")  the  12th  part  of  an  inch. 
Linear,  28. 

Lobate,  or  Lobed. — Figs.  SO,  35. 
Lament,  a  jointed  legume,  180. 
Luwite,  crescent-shaped. 
Lyratc,  21.— Fig.  34. 

Marginal,  on  the  margin. 

Medulla,  the  pith. 

Membranous,  or  Membranaceous,  thin  and 
soft,  like  a  membrane. 

Alidvein,  6.  [set. 

Monadelphous,  stamens  united  into  one 

Monandrous,  with  one  stamen. 

Monoecious,  stamens  and  pistils  in  sepa- 
rate flowers  on  the  same  plant. 

Monopetalue,  corolla  with  united  petals. 

jStonopetalous,  75. 

Monosepalous,  75. 

Mucronate,  33.  » 

Mulberry,  183. 

Multifid,  many  cleft. 

Muricate,  with  hard,  sharp  points. 

Naked,  a  relative  term,  signifying  destt 

tute  of. 
Naked  flower,  110. 
Naked  seeds,  256. 

Napiform,  tuberous  root  wider  than  long 
Natant,  swimming.  [sons  30.  31. 

Natural  System  ;    Natural  Orders.— Les 
Nature  of  "the  flower,  208. 
Nectariferous,  producing  honey. 
Net-veined,  8.  [tils. 

Neuti  at  flowers,  withovit  stamens  or  pifi- 
Nodding,  in  a  drooping  posture. 


328 


INDEX   AND   GLOSSARY. 


Node,  227,  202. 

Normal^  resfular,  according  to  rule. 

Number  of  Genera,  246. 

Number  of  Species,  24fi. 

JShit,  a  simple,  1-seeded,  hard  fruit. 

Ob  (in  composition)  implies  inversion  ;  as 

Ohcordate,  'nversely  heart-shaped,  34. 

Oblanceolate,  17. 

Oblique^  unequal,  one-sided 

Oblong,  16. 

Obovate,  17. 

Obsolete,  indistinct,  as  if  worn  out. 

Obtuse,  blunt,  33. 

Obvolute,  138. 

Ocbrese,  47. 

Odd-pinnate,  37. 

Off-^et,  a  short,  thick  runner. 

Opercular  dehiscence,  104. 

OpjDosite,  50. 

Orbicular,  rounded,  16. 

Orders,  247. 

Ordinal,  relating  to  the  orders. 

Oval,  16. 

Ovary,  121,  123. 

Ovate,  2. 

Ovoid,  egg-shaped. 

Ovules,  123. 

Pales,  the  inner  chaff  of  grass  flowers. 
Palmate,  hand-shaped. 
Palmate  venation,  10. 
Falmately  ternate,  38. 
Panduriform,  fiddle-shaped. 
Panicle,  153. 

Papilionaceous,  89.  [cesses. 

Papillous,   with   small,   gland-like    pro- 
Pappus,  188. 
Parallel  venation,  11. 
Parasite,  a  plant  living  on  other  plants. 
Parietal,  of,  or  adjoining  the  wall ;  as 
Parietal  placentae  — Fig.  269. 
Pectinate,  comb-like,  with  long,  narrow 

segments. 
Pedate,  foot-shaped,  26. 
Pedicel,  143. 

Pedicdlat''.,  furnished  with  a  pedicel. 
Peduncle,  143. 
Pellucid,  transparent. 
Peltate,  20.— Fig.  1:5. 
Pendulous,  drooping,  hanging  down. 
P.-ntandnms,  with  5  stamens. 
I'epn,  175. 

Perennial,  enduring  3  years  or  more,  213. 
Perfect  flower,  110. 
Perfoliate,  42. 


Perianth,  fifi. 

Pericarp,  166. 

PtrigynuuH,  inserted  into  the  calyx,  83. 

Persistent,  permanent,  not  falling  off. 

Personate,  97. 

Petal,  65. 

Petal ifera?,  257. 

Pdaloid,  resemVjiing  petals. 

Petiole  and  Petiolate,  3. 

Petiolule,  35. 

Phsenogamia,  250. 

Pilous,  62. 

Pine-apple,  183. 

Pinnae,  (wings),  segments  of  a   pinnate 

leaf. 
Pinnate,  36. 
Pinnately  ternate,  38. 
Pinnatifi'd,  24. 
Pinnatisect,  25. 
Pistil,  68.— Lesson  18. 
Pistillate,  bearii.'g  pistils. 
PUh,  the  central  cellular  substance  of  tJio 

stem. 
Placenta,  a  lobe  ur  fleshy  ridge  tearing 

the  seeds. 
Plaited,  same  as  Plicate. 
Plan  of  the  flower. — Lesson  17. 
Plicate,  folded  like  a  fan. 
Plumous,  feaxhery  or  feather-like. 
Plumule,  190,  191. 

Pod,  dry  fruit ;  as  capsule,  legume,  <fec. 
Pollen,  J 00. 

Poly  (in  composition)  signifies  inany  ;  as 
Potyandrous,  with  many  stamens. 
Polyadelphous,  107. 
Polygamous,  having  perfect  flowers,  with 

staminate  or  pistillate  flowers  on  the 

same  plant. 
Polypetalfe.     See  Dialypetalae,  258. 
Polypetalous,  75,  258. 
Polysepalous,  75. 
Poriie,  176. 

Porous  dehiscence,  lOi. 
Premorse,  abrupt  at  end,  as  if  bitten  off. 
Prickles,  57. 

Process,  any  projection  from  the  surface. 
Procumbent,  224. 
Prostrate,  224. 
Pubescent,  61. 

Pulp,  the  soft,  iuicy  parts  of  fruits. 
Punctate,  dotted  as  if  with  points. 
Pyriform,  pear-shaped. 
Pyxis,  178. 

Quaternate,  growing  in  fours. 
Quinate,  growing  iii  fives,  40. 


INDEX   AND   GLOSSARY. 


329 


Raceme,  150. 

Racemovs,  resembling  a  raceme. 

Raehis,  3(5,  146. 

Radiate  and  Radiant,  pp.  219,  220. 

Radiiite-veined.    See  Palmate-veined,  10. 

Radical^  from  the  root. 

Radical  number,  113. 

Radicle,  190,  I'Jl. 

Jiaiuial,  of  the  branches. 

Baimrus^  branched. 

Ray,  Ray-flowers,  156. 

Receptacle,  64. 

Reelinate,  140. 

Recurved^  bent  or  curved  backward, 

Reflexed,  curved  back  and  downward. 

Re<rnlar  flower,  86. 

Reniform,  kidney-shaped. — Figs.  23,  24, 

Repand, — Fig.  53. 

Reticulate.,  netted. 

Retuse,  34. 

Revolute,  139. 

Rhizome,  231. 

Rhomboid  or  rhombic,  oval,  with  angular 

sides. 
Rib  (costa),  ridge  caused  by  raised  veins. 
Ringent,  gaping,  as  when  a  labiate  corolla 

has  an  open  throat. 
Root.— Les.son  27. 
Root-stock,  231. 
Rosaceous,  87. 
Rostrate,  with  a  beak. 
Rotate,  90. 
Rudiments,  116. 
Rugous,  wrinkled. 
Runcinate,  22.— Fig.  36. 
Runner,  a  slender  branch  striking  root, 

as  in  iStraw berry. 

Saccate,  bag-like,  or  sack-like. 

Sagittate,  arrow-shaped,  19. 

Salver-form,  94, 

Samara  (a  key),  169. 

Sap,  204. 

Scabrous,  rough. 

Scale-stems,  228. 

Scape,  144, 

Scarious,  dry,  thin,  scale-like. 

Scorpoid  cyme,  159. 

Sec'u,nd,  all  turned  to  one  side. 

Seed, — Lesson  24, 

Segmfi'.ts,  parts  or  divisions. 

Sepal,  65. 

Septinate,  40. 

Sericious,  61. 

Si'roHnous,  late  in  the  season. 

Serrate  and  Serrulate,  30. 


Sessile,  5. 

Setaceous  or  Setous,  bristly. 

S/ieath,  lower  part  of  the  leaf  or  leaf-stalk 

which  surrounds  the  stem. 
Shrub,  215. 

Silicic  and  siliqne,  181. 
Simple,  not  compound,  of  one  piece. 
Simple  pistil,  124. 
Sinuate,  21.— Fig.  32. 
Sinus,  a  rounded  recess  between  the  lobes 

of  tlie  leaves,  &c. 
Solitary,  145. 
Spadiciflortie,  258. 
Spadix  and  spathe,  148. 
Spatulate,  17. 
Species,  241. 
Spike,  146. 
Spine,  56, 

Spinescent  or  Spinous,  ISf. 
Spiral  arrangement,  49. 
Spores,  251. 
Spur,  78. 
Squaj^'ous,  of  a  ragged  appearance;    as, 

with    crowded,    spreading    bracts    or 

leaves,  &c. 
Stamens,  67. 

Staminate,  with  stamens  only,  barren. 
Stellate,  whorled. 
Stem, — Lesson  28. 
Sterile,  109, 
Stigma,  122. 

Stings,  sharp,  poisonous  hairs,  59. 
Stipe,  the  stalk  of  a  pod,  &c. 
Stipitate,  borne  on  a  stipe. 
Stipule,  4. 

Stipulate,  with  stipules. 
Stolon,  a  branch  which  strikes  root  at  tlio 

end,  producing  a  new  plant. 
Stoloniferous,  bearing  stolons. 
Sir aig) it-veined,  when  the  principal  veins 

pass  direct  to  tlie  margin. 
Striate,  slightly  furrowed  with  streaks. 
Strigous,  clothed    with   short,  stitf,   and 

close-pressed  hairs. 
Strobile,  same  as  cone,  183. 
Style,  122. 
Sub  (in  composition)  denotes  the  quality 

in  a  lower  degree,  as. 
Sub-entire,  nearly  entire. 
Submersed,  under  water. 
Subterranean  steins,  225. 
Subulate,  awl-shaped.  Fig,  7. 
Succulent,  thick,  juicy,  fleshy. 
Superiiir,  S2. 
Supia-axill-ar//,  arising   from  above  the 

axil,  as  do  ilie  flowers  ofPotato. 


330 


INDEX  AND  GLOSSARY. 


Snture^  a  seam ;  the  line  of  cohesion. 
Symmetrical,  111. 

Sijngenecious^  liaving  the  anthers  united 
into  a  tube,  107. 

Tendril,  54,  55,  236. 

Terete,  rounded  or  cylindric,  3. 

Terminal,  borne  at  the  summit,  53. 

Terminal  bud,  53. 

Teruate,  38. 

Testa,  the  outer  seed-coat. 

Tetradynamous,  10^ 

TetrandrouB,  with  4  stamens. 

Thorn,  56. 

Throat,  76. 

Thyrse,  154. 

Tomentous,  61. 

Toothed,  dentate,  30. 

Torus,  the  receptacle,  64.  [224. 

Trailinq,  creeping  or  lying  on  the  ground, 

Tree,  214. 

Triandrous,  with  3  stamens. 

Tri- cuspidate,  having  3  points. 

Tri-dentate,  3-toothed. 

Trifid,  8-cleft. 

Trifoliate,  8  leaves  or  leaflets  composing 

one  leaf. 
Tri-pinnate,  thrice  pinnate. 
Triternate,  thrice  ternate,  89. 
Truncate,  blunt,  as  if  cut  square  off. 
Trunk,  234. 
Tryma,  172. 
Tube,  76. 
Tuber,  233. 
Tubercular,  222. 
Tuberiferous,  bearing  tubers. 
Tuberous,  thickened  like  a  tuber. 
Tuberous  roots,  220. 
Tubular,  hollow  like  a  tube,  95. 
Tulip,  11. 

Tunicated,  coated,  as  an  onion. 
Turbinate^  shaped  like  a  top. 


'  Turgid,  swollen. 

Umbel,  152. 
Umbellet,  152. 

Unarmed,  witliout  thorns,  prickles,  &c. 
Vacillate,  hooked  at  the  end. 
Undershrul-),  215. 
Undulate,  wavy,  22.— Fig.  33, 
Unguiculate,  with  a  claw,  71. — Fig.  116. 
Urceolate,  urn-shaped,  92. — Fig.  143. 
Utricle,  a  one-seeded  fruit,  like  that  of 
Pigweed. 

Valvate,  129. 

Valves,  the  parts  which  open. 
Variety,  244. 
Veinlets,  7. 
Veins,  6. 

Veins  of  the  leaf,  6. 
Veinulets,  8. 

Velvety,  clothed  with  thick,  soft  down. 
Venation,  10. 

Ventral  suture,  the  front  seam. 
Ventricous,  swelling  out  on  one  side. 
Vernation,  51,  135. 
Verrucous,  warty. 
Versatile,  105. 
Verticil,  a  whorl  of  flowers. 
Verticillate,  50. 
Vexillary,  132. 
Vexilkim,  the  banner,  89. 
Villous,  61. 
Vine,  236. 
Virgate,  wand-shaped,  terete  and  slender. 

Wedge-shaped,  see  Cuneate,  17. 
Wheel-shaped,  see  Rotate,  90. 
Whorled,  see  Verticillate,  50. 
Winged,  as  if  furnished  with  wings. 
Winged  petiole,  45. 
Wings,  89. 
Woody  plants,  214. 


INDEX  TO   THE  NAMES   OF  PLANTS, 

BOTH  LATIN  AND  ENGLISH  : 

Also,  full  references  to  the  Illustrations. 


Abelmoschus Page  180 

Abie? 301 

Abiitilon 180 

Acacia l'.>5 

Acer. ./???.  322-328 187 

AceraceiE 187 

Acerates 287 

Achillea ni 

Aciiida 2!)3 

Aconite.. ^(7.  195,  373 151 

Acouitum 151 

Acorns 303 

Actiea 151 

Actinomeris  233 

ActillO!^perm^m 233 

Adluinia 161 

Adonis 148 

^schynomene 184 

^sculus 189 

^thusa 219 

Agapanthiis 317 

Agave 314 

Agrimonia,  flg.  61 203 

Ai:rimouy,^'f7-  61 203 

Albany  Beechdrops     .   .  248 

Alchemilla,  fig.  215 202 

Alder,  fig.  m    298 

Alexanders,  fig.  483-6  . .  222 

Alisma,  Alismacese 306 

Allium 319 

Allseed 176 

Almond 22 

Alnus.^V-  (iS 298 

Aloe 314 

Alpine  Bistort 299 

Alsine  176 

Althjea 180 

Alyssiim 163 

Amaraiitaceie .  293 

Amaranths 293 

Amaraiitus 293 

Amaryllidaceae 313 

Amaryllids 313 

Ambror^ia,  fig.  514-17. 

Amelaiichi'er 203 

American  Aloe 314 

American  Centaury. ..   .  285 

American  Cowslip 255 

American  Olive 288 


Amianthium  322 

Amorpha... 194 

Ampliiaiithus 262 

Amphicarptea 194 

Amsonia 286 

Amygdalus 202 

AnacardiaceiB 186 

Anacharis 305 

Anagallis,,^^'.  556-7 255 

Anantherix 287 

Andromeda,  fig.   242    a, 

143 247 

Androsace 254 

Anemone 146 

Angelica    219 

Angelica  Tree 224 

Anise ...  219 

Anonacefe 154 

Anonads 154 

Anrhemis 234 

Antirrhinum 262 

Aphyllon 258 

Apios 195 

Apium 219 

Apiectrum 308 

ApocynacciB 2^6 

Apocynum,  fig.  285 286 

Apogon 234 

Apple  204 

Apple  of  Sodom 283 

Apple  Peru 282 

Aqnifoliaceae 252 

Aquilegia 149 

Arabis,.AV.  29 1()7 

A  raceaj 302 

Arachis 195 

Aralia 224 

AraliacesB 224 

Araliads   224 

Archangelica 219 

Arcliemora 219 

Arctostaph.ylos 247 

Arenaria.  fig.  410 176 

Aretliusa,./((7.  651-2 311 

Argemone 160 

Arisiema 303 

Aristolochia 289 

Aristolochiacete 289 

Armeria 257 


Armoracia 164 

Arnica 233 

Aroids 302 

Arrow  Dragon 303 

Arrow-head, X'7-  47 30V 

Arrow-wood,^^.  51 228 

Artichoke ..   ..  238 

Arum 303 

Asarum 289 

Asclepiadaceas 287 

Asclepiads 287 

Asclepias,.^^'.  2S3 288 

Ascyrum 171 

A>^h. fig.  187 288 

Asimina 154 

Asparagus . .  318 

Aspen   299 

Asphodel,  Asphodelus..  3.7 

Aater,  fig.  524 240 

Asterworts 230 

Astilbe 215 

Astragalus 194 

Ataniacco  Lily,  fig.  137. .  313 

Atriplex 293 

Atropa 282 

Auricula 254 

Avens 206 

Awlwort 164 

Azalea,/^.  205,  532-4. . .  249 

I5aldwinia 233 

Balloon  Vine 189 

Ballota,  Balm 270 

Balm-ot-Gilead,/g.  636- 

637 299 

Balsaminaceoe 185 

Balsamine 186 

Bane-berry 151 

Baptisia ..  199 

Barbarea 168 

Barberry 155 

Hartonia 284 

Bass-wood 181 

Batatas 281 

Bayberry 298 

Ba\ -galls 295 

Beach  Pea 201 

Bean,  ^9-.  446,  311 195 

Bear-berry,  fig.  M5 247 


332 


INDEX  TO  KAMES  OF  PLANTS. 


Boftrd-flower 313 

Beard-tongue '2fi8 

Bed-tiaw 2:9 

Beech, /ry.  275 2!)G 

Bei'chdrops ...  2."« 

Beet,  fig.  3:^6,  Beta 293 

Befaria 247 

Beiionia,X'7-  185. 

Belladonna 282 

Bell-flower 245 

Bellis 233 

Bellwort,  Jig.   530-1,  81. 

244,  321 

Benzoin 296 

Berberidaceae 155 

Berberids. . .     155 

Berberis./.  171-2,  377-80.  155 

Berchemia 190 

Berlandiera 233 

Betula 298 

Betulacese 298 

Bidens 239 

Big  Laurel 153 

Bignonia. 258 

Bignoniaceje 258 

Bilberry,  ^f^  170. 

Bindweeds^,  firf.  144 . .  280,  281 

Birch,^^.  13,'032-3 293 

Birthworts 289 

Bitter  Cresp Ifi7 

Bitter-sweet, ^fi;'.  Cll-13.  283 

Black  Alder    252 

Blackberry,  Jig.  268 206 

Black  Haw.  ^7.  16 228 

l'>laciv  Saltwort 254 

Bladder-nut.  Jig.  434 190 

Bladder-pod 164 

Bladder  Senna 194 

Bladderwort 257 

Blazing  Star 322 

Blephilia 270 

Bletia 308 

Blood-root 160 

Blue-banner • 194 

Blue-berries, /gf.  516 247 

Blue  curli^ 2G9,  273 

Blue-eyed  Gra^f^,  Jig.  48..  314 

Blue-flag 315 

Blue-iieart!* ^63 

Blue  Lettuce,/.  35, 215-7, 

3U9 234 

Bluets 230 

Boerhaavia 290 

Boltonia 2:]3 

Borrage,  Borrageworts?. .  2^5 

Borraginacea? 274 

Borrago,  Jig.  598-600  ....  275 

Borrichia 233 

Boussingaultia 293 

Boxberry,  ^g-.  547 248 

Bos  Elder 187 

Brachychseta 233 

Bramble 206 

Brassica 164 

Bridal  Rose 207 


Brooklime 265 

Broomrape 25S 

ISrunella 273 

Buchnera 263 

Buck- bean 284 

Buckeye,  fig.  153 ISO 

Hucktiiotiis 190 

Buckwheat 2;)0 

Biigbaiie 145 

Bugloi^s  275 

BuTriish 3-23 

Bupleurum 219 

Burdock,  ^g-.  509-11. 

Burnet.   202 

Burninir  Bush 190 

IJurr  Marig(3ld 233,  239 

Burr-reed..  .• 304 

Burr-.seed 275 

Bush  Clover 198 

Bu<h  Hon.-vsuckle 227 

Butter  and  Eggs 263 

Buttercups, >V-  163,  334.  147 

Butterfly  Pea 194 

nutteniuts 295 

Butterwort 257 

Button-b-ush 229 

Cabbage 164 

Cactacete 218 

Cakile 164 

Calaminth.  Calamintha..  271 

Calendula.' 2^2 

Calicaiithacese 154 

Calicanths 154 

Calicanthus 154 

Calico-bush 249 

Calia,  fig.  237,  638-41. . . .  303 

Callistephus 233 

Calopogon,/^'.  655 312 

Caltha.^ 149 

Calynyction 280 

Calypso 307 

Calystegia 281 

Camelina 164 

Ciimellia 182 

Cainelliacese 182 

Camomile 234 

Campanula.. /?9'.  142 245 

Campanulaceye 244 

Campion  177 

Candytuft 164 

Canterbury  BeWs.Jig.  527 

-9 234 

Capri  foliacea? 225 

Capsella,/^.  331 1  165 

Capsicum  282 

Carawa}%  Jig.  271 219 

Cardamine,  J'g'.  182 167 

Cardinal-flower 243 

Cardiospermum 1 89 

Carnation 176 

Carpet- weed 178 

Carpinus 297 

Carrion-flower 306 

Carrot 219 


Carum 210 

Caiya :i<).T 

Caryophvllacete 175 

Cas^i,i, ./;■</  60. 200 

Cassiopc 247 

Casianea 2!  6 

Castille.ja. 262 

Catalpa,^'(7,  196-7,236..   259 

Catchfly,  fig.  136 177 

Catmint.j^g-.  52,  593-4...  272 

Cattnil 304 

Ceanothus 190 

Cedronella     270 

Celandine..^^.  40 160 

Celastracese. 190 

Celastrus 190 

Celery 219 

Celosia 293 

Celtis,.^^'.  72. 

(leutaury 284,  285 

Centrosema 194 

Centunculus 2.")4 

Century  Plant. 314 

Cephalanthus 229 

Cerfistium,/(7.  114 178 

Cerasus 203 

Cercis,/r7.  4 195 

Chseropliyllum 219 

Ciiaft-seed 262 

Chamtelirium 3:22 

Chaptalia 234 

Checkerberry,^?^'.  540-3.  248 

Cheiranthus 163 

Chelidonium 160 

Chelone 266 

Chenopodiacese 292 

Chenopodinm 293 

Chenopodina 293 

Cherry, .^f/.  452-3 203 

Cheryil  219 

Chestnut, /r/.  49 296 

Chick-pea 195 

Chickweed./{7.  21..  176,  178 

Chick-wiutergreen 255 

Chimaphila 251 

China  Aster 233 

Chiogenes,  ^3'.  3  3 248 

Chionanthus 288 

Chokeberry 204 

Chrysanthemum,  j^ic.  55.  233 

Chrypobalanus  202 

Chrysogonum 233 

Chrysopsis 232 

Chrysosplenium 215 

Cicely,  X9- 487-90 221 

Cicer 195 

Cichorium 234 

Cicuta..^6r.  65 222 

Cimicifnga 145 

Cinquefoil 208 

Circiea,  Jig.   53,  73,  193, 

464 211 

Cistacese 170 

Cives 320 

Cladastris 195 


INDEX   TO  NAMES  OF  PLANTS. 


333 


Clarliia 211 

Claytonia 179 

Cll•mati^<.  Jig.  219 145 

Clcihi-a        247 

ClimhiiiirFcrn,  fig.  6. 

Clintonia,  fig.  G& 321 

Clitoria...' 194 

Cloudberry 207 

Clover,/.  37,  63,  335, 447- 

50 197 

Cockle 177 

Cocoa-pliim 2ii2 

Coftee-tree 195 

Cohosh 155 

Colchiciim 322 

Coliinsia./gr.  578 265 

(^olliiisonia... 269 

Colfs-foot 233 

Coliunbiue,/^'.  365-70...  149 

Coliimbo 284 

Colurea  194 

Comarnm 203 

Comlvpy, Jig.  603 275 

Coinmelyiia,    Commely- 

uaci-je 323 

Compositie 230 

Cone-llowcr 233 

ConiferiB    300 

Coniosolinnm,  fig.  85. . .  219 

Coniiiin,  fig.m 221 

Coiiobea 263 

Conopholis 258 

Convi-illaria  317 

Coiivolvulaceae 280 

Convolvulus, /f/.  144. ...  281 

(.optis... 149 

Coral-berry   226 

Corallorhiza,  Coral-root.  311 

Coreopsis  234,  239 

Coriander 219 

Coriandruni,  Jig.  493-4. .  219 

Cornateaj 223 

Cor.  el. /g-.  2.'i9     223 

Corn  Flair  314 

Coriius.  AV- 495 223 

Coronilia 194 

Corydal 162 

Corvdalis 162 

Corylus       296 

Cosmanthus 278 

Cottoii,/r/- 302 180 

Cow-parsnip 219 

Cowslip 149 

Cow-wheat 2(53 

Crab  204 

Cranberry 2^8 

Crantzia     219 

Crape  Myrtle 210 

Crassulaceie    ..; 213 

Crattesu^,  fig.  9d  2" '2 

Cress  ^  . .  ; I(i4 

Crest-umbel 219 

Crocus 314 

Croialaria 194 

Crow foot,/5r.  361-1 147 


Crowfoots,  fig.  200-1....  143 

Crowubearci ." 23 !,  234 

Crown  Imperial 317 

Criu;ifertB  162 

Crucifers 162 

Cryptota-nia 2'-:() 

Cuckoo-flower 167 

Ciicumber-Iree 1.53 

Culver's  Physic 265 

Cunila,  fig.  595-6 271 

Cuphea" 210 

Cupressus 300 

Cupulifera3 296 

Cm-rant,/^.  243, 261,  329.  213 

Ciistard-apple 154 

Cydonia  .. ^04 

Cynoglossum 277 

Cynthia 231 

Cj'press 300 

Cypress-vine 281 

Cypripedium,^^'.  89,  646- 

648 309 

Cyrilla 248 

DaflFodil 314 

Dahlia 234 

Daisy 2.3.3 

Dalea I'f4 

Dalibarda 207 

Dandelion,  Jig.   147,  18  ', 

504-6 2!2 

Daphnads 294 

Daphne 294 

Diisysroma,/(7.  565-8..  .  267 

Datura S83 

Daucus    219 

Day  Lily 317,  .320 

Decumaria 215 

Deer-grass 209 

Delphinium. /(/.  168,  208.  i:0 

Dentaria Iti7 

Desmantluis 195 

Desmodium./r/.  62,  287.  195 

Dewberry 207 

Diamorpha 214 

Dianthus 176 

Dicentra,.Ar/.  389,  392. . .  Iti. 

Dicerandra -69 

Dichondra 280 

Diervilla 227 

Digitalis 26-i 

Diodia 229 

Diontca 174 

Diphylleia 155 

Diplopappus 233 

Dirca 294 

Discopleuva 219 

Ditch  Moss  305 

Dittany. /(/.  595-6 271 

Dock,  Jig.  233 290 

Dockmackie      228 

Dodecatheon,  /'.  151,  .5.")4, 

5.55 255 

Dogbanes,  fig.  28.5,  620-6.  2.^'6 

Dogtooth  Violet 318 


Dogwood 187,  223 

Dolichos 194 

Driiba.  Jir/.  396-7 166 

Draba  anibizans./.  155-59. 

Dracocepluilum 270 

Dra-on-ioot .303 

Dragon's  head 270 

Dragon's  claw 311 

Drop-flower 232 

Dropwort 209 

Drosera 173 

Droseractai  173 

Dryas 203 

Dry  Strawberry 2(l7 

Dwarf  Dandelion  . . .' 2:34 

Dwarf  Pimpernel 254 

Dwarf  Pink 230 

Dysodia 233 

Eardrop 161,  211 

Kchinacea 2.34 

Eehiuodorus 306 

Ecliinospermum 275 

Echiuni 275 

Eclipta, /(/.  305 234 

Eel-grass 30.~ 

Eog-piant  283 

Eglantine 2t>5 

Eirvptian  Calla .303 

Elder  2:i7 

Elecampane 233 

EUioitia 248 

Elli>ia £77 

E\m,  Jig.  50,274,  359. 

Elodea 171 

Enchanter's  Nightshade, 

^r/.  53,  73 212 

Fnslenia 288 

Ephedra  ,/r/.  178. 

Epidendiuin 309 

Epi^a-a 249 

Epilobium 211 

Epiphegus.. 2.58 

Eiica 247 

Ericaceie 246 

Erigenia.  fig.  333 221 

Ell -iron 241 

Erodiiim 183 

Eryiigium      210 

Erysimum 163 

Ervthrsea 28t 

Eiythrina  , 191 

Ervthronium.  fig.  657  ..  .  31S 

Eslholtzia...* 16J 

Eiiloj)lius    ; 219 

Euonynuis     19) 

Eui)ai(niiim,/j/.  512-13. 

Euphrasia 263 

Evening  Primrose. .  2H).  211 

Evi'rlasiing  Pea.  fig.  Hi.  2O0 

Eyebright 263 

Fabiana 283 

Fagopvrum 290 

Fa-Mis' 296 


334 


INDEX  TO  NAMES  OF  PLANTS. 


False  A?ter 283 

False  Bindweed 281 

False  Catmint 271 

False  Dog  lenuel 233 

False  Flax I(i4 

False  Gromwell 275 

False  Mitrewort 21G 

False  Pennyroyal 271 

False  Rocket 164 

False  Sueezewort 233 

False  Sunllower 233 

False  Syriiii^a 21(j 

False  Tamarisk 283 

False  Violet 207 

False  Wall-flower 168 

False  Wintergreeu 250 

Featherfoil 244 

Ftnnel 219 

Fennel-flower,^^'.  41  . . .   145 
Fi-rn,  Jiff.  2-^6,355. 

Fever-root 225 

Fiit,Jg.  298. 

Fi-worts 261,  263 

Fir 301 

Fiax,/gr.  418-20 183 

Flaxworts 182 

Fleabaue 241 

Floating  Heart 284 

Flower-de-luce  , 315 

Flowering  Almond,^;/.  11. 

Flower-of-an-liour 181 

Fly-poison 322 

Foeniciilum 219 

Fool's  I'arsley 219 

Forestiera 288 

Forge t-me-not,/(7.  604..  276 

Forsythia 28S 

Four-o'clock, ^g'.  313  .. .  290 

Foxglove 262 

Fra^^aiia.  fig.  202,  265  .. .  208 
Frankenia,j^g'.  160. 

Frasera   284 

Fraxinus.^5'.  187 288 

French  Marigold 233 

Fringe-tree 288 

Fritiilaria 317 

Frcelicliia 293 

Frogbits 304,  305 

Fuchsia,  fig.  130 211 

Fumaria 161 

Fumariacete 161 

Fuuieworts 161 

Kuuiitory 161 

Fiinkia 320 

Gaillaruia 232 

Galactia 194 

Galanihus    313 

Galeopsis,  fig.  5S2-4.   ...  270 

Galium....' 229 

Garden  Shrub 154 

Garlic 319 

Gauhheria  248 

Gaura 211 

Gaylussacia 247 


Gelseminum 261 

Gem-fruir 216 

Genista  194 

Gentian 285 

Gentlana,^^'.  615-19 285 

Gentianaceis 284 

Gentianworts 284 

Gerania 183 

Geraniacere 183 

Geranium,  fig.  296,  340, 

421 183 

Gerardia 266 

Germander 269 

Geum 206 

Gilia 279 

Gill./9'.  74,587-8 272 

Gillenia 203 

Ginseng 224 

Gladiolus 314 

Glasswort  ...    293 

Glaucium 160 

Glaux 254 

Gleditschia 195 

Globe  Amaranth 293 

Globe-flower 149 

Glotidiiim 194 

Goafs-beard 209 

Goafs  Rue 194 

Golden  Chain,- 194 

Golden-club, /^r.  642  ... .  303 

Golden-rod,  fig.  75 235 

Gold-thread. 119 

Gomphrena 293 

Good-night 280 

Goodvera 309 

Gooseberry, ^(7.  281   ...  213 

Goose-foots 292 

Goose-grass 208 

Gordonia 182 

Gossypium 180 

Grape  Hyacinth 317 

Grape  Vine 191 

Grass  Parnassus  174 

Grass  Pink 312 

Grass-poly 210 

Gratiola 264 

Gn  ek  Valerian 280 

Greenbrier. /g-.  95 305 

Green  Dragon 303 

Green  Head 229 

Gromwell 275 

Grossulacete 212 

Ground  Cherry 282 

Ground-nut 196,  224 

Grove  Sandwort 176 

Guelder  Rose 203 

Gymnocladus 195 

Halenia 284 

Halesia 252 

Hardback 208 

Hare-bell,  J?f7.  526 245 

Ilawkbit 234 

Hawkweed 242 

Hazel 296 


Heath. /gr.  314-15 247 

Heathworts 246 

Hedeoma 269 

Hedera 224 

Hedge-hog 2(i0 

Hedge  Hyssop 264 

Hedge  Mustard 164 

Hedge  Nettle 270 

Hedvsarum 104 

Heleuum 233 

Helianthemum 171 

Helianthus,^^'.  307 237 

Heliopsis 233 

H  eliotrope 275 

Heliotrophytum 275 

Heliotropiuni 275 

Hellebore,  Helleborus...   145 

Heloiiias 322 

Helosciadium 219 

Hemerocallis 317 

riemianthus 262 

Hemlock 301 

Hemp  Nettle,  fig.  582-4..  270 

Henbane,  fig.  282 282 

Henbit 270 

Hepatica,./?^'.  2;38,  371. . .   147 

Heracleum 219 

Herb  Robert,  fig.  421 ... .   184 

Herspestis 2()3 

Hesperis 163 

Heteranthera 305 

Heterotheca 232 

Heucheia       215 

Hibiscus./^.  411-14....  •  181 

Hickorv 295 

Hieraciuin 242 

High  Cranberry 228 

H  ppuris,  fig.  461-3 2!1 

Iloarhound.' 270 

Hobble  Bush 228 

Hog  Peanut 194 

HoTlv 252 

Hollyhock. /r/.  218 180 

Hollvworis 252 

Ilonewort 221 

Hoiiey  Locitst,   fig.    64, 

100 ■ 195 

Honevsnckle,  fig.  82,  146, 

496 .' 225,  226 

Honkenya 176 

Hop. ^9.  353 Ill 

Hornbeam 297 

Horn  P(nidweed./^.  98.   257 

Horse  Balm 169 

Horse  Chestnut 190 

Horse  Mint 271 

Horse  Net  tie 283 

Horse  Radish lU 

Hottonia 254 

Hound's-tonsrue 277 

Houseleek,  ^>.  474 214 

Houseleeks./g-.  19!. .213,  214 

Houstonia, 230 

Hoya 288 

Huckleberry 247 


INDEX  TO  NAMES  OF  PLANTS. 


335 


Ilncisonia 170 

Hyacinth,  Hvacinlhns  ..  317 

IlVdnimrca,  'fig.  482 217 

Hydrastis,  ^V/.  154 152 

Hydrochai-idaceie 304 

Hydrocotyle 219 

Hydrophyllacoa; 277 

IJydropliyllum,  Jig.  605- 

8 277 

Hyoscyamus 282 

Hypt'i'icareie 171 

Hypericum ]72 

Hvpoxi? 313 

Hyptis  2G9 

Hyssop,  Hyssopus... 269,  270 

Iberis 164 

Ilex 252 

Illicinm 152 

Hvsanthns... 2(12 

Iiiipaticns.  fig.  71,  428..  .  185 

Indian  Corn. >gr.  300....  118 

Indian  L)\\Q,\m\\niVjig.  92.  316 

Indian  Fi^s 218 

Indian  Physic 203 

Iiiilian  Pipes 251 

Indian  So.ipn-orts 189 

Indian  'I'obacco 243 

Indian  Turnip 303 

Indii,'M 194 

Indi-ofera 194 

Iidv-ben-y 252 

Innocence    265 

Inula 233 

lodanthus  164 

Ipomiea... 281 

IresiD.' 293 

Iridacene.  Irids 314 

Iris,  nq.  165.  229,  294-5..  315 

Iceland  Moss,  fig.  190....  214 

Iron-weed, X'/- 248-50....  81 

Iron-wood 297 

Isanthus     269 

Isatis ]()3 

Isopappus 2.33 

Isopyruni   145 

Itea 215 

Ivy 224 

Ixia 314 

Jack-in-the-pnlpit .303 

.lacohea  Lily 313 

.Japan  Quince 204 

Japan  Rose 182 

Jefrer-=onia,/g'.  284.  375- 

376 156 

Jersey  Tea 190 

Jerusalem  Ciierry 2^^3 

Jerusalem  Sage 270 

Jewel-weed 186 

Jonquil 314 

ffudas-trce.^/?gr.  4 195 

Jut,dandacete  294 

Juirians 295 

Julibrassin 195 


Juncacese 322 

Jnncus.   3  3 

Juneberry 203 

Juniper,  Jig.  7 301 

Juniperus 301 

Jussiiea 211 

Kalraia 249 

Kenia 203 

Knawell     '. .   .  176 

Knot  Bindweed 291 

Knot-weeds, ./?(7.  69 290 

Kosteletskj-a" 180 

brigia 234 

Lali'at.ne 268 

Labiate  Plants 268 

Labrador  Tea 247 

Laburnum 194 

Lactuca.  fig.  36,.   234 

Ladies'-tresses.  fig.  240  .  311 

Lady's-mantle,  fig.  454..  202 

Lady's-slipper,  fig.  89.. .  309 

Lady's-thumb 291 

Lat^ersticemia 2  0 

Lamium 270 

Lampsana 234 

Lappa,  fig.  509-11. 

Larch,. ^7.  91  ;  Larix....  301 

Larkspur,  ^fir.  120,372...  1.50 

Lathyrus 200 

LauraceiB,  Laurel 295 

Lauristine   ...               ...  228 

Lavandula.  Lavender. . .  269 

Lavatera  180 

Lend-plant 194 

Leadworts 256,  2.57 

Leaf-cup  233 

Leather-flower 146 

Leatherwood 294 

Leaven  worthia 164 

Lechea  170 

Ledum 247 

Legumiiiosfe 192 

Leguminous  Plants 192 

Leiopliyllum 247 

Leioselenria 247 

Lemon,  fig.  79 .32 

r.fntibulaceae 2.57 

Leonotis 270 

Leontice 1.55 

Leontodon 2.34 

Leonurus 270 

Lepachys 233 

Le])idium. ..    165 

Lei)tocanlis 219 

Lepto])oda 233 

Lei)uropetalon 215 

Le-pedeza 198 

Lettuce   234 

Leucanthemura 233 

Leucas 270 

Leuojum 313 

Leverwood 297 

Lichcns,j^'^.  356-8 117 


Litrnsticum 21fl 

Ligu-^trum 288 

Lilac,  ^'^r.  231 288 

Liliaceae 317 

Liiinm,^-<7.  107,  113 319 

Lily,^<7.  346 319 

Lily  worts 317 

Lily-ot-the-valley,^'f7. 44.  317 

Lime  Tree         181 

Limnanthemum 28i 

LJmnobium ,305 

Limosella 262 

Linacete     182 

Linaria,  fig.  563-1 263 

Linmea." 225 

L  nden 181 

Lindenblooms 181 

Linum 183 

Lion's-ears 270 

Lion"s-f()ot 243 

Lion's-heart 274 

Liparis 308 

Liquidamhar,./?^.  Aa  ...     13 

Liriodendron ." 1.53 

Listera 30S 

Lithospermum,  fig.  601- 

602 ...;  ........  275 

Liverwort,  fig.  ,30 147 

L*zard-tai].^7.  ISO 61 

Lobelia 243 

Lobeliacefc 243 

Lobeliads 213 

Loblolly  Bay 182 

Locust, 196 

Loganiacete 260 

Lonicera.  ^-7.  82 226 

Loosestrife 209,  2.55 

Lophanthus    270 

Lophosperranni,.^'^'.  181.  262 

Lousew'ort 262 

Lovage 219 

Love-flower 317 

Lucerne    200 

Ludwioia 211 

Lnnaria 165 

f.nngwort    2'76 

Lupine,.^'Q'-  66 198 

Lupinus   fig.  6() laS 

hnzwV.i.  Jig.  665 .323 

Lychnid'ea 279 

Lychnis,/;/.  4;;8 177 

Lycium 283 

Lycopsis 275 

Lycopus 271 

Lycospersicnm  . 282 

Lygodesniia 235 

Lvsimachia 255 

Lvthracete 209 

Lythrum 210 

Macln-idea  270 

Macranthera 263 

Madder 229 

Madderworts ..  229 

Madwort 164 


336 


INDEX  TO  NAMES  OF  PLANTS. 


Ma<rnolia../?g'.  28 152 

Magiioliaceae 152 

Wajaiithemum 31S 

Mallows,  ^^^.177.217.179,  180 

Malva,  Jig.  415-17. . ....  180 

Malvact'se 179 

Malvavisciis ItO 

Mandrake 156 

Maple?,  firf.  262,  430-.31.  187 

Mare'i^-t"ail 211 

Marigold 232 

Marjoram 2()9 

]Marrnl)ium 270 

Marj-h  Mallow 180 

Marsh  ]\Iarigold 149 

Marsh  Rosemary 256 

Marsh  Umbel 219 

Maruta 234 

Marvel-of-Peru 290 

Marvelworts 289 

Mastworts 2'.'6 

Matrimony 283 

Matthiola 163 

Maurandia 262 

Mayaca ...  323 

May  Apple 156 

l\Iay-flower 249 

May-weed 234 

Meadow  Beauty 209 

Meadow  Lily,^g.  107-9.  319 

Meadow  Rue    1.51 

is;  sadow-sweet 208 

Meconopsis 160 

Medeola,  X9-  92 316 

Medicago..' 200 

Medic 200 

Melampyrum 263 

Melanthacete,  Melanths.  321 

Mflaiithium 322 

Mi-lastomacese  2()Q 

Mi-lastomes 209 

Melilotus 196 

Melissa 270 

Mentha 270 

Menyanthes 284 

Menziesia 247 

Mermaid-weed 211 

Mertensia 276 

Mexican  Vine 293 

Miami-mist 278 

Microstylis 308 

Migiionette,^{7.  118 44 

Milk  Vetch 194 

Milk-vine 194 

Milkweed,  7?'(/.  283 2.^8 

Milkworts 191 

Millfoil 242 

Mimosa 195 

Mimulus,/^.  569-72  ....  266 

Mint 270 

Mirabilis 290 

Missouri    Currant,     fig. 

471 ": 313 

Mitchell;!. ^^.  497 229 

Mitella,^^'.  477-81 215 


Mitreola 260 

Mitreuort, J^j7.  115    215 

Modesty 2.9 

Modiola 180 

Mollugo 17S 

Molucca  Balm.  Molncella  270 
Monarda,^^.  5«0-81  ....  272 

Moneses 218 

Moneywort  . .    255 

Mo  ]  1  key-  flo  \\iii\  fig.  569- 

72 266 

•TS'onk''s  hood, ^(7.  43.. ..   151 

Monotropa 251 

Morning-ojiory,  fig.    22, 

161,  162.352 281 

Moss  Andromeda 247 

Moss  Pink 279 

Motherwort 270 

Mountain  Ash 204 

Mountain  Fringe 161 

Mountain  Heath 247 

.Mountain  Laurel 249 

jNIonnraiu  Mint 272 

Mountain  Sorrel 290 

Mouse-ear ,...   178 

]Mouse-tail 145 

i\hul-flower 262 

Miidwort    2r.2 

Mulberry, /?^.  297 91 

Mulgedium,^^/.  35,245-7.  234 

Mullein  263 

Mullein  Pink 177 

Muscadine 191 

Muscari 317 

Mustard,  iig-  291.  393-5..  168 

MTistardworts 162 

Mylocaryum 248 

Myos<  tis 276 

IMvosurus 145 

Myrica 29s 

Myricacepe  297 

M^riophyllum 211 

Nabalus,  fig.  507-8 243 

Naidaceiie 304 

Nailwort 176 

Napaea    180 

Narcissus 314 

Nardosmia 234 

Narthecium 323 

Nasturtium 164 

Naumbergia 254 

Neckweed 265 

Neguudo 187 

Neirembergia 283 

Nelumbiacese 156 

Nelumbium 157 

Nelumbo 157 

Nemopanthus 252 

Nepeta,  fig.  74,  587-8. ...  272 

Nerium" 286 

Nessea 210 

Nettle,  X^-  106. 

Neurophyllum 219 

^icandra 282 


Nicotiaua 283 

Nigella 145 

Nightshades 282,  283 

Ninebark 209 

Nipplewort 234 

Nolina 317 

Nonesuch 200 

Nuphar 157 

Nyctaginaceaj 280 

Nymphtea,^(7.  198-9,  .S81,  158 

Nymphyeaceai 1.57 

Nyrsa 223 

Oak.  firt.  3.2-4,54,  318-21.  297 

Obolaria 284 

Ocymum,  fig.  5S<i 269 

CEn  0 1  hera ,  fig.  458-9 ....  21 1 

Okra 180 

Oldenlaudia 229 

Olea 288 

Oleacea? 288 

Oleander,  fig.  174 286 

Olivewort's 288 

Onagraceaj 210 

Onion.. /?r/.  316-17 319 

Onosmodium 275 

Opuiitia 21s 

Orchidacoje 307 

Orchids,.  ^^7.  45 308 

Orchis. /fi^.  649-50 309 

Origanum 269 

Ornithogalum 317 

Orobanchaceie     2.58 

Orontiiim.  fig.  042 303 

Ori>iue 214 

Osier 299 

Osmanthus 288 

Osmorhiza 221 

Ostrva 297 

Oxaiidacejfi 184 

Oxalis,  fig.  425    185 

Ox-eye' 233 

Oxybaphus 290 

Oxycoccus 248 

Oxydeudrum 247 

Oxyria 290 

P?enma.fig.  338 145 

Painted-cup 262 

Pancratium 313 

Pansy,  ^gr.  84    170 

Papaver    160 

Papa  vera  cege 159 

Papaw,  ^{7.  70 154 

Pardanthus 314 

Parnassia 174 

Paronychia 176 

Parsley 219 

Parsnip 219 

Parthenium    234 

Partridge-berry 229 

Pasque-flower 140 

Passifloracepe 218 

Passion-flower,   fig.   42, 
351 218 


INDEX  TO  NAMES  OF  PLANTS. 


Pastiuaca 219 

Panlowuia 262 

Pavoiiia 180 

l\'a.  tig.  2S6,  -143--5,  451..  1!»1< 

Peach.  X7-  276 202 

Peanut 195 

Pear./r/.  10,  88,  138,  280.  204 

Pearl  w.irt 170 

Pediciilaris 2(i2 

Pelai-ijjoniuin 18:3 

Peliau.ira 303 

Pennyroyal 2<»9 

Penuywoit,  Jig.    24,  25. 

219,  284 

Penthorum 214 

J'ents?teinou. !2(;3 

Peoiiv,  tig.  ,338 145 

I^-pper 282 

Pepper-and-salt 221 

Pepper-grass 1G4 

Peppermint 270 

Pepper-root 1()7 

Periwinkle 286 

Persea 295 

Persica 202 

Petalosremon 194 

Petroselinum 219 

JY'ttymorrel 221 

I'eiunia, /lo'.  145,614 ~'82 

J'haca 194 

Phacelia 277 

Pharbitis 281 

Pnaseohis 195 

Plieasant's-eye,  fig.  406- 

407 148,  176 

Phelipiea 258 

Philadelplius 216 

Phlomis 270 

Phlox. /?!7.  12(S,  609 279 

Phlox-worts- 278 

Phvsalis 28.> 

IMiv.^ostejria.  fig.  589-91.  274 

Phytolacca.. /i'g.  627-31..  292 

I'livtolaccaceie 292 

Pickerel-weed 305 

Pi--weecl, ./?y.  31,  277....  293 

Pimpernel 255 

IMmpinella 219 

Pinekneva 229 

Pine,./?*;.  9,  300 300 

Pine-sap  251 

IMnguicula 257 

Pink.  fig.  112 176 

Pink-root, /!7.  127 260 

Pinkworts 175 

Pinus,  Pine 300 

Piuweed 170 

Pinxter 2.50 

Pipsissewa,  fig.  548 251 

Vi&nm.fig.  l;i8-39.  224. . .  19!) 

Pitcher-plant 159 

\'\\.\m,Jig.  15  202 

Plunib'aL,'inacea; 256 

Plumbago 257 

Podophyllum 156 


Podosdgma 287 

Pogonia,  J?5'.  653-4 313 

Poison  Haw 228 

Poison  ilemloclc, /o'.  491 

-92 231 

Poison  Ivy, .  187 

Poison  Oak. 186,  187 

Poke 2,92 

Pokcweeds 292 

Polar-plant 233 

Polemoniaceae 278 

Polemonium 280 

PolyaJithus 313,  314 

Polycarpon 176 

Polygala.X'7.  437-38 191 

Polygalaceie 191 

PolvI:onacea3 297 

Polygonal  uni 310 

Polygcmelia 290 

Polygonum, XV-  ^'-^^  86,..  290 

Polymnia 233 

Polvpicnuim 2f)0 

Poly  taenia 219 

Pomegranate 210 

Pond  weed, /?y.  46 304 

Pontederia 305 

Pontederiacetc 305 

Poplar 153,  299 

Popi)y 160 

Poppyworts  159 

Popuius 299 

Portuiaca 179 

Portulacaceffi 178 

Potaraogeton 304 

Potato 2S3 

Potentilla,^^^.  76-7 208 

Poterium 202 

Pride  of  Ohio 255 

Prim 'J88 

Primrose    254 

Primula, X'/-  549,  553....  254 

l'rimulace;e 253 

Primworts 2.53 

Prince's  Feather. . .  .291,  294 

Prince's  l'ine,/<7.  341...  2.3l 

Prinos " 252 

Privet 288 

Prosartes 31S 

Proserpinaca 211 

Prunus 2(12 

Psoralea  194 

Pterosi)ora 248 

Puccoon 216 

Punica 210 

Pnrselane 178,  179 

Putiyro()t,./?gr.  345 308 

Pycnanthemum 269 

Pyrethrnm 233 

Pyrola,  fig.  14,  169,  536- 

39 2.50 

Pvrrhopappus 234 

Pyrus,./?^.  134 204 

Qnamoclit  /Zgr.  610 281 

(|ueen-of-the  Prairie 209 

15 


Qnercus 297 

Quince,  >'^.  1,  2 204 

Radish 1G4 

Ra-ged  Robin 178 

Ranunculaceas 143 

Ranunculus 147 

Raphanus 164 

Raspberry 206 

Rattle  pod 194 

Rattlesnake  Plantain...  309 

Red  Bean 194 

Red  Cedar 301 

Iteed-mace o04 

Resin-weed 233 

Rliamnacetc 190 

Rbamnus 190 

Rheum 290 

Rhexia 2u9 

Rhinanthus 263 

Rhododendron,  fig.  152, 

535 250 

Rhodi.ra 247 

Rhiil)arb 290 

Rhus  186 

Rliyncosia 194 

Ril)es 213 

Richardia 303 

Rivina 292 

Robinia 196 

Robin's  Plamain 243 

Rock  Cress 166 

Rocket 163 

Rock  Itoses 170,  171 

Rosa.  J?'(/.-  221,  299 204 

Rosaceie 201 

Rose,  ./i(7.  39,  58,83,  101, 

2U3 204 

Rose  Acacia 196 

Rose  Bay,  fi.g.  67 -250 

Rose  Cainpion     177 

Rosemary 270 

Roseworts 201 

Rosmarinus 270 

Rubia 229 

Rul)iaceije 229 

Rubus 206 

Rudbeckia 233 

Rue  Kuiiiwouii.fig.  207..  146 

Rumex    .   290 

Rusiies 322,  3-43 

Rutland  Beauty 281 

Sabbatia 285 

Sage,  til.  176,  228,  585.. .  271 

Sageretia 190 

Sagina 176 

Sadttan-a.^/fjC.  643-45  ...  i07 
Salicaceie,  >i\\\^,fig.  19.  299 

Salicornia 293 

Sal.-ola 293 

Saltwort 293 

Salvia. /gr.  585 271 

Samltncus 227 

Samolus 204 


338 


INDEX   TO  NAMES   OF  PLANTS. 


Samphire  293 

Sand  Myrtle 247 

Sandwort 176 

Sangiiinaria,^^'.  388 IHO 

Sangiiisorba 202 

Sanfcle 220 

Sanicula 220 

Sapindacese 18fl 

Sapiiidus 189 

Saponaria.  JZg.  125 176 

Sarracenia,^^/.  385-87... '  159 

Sarraceniacese 15S 

Sast^afras 296 

Satin-tlower 165 

Satureja 269 

Saururus.  ^^.  1§6. 

Saxifra<:a 217 

Saxifragacese 214 

Saxifrage,  ^gr.  131,  214  ..  217 

Schenocanlou .....  322 

Scheuchzeria 306 

Schizanthus 262 

Schiaukia 195 

Schwalbea 262 

Schweinilzia 248 

Scilla 317 

Scleraathus 176 

Scollera 305 

Scorpion-grass? 276 

Scotch  Broom 194 

Scratch-grasf',^^- 26 291 

Screw-stem 284 

Scrophniaria 263 

Scrophiilariaceie 261 

Scutellaria 273 

Sea-rocket 164 

Sea  Sandwort 176 

Sedge,  ^r/.  227. 

Sediun.j?(7.  190,  472-73..   214 

Seed-box 211 

Self-heal 270 

Semiflower 262 

Serapervivum 214 

Sencbiera 165 

Senecio.   2-33 

Senna 200 

Sensitive  Brier 195 

Sensitive  Plant 195 

Seiicocarpus 233 

Sesbania 194 

Sesuviura 178 

Seymeria  263 

Shad-berry 204 

Shagbark 295 

Shamrock 197 

Sheep-poison 249 

Shepherd'i<  -  purse,    Jig. 

331. 165 

Sickle-pod 16(; 

Sida 180 

Sileiic..^^.  116 177 

milkweed,  Silk-grass 288 

Silphium 233 

Sinapis I(i8 

Sit^ymbrium 164 


Sisyrinchium 314 

Sium 219 

Skullcap 273 

Skunk  Cabbage 203 

SmilacaceiE 8U5 

Suiilacina 320 

Smilax 305 

Smoke-tree, /gr.  18 187 

Snails 200 

Snap-drauon 262 

Sneezewort 233,  242 

Snow-ball 228 

Snowberry 226 

Snow-drop  tree 252 

Snowflake 313 

Soapwort 176,  ISO 

SolanacetB     282 

Solanum./^.  611-13 2S3 

Solea 169 

Solidago,^^.  75,  501-3...  235 
Solomon's  Seal,/g'.  348. 

317,  320 

Sonchus 234 

Sorrel 290 

Sorrel-tree • 247 

Sow-thistle 2:;4 

Spanish  Needles 239 

Sparganum , .  304 

Specnlaria 244 

Speedwell, /i/-.  575-77...   264 

Spergula 176 

Spergulaia 176 

Sperm  acoce 229 

Spice-bush 296 

Spiderwort 323 

Spigelia,^^'.  563-64 260 

Spinacia 293 

Spinaire 293 

Spiranthes,/y.  240 311 

Spirea 208 

Sponge-tree 19.") 

Sprekelia 313 

Spring  Beauty 179 

Spruce 301 

Spurry 176 

Squaw-root 258 

Squill 217 

Sqnirrel-corn Kil 

Siachys 270 

Staff-tree 190 

Staphylea,  /ff/.  235 190 

Star  Anise 1.52 

Star-grass 313 

Star-of-Bethlehem 317 

Star  wort 176,  23:3,  240 

Statice 256 

Stellaria,./?^?.  251 1T6 

Stipulicid'a 176 

St.  Johnsworts.  fig.  210- 

11 .■   ...171,  172 

Stock 103 

Stonecrop 214 

Storax     2.J2 

St.  Peterswort 171 

St.  Peter's  Wreath 209 


Strawberry,/^.  111.  278, 

455-56    208 

Strawberry  Blite 293 

Streptopus 318 

Stuartia 182 

Stylisma 280 

Stylosanthes 195 

Slyracaceae 252 

Siyrax 252 

Subularia 164 

Succory 234 

Sullivantia 215 

Sumacs 186,  187 

Summer  Savory 2fl9 

Sundews,  fig.  20,  21 . . .       173 
Snnflowerl  iig.  498-500  ..  237 

Supple  Jaik 190 

Sweet  Bnsil 269 

Sweet  Brier 205 

Sweet  (-lover 196 

Sweet  Flag 303 

Sweet  Gale 298 

Sweet  Pea 200 

Sweet  Potato 281 

Sweet-scented  Shrub 154 

Sweet  William 176,  177 

Swine  Cress 165 

Symphitum.   275 

Symphoricarpus 22t. 

Symplocarpus 3u3 

Symplocos 252 

Synandra,   Ug.    90,    148, 

597....! 274 

Synthiris 262 

Syphonychia 176 

Syringa i;88 

Tagetes 233 

Talinnm ....  178 

Tanierac. 301 

Taraxicum 242 

Tares 201 

Taxaceffi 301 

Taxodiuui 30i) 

Tea 182 

Teaworts 182 

Tecomia,  AV/.  124 258 

Telanantiiera 293 

Tepiirosia,/^'.  59.         ..   194 

Tetragon otheca 233 

Tetranthera 296 

Teucrium,  fig.  592 269 

'J'halictium 151 

Thaspium 222 

Thea 182 

Thimble  berry 207 

Tiiorn 202 

Thorn  Apple 283 

Thrift 257 

Thuja 300 

Thvmel'.cete 294 

TiiVme,  Thymus 2tt> 

ThVsanella 290 

Tiiirella 215 

Tick-seed  234,  239 


INDEX  TO  NA3IES  OF  PLANTS. 


339 


Tledmannia 219 

Tii^er-tlower 314 

Tiirer  I  ily.^y.  150 ;il9 

Tliriidia    ...." 314 

Tilia 1«1 

'Jiiiaceie  181 

Tiliiua 214 

Tipiilaii  I,   lipula o08 

Toad  llax.   fir/.  149 263 

Tol)acc<)./f7."204 283' 

Tomito 282 

Tooth-root 167 

Touch-me-not,/.  71, 121, 

122 185 

Tower  M  iistard 164 

Tr.idoscaiitia 3-23 

Tragopogon 234 

Trailing  Arimtus 249 

Trautvotleria 145 

Tree  Orchis 309 

Trefoil 191,  197 

Trichostenia 269 

Trientalis 255 

Trifolium 197 

Triglocliin 306 

Trilliaceae 315 

Trilli;ids,  fig.   110,  206, 

349 315 

Trillium, /f/.  108,656...  316 

Triosti'um 225 

Trollius 149 

Troximon 234 

Trnmi)et-flower,/g'.  561.  258 

Trumpet-leat' 159 

Trumpets 258 

Tuberose 313 

Tulip,  Tulipa 317 

Tulip-trec,/.225,330,  374.  153 

Tupelo    223 

Turk's-cap 319 

'J'urmeric-root 152 

Turnip. ^g.  337 

Turnsol 275 

'J'nrritis 164 

Turtle-head 266 

Tussilago 2.33 

Tway-hlade 308 

Tway-leaf 318 

Twi.  -flower 225 

Twin-leaf ]56 

Twist-foot 318 

Typha 304 

Typhaceae,  Typhads 304 


1  Umbelifera\ 

218 

'J18 
155 

Whistle- wood 

W'iteBay 

White  i.clar 

ms 

Uinhi  Iworls 

153 

linihrella-k'af 

300 

Uuihrclla-tri  e  

153 

Whiic-w.ed     233, 

211 

Utrifularia        

2:7 

WMiite-wood        

153 

Uvularia,/f/.  81    .. 

321 

W  liitlow-;  rass     

Wl.l  .^Wh'.fig.  V-A.    .. 

166 
204 

Vacciiiiuni.  fig.  170, 

544 

247 

Wild  B  s:l 2(i;', 

ii7! 

Vacliellia 

l»i5 

Wil.iEder 

■.;>4 

Vallisneria 

30.*; 

Wild  (i\\\^^f\:fig.  23 

289 

Vegetable  Oyster. . . 

234 

Wild  Indigo 

199 

Venus'      Flytrap, 

iiq 

Wild  hii\twii.fig.vX\  .310. 

235 

403-5 

174 

Wild  Oats 

321 

Veratrum 

322 

W^ildPot.ito 

;i8i 

Verbascum 

263 

Wild  Sarsaparilla  

224 

Verbesina  

233 

234 

Willow,  fig-    ;^,    17,    38 

\eYomc'A.,fig.  575-77 

264 

634-35. 

299 

Vesicaria 

164 

Willow-herb 

211 

Vetch 

201 

Wiilowoits 

5:9!  t 

Vetchling 

200 

Wind-flower  

146 

Vihnrnuni 

228 
201 
194 

Wint.  r-i  eny 

Winter  Crrss.    .. 
Wintcr^reen,  fig.  14    .. 

•.^.-■2 

Vic!  a 

1H8 

Viirna 

249 

Viiica 

286 

Wistaria 

194 

WuVa.fiq.  39S-99.... 

169 

Witc'li-grass.^f)-.  .350. 

Violacese 

168 

Woad 

163 

Violet.  iiQ-  2(;9 

169 

Woll-herry 

226 

Violets,  ng.  132,  173 

168 

Wood-rush 

3i3 

Viper's  Bugloss. ... 

275 

Wood-orrel 184, 

185 

Virginia  Creeper... 

191 

Woolmouth 

267 

Vii  gin's  Bower 

145 

Visiai  a 

288 
191 

Xeiophvllum 

Xyris,^r/.  194. 

322 

Vitaceae 

Vitis 

191 

Yarrow 

242 

Wake  Robin 

316 

207 

Yellow-eyed-gtass,     fij 
194. 

Waldstei-ia 

Wall-flower,.A-!7.  1.35,223 

163 

Yell()w  Jessamine 

261 

Walnuts 

294, 

i9.i 

Yellow  Jessie 

211 

156 
215 

Yellow  Phlox 

Yellow  Rattle 

ICH 

Watir-carpet 

2()3 

Water  Hemlock  .... 

222 

Yellow-roor 

145 

Water  Hemp 

293 

Yv\\\fig.  301 

3U1 

Water  Hoarhound  . 

'P71 

Yucca 

317 

Waterleaf,^^.  605-8 

277 

Yuian 

153 

Water  Lily 

157, 

158 

Water  Pepper 

291 

Zanthorhiza  

14o 

Water  Pimpernel. . . 

254 

Zephvraiithus./j7.  166.. 

313 

Water-pitchers 

158 

Zigath'uus     

322 

Water  Plantain 

Wax-plant 

306 

".^34 

288 

Zizia 

222 

Wiieat./^.  272,  312. 
Whea.-thief 

1 9,) 

276 

APPENDIX 


THE  LANGUAGE  OF  FLOWERS. 

"  Then  gather  a  wreath  from  the  garden  bowers, 
And  tell  of  the  wish  of  thy  heart  in  flovvers." 

rERCIVAI*. 

Acacia,  Kose  (Robinia  liispida,  319*).     Friendship. 

Adonis,  Floss  (Adonis  autumnalis,  205).     Sad  remembrances. 

Almond,  Flowering  (x\mygdalus  piimila,  32'1).     Hope. 

Aloe  (Agave,  (594,  or  Yucca,  709).     Superstition. 

Alyssimi,  Sweet  (Alyssum  maritinum,  33G).     Merit  before  beauty. 

Amaranth,  Globe  (Gomphrena  globosa,  G19).     I  change  not. 

Amaryllis  (Zephyranthus,  695).     Affectation,  Cocjuetry. 

Andromeda  (Andromeda,  487).     A  cruel  fate  has  fixed  me  here. 

Anemone  (Anemone  uemorosa,  203).     Anticipation. 

Angelica  (Archangelica,  381).     These  are  idle  dreams. 

Arbor-vitae  (Thuja,  662).     Thy  friend  till  death. 

Arethusa  (A.  bulbosa,  691).     I  could  weep  for  thee. 

Aspen  (Populus  tremuloides,  655).     Excessive  sensibility. 

Asphodel  (Asphodel us,  713).     My  thoughts  will  follow  thee  beyond  the  grave. 

Aster  (420).    Cheerfulness  in  age. 


*  Refers  to  the  page  in  the  Class-Book  of  Botany,  where  may  be  found  a  more  full 
and  complete  account  of  the  species  or  genus  than  could  be  consistent  with  the 
limits  of  an  elementary  treatise.  Reference  to  page  and  place  in  this  work  may  be 
made  tJi rough  the  Inde.^. 


342  THE  LANGUAGE  OF  FLOWERS. 


Auricula  (Primula  auricula,  502).    You  are  proud. 

Bachelor's  Button  (Centaurea  Cyanus,  465).     Single  blessedness. 

Bairn  (Melissa,  548  ;  Mouarda  didyma,  550).     Sympathy. 

Baim-of-Gilead  (Populus  candicans,  656).     You  have  cured  my  paiiL 

Balsamine  (Impatiens  balsamina,  280).     Approach  not. 

Barberry  (Berberis,  217).     A  sour  temper  is  no  slight  evil. 

Basil,  Sweet  (Ocymum  basilicum,  541).     Good  wishes. 

Beech  (Fagus,  646).     There  let  us  meet. 

Bluets  (Houstonia  coerulea,  402).     Unaspiring  beauty. 

Box  iBuxus,  682).     Constancy.     1  change  not. 

Broom  (Genista,  310).     Humility. 

Broom  Corn  (Sorghum  sacxharatum,  709).     Industry. 

Bulrush  (Scirpus,  788).     Indecision. 

Burdock  (Lappa  major,  468).     Don't  come  near  me. 

Buttercups  (Ranunculus,  205).     I  cannot  trust  thee. 

Cactus  (the  Cactacese,  859).     You  terrify  me. 

Canterbury  Bells  (Camjianula  Medium,  479).     Gratitude. 

Carnation  (Dianthus  caryophyllus,  254).     A  haughty  spirit  before  a  ML 

Catchtly  (Silene,  256).     I  am  a  willing  prisoner. 

Cedar  (Juniper  Virginiana,  664).     I  live  for  thee. 

Chamomile  (x\nthemis  nobilis,  457).     Fortitude. 

China  Aster  (Callistephus  Chinensis,  429).     I'll  think  of  it. 

Chrysanthemum  (458).     I  love. 

Clover,  Red  (Trifolium  repens,  312).     Industry. 

(Clover,  White  (     "      .  "  ).     Truth  needs  no  flowers  of  speech 

Clover,  Yellow  (     "  "  ).     Slighted  love. 

Columbim  (Aquilegia  Canadensis,  210).     I  cannot  give  thee  up. 

Columbine  (A.  vulgaris,  110).     Hopes  and  fears. 

Corn  Cockle  ( Agrostemma  Githago,  257).    Thou  hast  more  beauty  than  wc rth 

Coxcomb  (Celosia,  616).     You  are  a  fop. 

Crocus  (700).     What  an  enrgma  thou  art. 

Cypress  (Cupressus  thyoides,  663).     Bereavement      Despair. 

Daffodil  (Narcissus  Pseudo-narcissus,  093).     Self-esteem. 


THE   LAJS^GUAGE  OF   FLOWERS.  343 


Dalilia  (429).     Forever  thine. 

Dandelion  (Taraxacum  Deus-leonis,  47-3).     You  intrude. 

Dogbane  (Apocynuui,  588).     Falsehood. 

Dog-wood,  Flowering  (Cornus  llorida,  800).     False  pretensions. 

Eglantine  Rose  (Rosa  rubiglnosa,  o85).     I  wound  to  heal. 

Egyptian  Calla  (Richardiu  ^Etliioi)ica,  (509).     Modesty. 

Enchanter's  Nightshade  (Circipa,  85G).    1  sliall  beware  of  your  enchantnienta 

Fennel-flower  (Nigella  damascena,  20D).     Love  in  a  mist.     Perplexity. 

Fig(Ficus  Carica,  Go5).     It  is  a  secret. 

Fir  Balsam  (Abies  Bulsamea,  G61).     Time  will  cure. 

Flax  (Linum  usitatissinium,  275)      Domestic  industry. 

Fleur-de-lis  (Iriw,  697).     i  biing  you  a  message. 

Four-o-clock  (Mirabilis  Jalapa,  603).     Timidity. 

Foxglove  (Digitalis,  526i.     My  heart  acknowledges  your  influence. 

Greranium,  Ivy  (P.  peltatum,  278  >.     A  bridal  decoration. 

Geraniiim  maculatam  i277!.     You  burn  with  envy. 

Geranium,  Oak-leaf  (Pelargonium  qucrci folium,  27Di.     There  is  notliing  in  a 

Geranium  Robertianum  (277).     Aversion.  [name. 

Geranium,  Rose  iP.  gra,veolens,  278 1.    Thou  art  my  choice 

Goldenrod  (S(jlidago,  4o0).     Encouragement. 

Hazel-nut  (Cory his,  647).     Reconciliation. 

Heart's-ease  or  Pansy  (Viola  tricolor,  244).     Forget  me  not. 

Hibiscus  Syriacus  (270'.     Thy  beauty  soon  will  fade. 

Hibiscus  Trionum  (2G9).     I  would  not  be  unreasonable. 

Heliotrope  (Heliotropium  Peruvianum,  559).     Devotion. 

Hellebore  (Helleborus,  209).     It  is  a  scandal. 

Holly  (Ilex  opaca,  &c.,  496).    Am  I  forgotten  ? 

Hollyhock  (Althaea  rosea,  266).     Ambitious  only  of  show. 

Honeysuckle  (Lonicera,  394'.     Seek  not  a  hasty  answer 

Hop  (Humilus  lupulus,  638).     You  do  me  injustice. 

Hyacinth  (Hyacinthus,  712).     Jealousy. 

Hydrangea  hortensis  (373).     Vain  boasting. 

Ice- plant  (Mesembryanth,  265).     Your  ver}'  looks  ire  freezing. 


344  THE   LANG!UA(5;£   OF   FLO  WEES. 


Indian  Tobacco  (Lobelia  inflata,  477).     Away  with  your  quackery. 

Ivy  (Hedera  Helix,  390).     Nothing  can  part  us. 

Japonica,  Red  (Camellia  Jap.,  273i.     Pity  may  change  to  love. 

Japonica,  White  ^C.  Jai^onica,  273).     Perfected  loveliness. 

Jessamine  (Jasminum,  596).     Thy  gentle  grace  hath  won  me. 

Jonquil  (Narcissus  Jonquilla,  693 1.     Requited  love. 

Judas-tree  (Cercis  Canadensis, 301).     Unbelief.     Treachery. 

Juniper  (Juniperus  communis,  663>.     I  will  protect  thee. 

Lady's-slipper  (Cypripedium,  581).     Caprice. 

Larkspur  (Delphinium,  210).     Fickleness. 

Laurel,  Sheep  (Kalmia  angustifolia,  &c.,  485).     Falsehood. 

Lavender  (Lavandula,  541).    Owning  her  love  she  sent  him  LaveiKier     lihatti 

Lemon  (Citrus  Limonum,  274).     Discretion. 

Lilac  (Syringa,  598).     My  first  love. 

Lily,  White  (Lilium  candidum,  709).     Purity  and  sweetness. 

Locust,  green  leaves  (Robinia  Pseudacacia,  319).     My  heart  is  burieei 

Lupine  (Lupinus,  311).     Indignation. 

Magnolia  glauca  (214).     He  lives  in  fame  who  dies  iii  virtue's  cau&e. 

Magnolia  grandiflora  (214".     Thou  hast  magnanimity. 

Marigold  (Tagetes,  or  Calendula,  465).     Cruelty. 

Mignonette  (Reseda  odorata,  241).     Moral  worth  superior  to  beauty. 

Milkweed  (Asclepias,  597).     Conquer  your  love. 

Mistletoe  (Phorodendron,  621).     Meanness.     Indolence. 

Mock  Orange  (.Philadelphus  coronarius,  374).     Deceit.     I  cannot  trust  thee. 

Monk's-hood  (Aconitum,  211).     Deceit.     Your  words  are  poison. 

Morning-glory  (Pharbitis  purpurea,  571).     You  love  darkness. 

Myrtle  (Myrica  ceriera,  650).     Thine  is  the  beauty  of  holiness. 

Myrtle  (Myrtus  communis,  346).     Love's  offering. 

Narcissus,  Poet's  (Narcissus  poeticus,  603).     Egotists  are  agreeable  onl}  tsj 

NasturtioG  (Tropseolum  majus,  281).     Honor  to  the  brave.  [themsel\!ea. 

Nettle  (Urtica  dioica,  636).    Thou  art  a  slanderer. 

Nightshade  (Atropa  Belladonna,  588  K     Death. 

Nightshade  (Solanum  nigrum,.  577).     Skepticism. 


THE   LANGUAGE  OF   FLOWERS.  345 


Oak  (Quercus,  642)      Thou  art  honored  above  aU. 

Oat  (Avena  sativa,  790).     Thy  music  charms  me. 

Oleander  (Nerium  Oleander,  590i.     The  better  part  of  valor  is  discretion 

Olive  (Olea,  599).     Emblem  of  peace. 

Orange  Flowers  (Citrus  Aurantium,  274).     Bridal  festivity. 

Ox-eye  Daisy,  or  Whiteweed  (Leucanthemum,  458).     Be  patient. 

Parsley  (Apium  petroselinum,  388  >.     Thy  presence  is  desired. 

Passion-flower  (Passiflora,  363).     Let  love  to  God  precede  all  other  love 

Pea  (Pisum  sativum,  303).     Grant  me  an  interview.- 

Peach  blossom  (Persica  vulgaris,  328).     Preference. 

Pennyroyal  (Hedeoma  pulegioides,  544).     Flee  temptation. 

Peony  (Paeonia,  212^.     A  frown. 

Pepper  (Capsicum,  578).     Your  wit  is  too  keen  for  friendship 

Periwinkle  (Vinca,  589).     Remember  the  past. 

Phlox  (507).     Our  souls  are  one. 

Pine,  Pitch  (Pinus  rigida,  660).     Time  and  philosophy. 

Pine,  White  (Pinus  strobus,  660).     High-souled  patriotism. 

Pink,  Single  Red  (2541     A  token  of  pure  and  ardent  love. 

Pink,  Single  White  (Dianthus  caryophyllus,  254).     Artlessness  . 

Pink,  Variegated  (254).     Frank  refusal. 

Poppy,  Red  (Papaver  Rheas,  224).     Oblivion  is  the  cure. 

Poppy,  White  (Papaver  somniferum,  224).     'Twixt  life  and  death. 

Primrose  (Primula  grandiflora,  502).     Confidence. 

Primrose,  Evening  (Oenothera,  352^     Inconstancy. 

Quince  (Cydonia,  333).     Beware  of  temptation. 

Rocket  (Hesperus,  234).     Thou  vain  coquette  ! 

Rose  Bud.     Thou  hast  stolen  my  affections. 

Rose,  Burnet  (Rosa  pimpinellifolia,  337).     Gentle  and  innocent. 

Rose,  Cinnamon  (R.  cinnamomia,  335).     Without  pretension.     Such  afi  1 

am  receive  me.     Would  I  were  more  for  your  sake. 
Rose,  Damask  (R.  damascena,  336).     Blushes  augment  thy  beauty. 
Rosemary  (, Rosmarinus,  550).     Remember  me. 
Rose,  Moss  (R.  centifolia,  B.,  330).     Thou  art  one  of  a  thousand. 

15* 


346  THE  LANGUAGE  OF  FLOWERS. 


Rose,  AYliite  (R.  alba,  336).     My  heart  is  fres. 

Rose,  White,  withered  (386).     Transient  impressions  [you. 

Rose,  Wild  (R.  nitida,  335).     Simplicity.     Let  not  this  false  world  deceive 

Rue  (Ruta,  283).     Disdain.  [virtues. 

Sage  (Salvia,  548).     There  is  nothing  lovelier  in  woman  than  the  domestic 

Snap-dragon  (Antirrhinum,  519).     Thou  hast  deceived  me. 

Snow-ball  (Viburnum  Opulus,  397).     Thou  livest  a  useless  life. 

Snow-drop  (Galanthus,  694).     I  am  no  summer  friend.  [friend. 

Sorrel  (Polygonum  acetosella,  606;.     Ill-timed  wit.     A  jester  is  a  dangerous 

Speedwell  (Veronica,  526'.     My  best  wishes. 

Spiderwort  (Tradescantia,  727).     You  have  my  esteem  ;  are  you  content  ? 

Star-of-Bethlehem  (Ornithogalum,  710).     Look  heavenward. 

Stock  (Matthiola,  229).     Too  lavish  of  smiles. 

Sumac  (Rhus,  283).     Splendid  misery. 

Sweet  Pea  (Lathyrus  odoratus,  304).     Must  you  go? 

Sweet-scented  Shrub  (Calycanthus,  345).     Benevolence.  [villain  too. 

Sweet  William  (Lychnis  chalcedonica,  257).     A  man  may  smile  and  be  a 

Thistle  (Cirsium,  467).    Misanthropy. 

Thorn  Apple  (Datura,  581).     Thou  scarcely  hidest  thy  guilt. 

Thyme  (ThjTnus,  547).     The  prize  of  virtue. 

Tulip,  Variegated  (Tulipa,  707).     Thy  spell  is  broken. 

Tulip,  Yellow  (707).     I  dare  not  aspire  so  high. 

Venus'  Looking-glass  (Specularia,  479).     Flattery  hath  spoiled  thee. 

Vervain  (Verbena  hastata,  537).     I  see  thj  arts,  and  despise  them. 

Violet,  Blue  (Viola  cucullata,  243).     Faithfulness.     I  shall  never  forget. 

Violet,  White  (V.  blanda,  242).     Retirement.    I  must  be  sought  to  be  found 

Virgin's  Bower  (Clematis,  200).     Filial  affection. 

Wall-flower  (Cheiranthus,  232).     A  friend  in  need  is  a  friend  indeed. 

Water  Lily  (Nymphsea  odorata,  220).     Be  silent. 

Weeping  Willow  (Salix  Babylonica,  655).     Mourning  for  friends  departed 

Zinnia  (444).     To  the  prude. 


National  Series  of  Standard  Scliool-Bool(s, 

PUBLISHED    BY 

A.    S.    BARNES   &  COMPANY. 


This  Series  embraces  more  than  Three  Hundred  Volumes  of  Standard  Educational  Wcrks,  com, 
posing  the  most  cempletc  aud  uniformly  meritorious  colleciioii  of  text  books  ever  publibLed  by  8 
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Thk  Skkies  is  complete,  covering  every  variety  aud  grade  of  science  and  literature,  fiom  the 
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of  citizenx,  representing  all  sh:i(i>is  oi' political  opinion  and  religious  belief.  In  pioof  of  this,  it  is 
only  necessary  to  name  the  following  popular  works,  with  which  every  one  is  familiar,  and  which 
fairly  represjat  the  whole. 

PARKER  &  WATSON'S  ^''"^^kAs.  REABERS  &  SPELLERS. 

i'wo  sciit's  ,   each  complete  in  itself,  aud  of  high  and  lowei  giau;t,i,ni  !c^pcctlvel\ . 

DAVIES'  Con,plete  Unified  "West  Poi,t  Course"  in  MATHEMATICS. 

lucliidiiig  Arithuiotics,  Algebra,  Geoinetrv,  Calculus,  Surveyins,  and  all  In  auclir^-. 

lONTEITH   &   ICMLLY'S    UnrivUed   Course  i,    eEOGEAPHY. 

Ihroe  books,  with  opuoual  volumes.     This  is  the  only  seiies  with  Aliens  >iap- l)r;i\vihg. 

CLARK'S    Diagran,   Syslerq   for   Lear,i,g  ENGLISH   GRAMMAR. 

Two  Grammars  {Primary  and  Advanced,*;  also  Analysis,  Key  and  Chart  scpaiaie. 

BARNES'  Series  of  Brief  Books  for  One  Ternj  of  Study  ii^   HISTORY. 

United  Spates  History,  published  in  1371.    A  General  History  and  others  to  follow  ax  (.:.(  e. 

STEELE'S  "Fourteen  Weeks"  iAeacl,bra,cb  of  MTORAL  SCIENCE. 

i'iiil  i^ophy,  Chemistry,  Astronomy,  aud  Geology-  nowrc:u!v.     I'liv-icld^M  j-  pit-^. 

WORMAN'S  Popular  Method  for  Teaching  FOREIGN  LANGUAGE. 

A  Geitnau  Series  is  now  nearly  complete,  and  the  French  ^eiic:.  hapijiiy  commcijceJ. 


WILLARD'S  Course  of  History. 
PECK'S  GANOT  S  Natural  Philoscphy. 
JARVIS'  Physiology  and  Health. 
WOOD'S  Text-Books  in  Botany. 
PORTER'S  Princioles  of  Chemistry. 
CHAIVIBERS'  Elen'ients  of  Zoology. 
PAGE'S  Elements  of  Geology. 
BEE.IS'  Round-hand  Penmanship. 
SMITH'S  Orthography  and   Etymology. 
BOYD'S  Course  in  English  Literature. 
SMITH  &  MARTIN'S  Bookkeeping. 
PAYSON,  DUNTON  &  CO.'S  Writino'. 
ANDREWS  &  STODDARD'S  Latin  Series 
CROSBY'S  Greek  Series. 
PUJOL'S  Complete  French  Class  Book. 
ROOT'S  School  Music-Books. 


SEARING'S  Virgil  and  CIr.ssical  Texts. 
CLEVELAND'S  Compendiums. 
CHAPMAN'S  American  Drawing. 
MANSFIELD'S  Political  Manual. 
NOR  I  HEND'S  Graded  Speakers. 
CHAMPLIN'S  Political  Economy. 
BERARD'S  History  of  England. 
SHERWOOD'S  Writing  Speller. 
BROOKFIELD'S  Child's  Composition. 
TRACY'S  School  Record. 
PECK'S  Applied   Mathematics. 
CHURCH'S  Higher  Mathematics. 
BARTLETT'S  College  Philosophy. 
MAHAN'S  Mental  Science. 
ALDEN'S  "I  evr-Book  of  Ethics. 
BROOKS'  School  Devotion. 


JS3-       AXY  BOOK  SENT  POSTPAID  ON  RECEIPT  Of    ITS  PRICE.      ,.©ff 

Who  would  know  mnie  of  this  nnrivaied  Series  should  consult  for  details.  1.  TITE  DESCRIP- 
TIVE CATAJ.O i;rK,  free  to  Teachers;  others,  .5  cents.  :'.  THE  ILLUSTR.ATKD  LDUCA- 
flONAL  BULLETIN',  periodical  ov^an  of  the  Publishers;  full  of  instruction  for  Teacheis:  sub- 
scription, 10  cents;  sample  free.     .Vddress 

A,  S.  BAENE3  k  COMPANY,  New  York,  or  Chicago. 


The  JVatio?fat  Series  of  Standard  Schoot-Sooks, 

NATURAL  SCIENCE. 


-«- 


FAMILIAR  SCIENCE. 
Norton  &  Porter's  First  Book  of  Science,   •  tt  75 

By  eminent  Professors  of  Yale  College.  Contains  the  principles  of  Natural 
Philosophy,  At^tronomy,  Chemis^try,  Physiology,  and  Geology,  Arranged  on  tlie- 
Calechetical  plan  for  primary  classes  and  beginners. 

Chambers'  Treasury  of  Knowledge, ....    i  25 

Progressive  lessons  upon— ^/^/vsf ,  common  things  which  lie  most  immediately 
ai-ound  us,  and  first  attract  the  attention  of  the  young  mind ;  second,  common  objects- 
from  the  Mineral.  Animal,  and  Vegetable  kingdoms,  manufactured  articles,  and 
miscellaneous  substances ;  third,  a  systematic  view  of  Nature  under  the  various; 
sciences.    May  be  used  as  a  Reader  or  Text-book, 

HATUKAL   PHILOSOPHY. 
Norton's  First  Book  in  Natural  Philosophy,  i  oo 

By  Prof.  Norton,  of  Yale  College.  •  Designed  for  beginners.  Profusely  illustrated . 
and  arranged  on  the  Catechetical  pla,u. 

Peck's  Ganot's  Course  of  Nat.  Philosophy,  -   i  ?o 

The  standard  text-book  of  France,  Americanized  and  popularized  by  Prof.  Peck^ 
of  Columbia  College.  The  most  magnificent  system  of  illustration  ever  adopted  itt 
an  American  school-book  is  heie  found.    For  intermediate  classes. 

Peck's  Elements  of  Mechanics, ^  oo 

A  suitable  introduction  to  Bartletfs  higher  treatises  on  Mechanical  Philosophy, 
and  adequate  in  itself  for  a  complete  academical  coui'se. 

Bartletfs  synthetic  aid  amlytig  Mechanics,  •  eacb    5  oo 
Bartlelt's  Acoustics  and  Optics, 3  50 

A  system  of  Collegiate  Philosophy,  by  Prof.  Baktlett,  of  West  Point  Military 
Academy. 

Steele's  i4  Weeks  Course  in  Philos.  (seep. 34)   i  so 
Steele's  Philosophical  Apparatus, ....  *125  oo 

Adequate  to  performing  the  experiments  in  the  ordinary  text-books.  The  articles- 
wMl  be  sold  separately,  it  desired.    See  special  circular  for  details. 

G-  E  O  L  O  G-  Y. 
Page's  Elements  of  Geology, i  25 

A  volume  of  Chambers'  Educational  Course.  Practical,  simple,  and  eminently 
calculated  to  make  the  study  interesting. 

Emmons'  Manual  of  Geology, i  35 

The  fii'st  Geologist  of  the  country  has  here  produced  a  work  worthy  of  his  repu- 
tation. 

Steele's  14  Weeks  Course  (seep. 34) 150 

Steele's  Geological  Cabinet, *4:0  oo 

Containing  125  carefully  selected  specimens.  In  four  parts.  Sold  separately,  ii 
desired.    See  circular  for  details. 

28 


The  jYatiQ7ia£   6'eries  o/  Sca7iaard  Sc/iool-HfooJts. 


Peck's  Ganot's  Popular  Physics. 

TESTIMOITIAIiS. 

From  Prof.  Axoxzo  Collin,  Cornell  College,  Iowa. 
I  am  pleased  with  it.    I  have  decided  to  introduce  it  ay  a  text-book. 

From  n.  F.  Johnson,  President  Madison  CoUege,  Sharon,  Msff. 
I  am  pleased  with  Peck's  Ganot,  aud  think  it  a  magnificent  book^ 

From  Prof.  Edward  Brooks,  Pennsylvania  State  Normal  S^Jiool 
So  eminent  are  its  merits,  that  it  will  be  introduced  as  the  text-book  iinot,  ^'a 
mcutary  physicb  in  this  institution.  ^^  "^""^  '^P®^  ^^* 

Fro7n  n.  n.  LocKwooD,  Professor  Natural  Philosophy  U.  S  Na^-al  Academy 
I  am  so  pleased  with  it  that  I  will  probably  ad'd  it  to  a  coir  ,se  of  Jo^tiirp-   rwSi» 
the  midshipmen  of  this  school  on  physics.  "  ^'  ^"  '^  co^'-'-e  o)  loUme.  given  ta 

From  Geo.  S.  Mackie,  Professor  Natural  EUiory  Vnicersit^  of  Nashville,  Tenn. 

From  W.  S.  McRae,  Superintendent  Yevay  Public  Schools,  Indiana 

T,^VKr"f„.^^P^^^"^^^'^°^^°1'^'^?"™^^'*f^f  text-books  on  natiirrJ  pliilo-onhv  T  fin 
not  hesitate  to  express  my  decided  opinion  in  favor  of  PcckV  Gan o  Tl^  iVinAor 
Btyle,  and  illustration  eminently  adapt  the  work  to  the  popukr  wan^s.  " 

From  Rev.  Samuel  McKinnet,  D.D.,  PresH  Austin  College,  IluntsviUe,  Texas. 

It  gives  me  pleasure  to  commend  it  to  teachers.    I  liave  f  au'-ht  «()me  cIipsp^  witlt 
it  as  onr  text,  and  must  say,  for  simplicity  of  style  and  cl earncs-^^  o™  ilSSio^^^ 
have  found  nothing  as  yet  published  of  e4ual  value  to  the  teacher  and  pupit' 
From  C.  V.  Spear,  Principal  Mapleioood  Institute,  Pittsfield.  Mass 

Fro7n  J.  A.  Banfield,  Superintendent  Marshall  Public  Schools,  Michigan 
ulnf^ohinrJ''''^^  Ganot  Since  18fi3,  and  with  increasing  pleasure  and  satisfa^-- 
t  on  each  term      I  consider  it  superior  to  any  other  work  on  physics  in  its  adaDta- 
i?n'  /,''   ''".•    ^'-'I    ^^''^^^'^  '"^"^^  academies.     Its  iUustrations  are  supeiCbettcr 
than  three  times  their  number  of  pages  of  fine  print.  ^upeio    Dettcr 

From  A.  Schutler,  Prof,  of  Mathematics  in  Baldwin  University,  Berea,  Ohio. 
..i^'IfZ-f  ^^'■^^^"^  examination  of  Peck's  Ganot's  Natural  Philosophy,  and  an  actual 
f^lr?^l^f^'^^'''''^^^^  ""  text-book,  I  can  heartily  recommend  it  as  admiral  yadapld 
to  meet  the  wanTs  of  the  grade  of  students  for  which  it  is  intended.    Its  dia  Sms 
and  illustrations  are  unrivaled.    We  use  it  in  the  Baldwin  University.       "'''°'*°'' 

From  D.  C.  Van  Norman,  Principal  Van  Norman  Institute,  New  York. 

thPl^.^wnl?  J^i'"?-^V  ^^  ^\  ^'''""^•.  ^'''^^^^^  ^y  ^'■o''-  rock,  is,  in  my  opinioP, 
wLf^!.  ""'''  ^J  ]^?  '":''':  f"^  *1'^  "^^  intended,  ever  published  in  this  country 
rl  n?.np/«  ;;^?f  ^,«f^ '"  !'''""''"  I?  <'r„"«^"'-al  order  of  the  topics,  the  precision  and 
ttnly^l^thYnkfin  advr^^^^  "^  ''^  "^''^  ""'  '^^"'^  ^^'  '''  i^^^t^^tS^B.  n  is  cer- 


^Z^^'^nllV^'^'^''  testimonials,  see  current  numbers  of  tlie  inHBtrated  Ed 


Kcational  BoJistiu. 

29 


Yhe  JVatlonat  Series  of  SUatdai'd  School-:Books, 


CHEMISTRY. 

Porter's  First  Book  of  Chemistry,  .  .  .  .  Ii  oo 
Porter's  Principles  of  Chemistry, 3  oo 

The  above  are  widely  known  as  the  productions  of  one  of  the  most  eminent  scien- 
tific men  of  America.  The  extreme  simplicity  in  the  method  of  presenting  th© 
science,  while  exhaustively  treated,  has  excited  universal  commendation. 

Darby's  Text-Book  of  Chemistry, i  75 

Purely  a  Chemistry,  divesting  the  subject  of  matters  comparatively  foreign  to  it 
(such  as  heat,  light,  electricity,  etc.),  but  usually  allowed  to  engross  too  much  atten- 
tion in  ordinary  school-books. 

Gregory's  Organic  Chemistry, ^50 

Gregory's  Inorganic  Chemistry, 2  50 

The  science  exhaustively  treated.    For  colleges  and  medical  students. 

Steele's  Fourteen  Weeks  Course, i  50 

A  successful  effort  to  reduce  the  study  to  the  limits  of  a  single  term^  thereby 
making  feasible  its  general  introduction  in  institutions  of  every  character.  The 
author's  felicity  of  style  and  success  in  making  the  science  pre-eminently  interest' 
ing  are  peculiarly  noticaable  features.     (See  page  34.) 

Steele's  Chemical  Apparatus,  ......    .*20  oo 

Adequate  to  the  performance  of  all  the  important  experiments  in  the  ordinary 
text-book. 

Steele's  New  Chemistry, {see  p.  31)     ....      i  50 

Contains  the  new  nomenclature, 

BOTANY. 
Thinker's  First  Lessons  in  Botany,  ....      40 

For  children.  The  technical  terms  are  largely  dispensed  with  in  favor  of  an 
easy  and  familiar  style  adapted  to  the  smallest  learner. 

Wood's  Object-lessons  in  Botany,  ....  i  50 
Wood  s  American  Botanist  and  Florist,  .  .  2  50 
Wood's  New  Class-Book  of  Botany, ....    3  50 

The  standard  text-books  of  the  United  States  in  this  department.  In  style  they 
are  simple,  popular,  and  lively;  in  arrangement,  easy  and  natural;  in  description, 
graphic  and  strictly  exact.  The  Tables  for  Analysis  are  reduced  to  a  perfect  sys- 
tem.   More  are  annually  sold  than  of  all  others  combined. 

Wood's  Plant  Record, *75 

A  simple  form  of  Blanks  for  recording  observations  in  the  field. 

Wood's  Botanical  Apparatus, *8  oo 

A  portable  Trunk,  containing  Drying  Press,  Knife,  Trowel,  Microscope,  and 
Tweezers,  and  a  copy  of  Wood's  Plant  Kecord— composing  a  complete  outfit  for 
the  collector. 

Young's  Familiar  Lessons, 2  oo 

Darby's  Southern  Botany, 2  oo 

Embracing  general  Structural  and  Physiological  Botany,  with  vegetable  products. 


The  J^atio7iat  Scries  of  Sta7idca'd  Sc/iool-DooA;s, 

PHYSIOLOGY. 

Jarvis'  Elements  of  Physiology, $75 

Jarvis'  Physiology  and  Laws  of  Health,     •  i  Gu 

The  only  books  cxta:it  v.iich  aiijjro^icli  this  E;iJ<j'.'ct  witli  a  proper  view 
of  the  true  object  of  tcacliin^  Physiology  in  schools,  v-z.,  that  scholars 
nv.iy  knoNV'  how  to  take  care  of  their  own  health.  In  hold  eoiitrast  with 
the  abstract  Aiuilotnies,  which  cliildren  lear.i  as  they  would  Greek  or 
Latin  (^and  forget  as  soon),  ta  diaciplina  the  inind,  arc  these  text-books, 
using  the  science  as  a  Fecondary  consideration,  and  only  so  far  as  is 
necessary  for  the  ccmprehcnsion  of  the  luivs  of  health. 

Hamilton's  Vegetable  &  Animal  Physiology,  1  25 

The  tAvo  brandies  of  tlie  B(i.:nc,>  combined  in  one  volume  lead  tlia  sia- 
de.it  to  a  proper  cumprehensioi  of  the  Analogies  of  Natii:  e. 

Dana's  Physiology,  Ethics,  and  Ethnology,    i  25 
Steele's  Fourteen  Weeks  in  Phy.,  (see  p.  34)    i  50 

ASTRONOMY. 
Steele's  Fourteen  Weeks'  Course, i  50 

Reduced  to  a  single  terra,  and  better  adapted  to  school  use  than  any 
•work  heretofore  published.  Not  written  for  the  inlorniation  of  scientific 
men,  but  for  the  inspiration  of  youth,  the  pages  are  not  burdened  with  a 
multitude  of  figures  wliich  no  memory  could  possibly  retain.  The  whole 
subject  is  presented  iu  a  clear  and  concise  form.  (See  p.  34.) 

lYiilard's  School  Astronomy, i  oo 

By  means  of  clear  and  attractive  illustrations,  addressing  the  eye  in 
many  cases  by  analogies,  careful  definitions  of  all  necessary  technical 
terms,  a  ca.eful  avoidance  of  verbiage  and  unimportant  matter,  particular 
attention  to  analysis,  and  a  general  adoption  of  tlie  simplest  methods, 
]^Irs.  Willard  has  made  the  best  and  most  attractive  e'c/Hf;i/ar^  Astron- 
omy extant 

Mclntyre's  Astronomy  and  the  Globes,    •    -  i  so 

A  complete  treatise  for  intermediate  classes.     Highly  approved. 

Bartlett's  Spherical  Astronomy, 5  oo 

Tlie  West  Point  course,  for  advanced  classes,  with  applications  to  the 
current  wants  of  Navigation,  Geography,  and  Chronology. 

NATURAL  HISTORY. 
Carl's  Child's  Book  of  Natural  History,  .    .  0  50 

Illustrating  the  Animal,  Vegetable,  and  Mineral  Kingdoms,  with  appli- 
catiou  to  the  Arts.    For  beginners,    lieautifully  uud  copiously  illustrated. 

ZOOLOGY. 
Chambers'  Elements  of  Zoology, 1  so 

A  complete  and  comprehensive  system  sf  Zoology,  adapted  for  aca^" 
demic  instruction,  presenting  a  syatematlc  view  of  the  Animal  Kingdom 
as  a  portion  of  external  Nature. 

32 


JVatio7ial  Series  of  Sta?ida7^d  School-^^ooks, 

Jarvis'  Physiology  and  Laws  of  Health. 

TESTIMONIALS. 
Frvm  Samtjex  B.  McLane,  Superintendent  Fublic  Schools,  Keokuk^  Iowa. 
I  am  glad  to  see  a  really  good  text-book  on  this  much  neglected  branch.     This  ia 
5lear,  concise,  accurate,  and  eminently  adapted  to  the  class-room. 

Frtym  William  F.  Wyees,  Principal  of  Academy,  West  Ches-ter,  Pennsylvania- 

A  thorough  examination  has  satisfied  me  of  its  superior  claims  as  a  text-book  to  the 
attention  of  teacher  and  taught.    I  shall  inti-oduce  it  at  once. 

From  H.  R.  Sanfoeo,  Prindiml  of  East  Genesee  Conference  Seminary,  N.  Y. 

"Jarvis'  Physiology"  is  received,  and  fully  met  our  expectations.  "We  immediately 
adopted  it. 

From  Isaac  T.  Goodnow,  State  Superintendent  of  Kansas— published  in  connection 
ivith  the  '■'School  Laio." 

"Jarvis'  Physiology,"  a  common-sense,  practical  work,  -with  just  enough  of  anat- 
omy to  understand  the  physiological  portions.  The  last  six  pages,  on  Man's  Respon 
Bibility  for  his  own  health,  are  worth  the  price  of  the  book. 

From  D.  W.  Stevens,  Superintendent  Public  Schools,  Fall  River,  Mass. 

I  have  examined  Jarvis'  "  Physiology  and  Laws  of  Health,"  which  you  had  the 
kindness  to  send  to  me  a  short  time  ago.  In  my  judgment  it  is  far  the  best  work  of 
the  kind  within  my  knowledge.  It  has  been  adopted  as  a  text-book  in  our  public 
schools. 

From  IIexry  G.  Denny,  Chairman  Book  Committee,  Boston,  Mass. 

The  very  excellent  "  Physiology "  of  D.  Jarvis  I  had  introduced  into  our  High 
School,  where  the  study  had  been  temporarily  dropped,  believing  it  to  be  by  far  the 
best  work  of  the  kind  that  had  come  under  my  observation;  indeed,  the  reintroduc- 
tion  of  the  study  was  delayed  for  some  months,  because  Dr.  Jarvis'  book  could  not  be 
had,  and  we  were  unwilling  to  take  any  other. 

From  Peof.  A.  P.  Peabody,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  Harvard  University. 
•  *  I  have  been  in  the  habit  of  examining  school-books  with  great  care,  and  I 
hesitate  not  to  say  that,  of  all  the  text-books  on  Physiology  which  have  been  given  to 
the  public,  Dr.  Jarvis'  deserves  the  first  place  on  the  score  of  accuracy,  thoroughness, 
method,  simplicity  of  statement,  and  constant  reference  to  topics  of  practical  interest 
and  utility. 

From  James  N.  Townsend,  Suxierintendent  Public  Schools,  Hudson,  N.  Y. 
Every  human  being  is  appointed  to  take  charge  of  his  own  body;  and  of  all  bookB 
written  upon  this  subject.  I  know  of  none  which  will  so  well  prepare  one  to  do  this  aa 
"Jarvis'  Physiology" — that  is,  in  so  small  a  compass  of  matter.  It  considers  the 
pure,  simple  laivs  of  health  paramount  to  science  ;  and  though  the  work  is  thoroughly 
scientific,  it  is  divested  of  all  cumbrous  technicalities,  and  presents  the  subject  of  phy- 
sical life  in  a  manner  and  style  really  charming.  It  is  unquestionably  the  best  text- 
book on  physiology  I  have  ever  seen.  It  is  giving  great  satisfaction  in  the  schools  oi 
this  city,  where  it  has  been  adopted  as  the  standard. 

From  L.  J.  Saiifoed,  M.D.,  Prof.  Anatomy  and  Physiology  in  Yale  College 
Books  on  human  physiology,  designed  for  the  use  of  schools,  are  more  generally  a 
failure  perhaps  than  are  school-books  on  most  other  subjects. 

The  great  want  in  this  department  is  met,  we  think,  in  the  well-written  treatise  of 
Dr.  Jarvis,  entitled  "  Physiology  and  Laws  of  Health."  *  *  The  work  is  not  too 
detailed  nor  too  expansive  in  any  department,  and  is  clear  and  concise  in  all.  It  ia 
not  burdened  with  an  excess  of  anatomical  description,  nor  rendered  discursive  by 
many  zoological  references.  Anatomical  statements  are  made  to  the  extent  of  quali- 
fying  the  student  to  attend,  understandingly,  to  an  exposition  of  those  functional  pro- 
Besses  which,  collectively,  make  up  health;  thus  the  laws  of  health  are  enunciated, 
and  many  suggestions  are  given  which,  if  heeded,  will  tend  to  its  preservation. 


t^~    For  further  testimony  of  similar  character,  see  current  nambers  of  the  Illu* 
t»«ted  Kducational  Bulletin, 

33 


77/6  A7(n'<,7:a?  .^cn'es   of  Sfcn?dard  Sc?ioot-2)ooks. 


NEW 
ED., 

%\ 

50 

50 

GO 

. 

50 

. 

50 

NATURAL   SCIENCE. 

'FOURTEEN  WEEKS"  IN  EACH  BEAITOH. 

By   J.    DORMAN   STEELE,   A.  M. 

Steele's  14  Weeks  Course  in  Chemistry 
Steele's  14  Weeks  Course  in  Astronomy 
Steele's  14  Weeks  Course  in  Philosophy 
Steele's  14  Weeks  Course  in  Geology. 
Steele's  14  Weeks  Course  in  Physiology 

Our  Text-Books  in  these  studies  arc,  as  a  general  thing,  dull  and  uninteresting 
They  contain  from  400  to  CJO  pages  of  dry  facts  and  uuconncctcd  details.  They 
abound  in  that  which  the  student  cannot  learn,  much  less  remember.  The  pupil 
commences  the  study,  i^  confused  by  the  line  print  and  coarse  print,  and  neither 
knowing  exactly  what  to  learn  nor  what  to  hapten  over,  is  crowded  through  llics 
single  term  generally  assigned  to  each  branch,  and  frequently  comes  to  the  clo_'e 
Without  a  definite  and  exact  idea  of  a  single  scientific  principle. 

Steele's  Fourteen  Weeks  Courses  contain  only  that  which  every  weH-in formed 
person  should  know,  while  all  that  which  concerns  only  the  professional  scientist 
is  omitted.  The  language  is  clear,  simple,  and  interesting,  and  the  illustrations 
bring  the  subject  within  the  range  of  home  Iffe  and  daily  experience.  They  ^rive 
such  of  the  general  principles  and  the  prominent  facts  as  a  pupil  can  make  famil- 
iar as  household  words  within  a  single  term.  The  tj-pe  is  large  and  open ;  there 
is  no  fine  print  to  annoy;  the  cuti  are  copies  of  genuine  experiments  or  naturar 
phenomena,  and  arc  of  fine  execution. 

In  fine,  by  a  syste.n  of  condensation  peculiarly  his  own,  the  author  reduces  each 
branch  to  the  limits  of  a  single  term  of  study,  while  sacrificing  nothing  that  is  es- 
sential, and  nothing  that  is  usually  retained  from  the  study  of  the  larg1;r  manuals 
in  common  use.  Thus  the  student  has  rare  opportunity  to  economize  his  time,  or 
rather  to  employ  that  which  he  has  to  the  best  advantage. 

A  notable  feature  is  the  author's  charming  "style,"  fortified  by  an  enthusiasm 
over  liis  subject  in  which  the  student  will  not  fail  to  partake.  Believin.'  that 
Natural  Science  is  full  of  fascination,  he  has  moulded  it  into  a  form  that  atlracia 
■fhe  attention  and  kindles  the  enthusiasm  of  the  pupil. 

The  recent  editions  contain  the  author's  "Practical  Questions"  on  a  plan  never 
before  attempted  in  scientific  text-books.  These  are  questions  as  to  the  nature 
and  cause  of  common  phenomena,  and  are  not  directly  answered  in  the  text,  the 
design  being  to  test  and  promote  an  inteUigent  use  of  the  student's  knowled-'e  of 
the  foregoing  principles.  ° 

Steele's  General  Key  to  his  Works-    .    .    .  *i  53 

This  work  is  mainly  composed  of  Answers  to  the  Practical  Questions  and  Solu- 
tions  of  the  Problems  in  the  author's  celebrated  "Fourteen  Weeks  Courses  "  iu 
the  several  Bcieuces,  wath  many  hints  to  teachers,  minor  Tables,  &c.  Should  ba 
on  every  teacher's  desk. 

34 


7he  J\rational  Sei^ies  of  Standard  School- SooA^s^ 

Steele's  14  Weeks  in  each  Science, 

TESTIMOnxriALS. 

From  L.  A.  Bikle,  President  N.  C.  College. 
I  have  not  been  disappointed.    Stiall  take  pleasure  in  introducing  thia  eeries. 

From  J.  F.  Cox,  Prest.  Southern  Female  College,  Ga. 
t  am  mucli  pleased  with  these  books,  and  expect  to  introduce  them. 

From  J.  R.  Branham,  Pnn.  Brownsville  Female  College,  Term. 
They  are  capital  little  books,  and  are  now  in  use  in  our  institution. 

From  W.  H.  Goodaxe,  Professor  ReadvUle  Seminary,  La. 
"We  are  using  your  14  Weeks  Course,  and  are  much  pleased  with  them. 

From  W.  A.  Boles,  Supt.  Shelbyville  Graded  School,  Ind. 
They  are  as  entertaining  as  a  story  book,  and  much  more  improving  to  the  mind. 

From  S.  A.  Snow,  Principal  cf  High  School,  Uxbridge,  Mass, 

Steele's  14  Weeks  Courses  in  the  Sciences  are  a  perfect  success. 

From  John  W.  Doughty,  Neivburg  Free  Academy,  ISf.  Y. 

I  was  prepared  to  find  Prof.  Steele's  Course  both  attractive  and  instructive.  My 
Ibighest  expectations  have  been  fully  realized. 

From  J.  S.  Blackwexl,  Prest.  Ghent  College,  Ky. 

Prof.  Steele's  unexampled  success  in  providing  for  the  wants  of  academic  classes, 
has  led  me  to  look  forward  with  higli  anticipationa  to  his  forthcoming  issue. 

From  J.  F.  Cook,  T^^est.  La  Grange  College,  Mo. 

I  am  pleased  with  the  neatness  of  these  books  and  the  delightful  diction.  I  have 
been  teaching  for  years,  and  have  never  seen  a  lovelier  httle  volume  than  the  As- 
tronomy. 

From  M.  W.  Smith,  Prin.  of  High  School,  Morrison,  111. 

They  seem  to  me  to  be  admirably  adapted  to  Ihe  v.-ants  cf  a  public  school,  con- 
taining, as  they  do,  a  sufficiently  comprehensive  arrangemeut  of  elementary  prin- 
ciples to  excite  a  healthy  thirst  for  a  more  thorough  knowledge  of  those  sciences. 

From  J.  D.  Baktlet,  Prin.  of  High  School,  Concord,  N.  H. 

They  are  just  such  books  as  I  have  looked  for,  viz..  those  of  interesting  style, 
not  cumbersome  and  filled  up  with  thlDgs  to  be  omitted  by  the  pupil,  and  yet  suf- 
ficiently full  of  facts  for  the  purpose  of  most  scholars  in  these  sciences  in  our  hi^h 
schools ;  there  is  nothing  but  what  a  pupil  of  average  ability  can  thorougmy 
master. 

From  Alonzo  Norton  Lewis,  Principal  of  Parker  Academy,  Conn. 

I  consider  Steele's  Fourteen  Weeks  Courses  in  Philosophy,  Chemistiy,  &c.,  the 
l>est  school-books  that  have  been  issued  in  this  country. 

As  an  introduction  to  the  various  branches  of  which  they  treat,  and  especially 
for  that  numerous  claes  of  pupils  who  have  not  the  time  for  a  more  extended 
course,  I  consider  them  invaluable. 

From  Edward  Brooks,  I^in.  State  Normal  School,  URUersville,  Pa. 

At  the  meeting  of  Normal  School  Principals.  I  presented  the  following  resolu- 
tion, which  was  unanimously  adopted:  '■'■  Reiolved,  That  Steele's  14  Weeks 
Courses  in  Natural  Philosophy  and  Astronomy,  or  an  amount  equivalent  to  what 
is  contained  in  them,  be  adopted  for  use  in  the  State  Normal  Schools  of  Pennsyl- 
vania." The  works  themselves  will  be  adopted  by  at  least  thr«e  of  the  echoola, 
and,  I  presume,  by  them  all. 

35 


The  JVational  Se?/es  of  6'la?idard  School  SooJbs^ 

ELOCUTION\ 


Watson's  Practical  Elocution $o  25 

A  brief,  clear,  aiul  most,  satisfactory  treatise — same  as  in  "  Independent 
Fifth  Reader."    The  subject  fully  illustrated  by  diagrams. 

Zachos'  Analytic  Elocution      i  50 

All  departments  of  elocution — such  as  the  analysis  of  the  voice  and  the 

sentence,  phonolo!^,  rhythm,  expression,  gesture,  &c are  here  arranged 

for  instruction  in  classes,  illustrated  by  copious  examples. 

Sherv/ood's  Self  Culture i  oo 

Self-culture  in  reading,  Bpeaking,  and  conversation— a  very  vflluable 
treatise  to  those  who  would  perfect  themselves  in  these  accomplishments. 

S  P  E  A  K  E  R  S.  " 

Northend's  Little  Orator,  *60-Child's  Speaker*60 

Two  little  works  of  the  same  grade  but  different  selections,  cimtaining 
simple  and  attractive  pieces  for  children  under  twelve  years  of  age. 

Northend's  Young  Declaimer *^5 

Northend's  National  Orator *i  25 

Two  volumes;  of  Prose.  Poetry,  and  Dialogue,  adapted  to  inter- 
mediate and  grammar  clasees  respectively. 

Northend's  Entertaining  Dialogues-    •    •    •*!  25 

Extracts  eminently  adapted  to  cultivate  the  dramatic  faculties,  as  well 
as  entertuii'  an  audience. 

Swett's  Common  School  Speaker    .    .    .    .*1  25 

Selections  from  recent  literatuie. 

Raymond's  Patriotic  Speaker *2  00 

A  stipero  comnilation  ol  modern  eloquence  and  poetry,  with  original 
dramatic  exercises.  Nearly  every  eminent  living  orator  is  represented, 
without  distinction  of  place  or  party. 

COMPOSITION,   (fecT 

Brookfield's  First  Book  in  Composition    •     50 

Making  llie  cultivation  of  tliis  important  art  feasible  for  the  smallest 
child.     By  a  now  method,  to  induce  and  stimulate  thought. 

Boyd's  Composition  and  Rhetoric       ...  1  50 

This  work  furnishes  all  the  aid  that  is  needful  or  can  bp  desired  in 
the  various  departments  and  styles  of  composition,  both  inprcse  and  verse. 

Day's  Art  of  Rhetoric l  25 

Noted  for  exactness  of  definition,  clear  limitation,  and  philosophical 
development  of  6nl>ject;  the  large  share  of  attention  given  to  Inrentiwn, 
«a  a  branch  of  Rhetoric,  and  the  unequalled  analysis  of  style 

38 


The  J\ratio7ial  Series  of  Standard  Sc?iool-:Sooks, 

MODERN  LANGUAGE. 

French  and  English  Primer, $    lo 

German  and  English  Primer, lO 

Spanish  and  English  Primer, 30 

The  names  of  commou  objects  properly  illustrated  and  arranged  in  easy 

lessons. 

Ledru's  French  Fables, ^^ 

Ledru's  French  Grammar,     •    • l  oo 

Ledru's  French  Reader,  ...«>.....  i  oo 

The  author's  long  experience  has  enable  1  lilm  to  present  the  most  thor- 
oughly practical  text-books  extant,  in  thii  branch.  The  sy^tjiu  of  pro- 
nunciation (by  phonetic  illustration)  is  original  with  this  author,  and  will 
commend  itself  to  all  American  teachers,  as  it  enables  their  pupils  to  se- 
cure an  absolutely  correct  pronunciation -without  the  assistance  of  a  native 
master.  This  feature  is  peculiarly  vahiable  also  to  "  self-taught"  students. 
The  directions  for  ascertaining  the  gender  of  French  nouns — also  a  great 
Btumbling-block — are  peculiar  to  this  work,  and  will  be  found  remarkably 
competent  to  the  end  proposed.  The  criticism  of  teachers  and  the  test  of 
the  school-room  is  invited  to  this  exiclleat  series,  Avitii  confidence. 

Worman's  French  Echo, i  25 

To  teach  conversational  French  by  actual  practice,  on  an  entirely  new- 
plan,  which  recognizes  the  importance  or  the  student  learning  to  think  in 
the  language  which  he  speaks.  It  furnishes  an  extensive  vocabulary  of 
■words  and  expressions  in  common  use,  and  suffices  to  free  tlie  learner 
from  the  embarrassments  which  the  peculiarities  of  his  own  tongue  are 
likely  to  be  to  him,  and  to  make  him  thoroughly  familiar  with  the  use 
of  proper  idioms. 

Worman's  German  Echo, 1  25 

On  the  same  plan.     See  Worman's  German  Series,  page  29. 

Pujol's  Complete  French  Class-Book,  ...  2  25 

OffL^TB,  in  one  volume,  methodically  arranged,  a  complete  French  course 
— usually  embraced  in  series  of  from  five  to  twelve  books,  including  the 
l)ulky  and  expensive  Lexicon.  H^'re  are  Grammar,  Conversation,  and 
choice  Literature — selected  from  the  best  French  authors.  Each  branch, 
is  thoroughly  handled  ;  and  the  student,  having  diligently  completed  the 
course  as  prescribed,  may  consider  himself,  without  further  application, 
aufait  in  the  most  polite  and  elegant  language  of  moderu  times. 

fflaurice-Poitevin's  Grammaire  Francaise,  •  1  00 

American  schools  are  at  last  supplied  with  an  American  edition  of  this 
famous  text-book.  Many  of  our  best  institutions  have  for  years  been  pro- 
curing it  from  abroad  rather  than  forego  the  advantages  it  oflfers.  The 
policy  of  putting  students  who  have  acquired  some  proficiency  from  the 
ordinary  text-books,  into  a  Grammar  written  in  the  vernacular,  can  not; 
■fee  too  highly  commended.  It  affords  an  opportunity  for  finish  and  review 
at  once ;  while  embodying  abundant  practice  of  its  own  rules. 

Joynes'  French  Pronuncialionj ^o 

Willard's  Historia  de  los  Estados  Unidos,  •  2  00 

The  History  of  the  United  States,  translated  by  Professors  Tolon  and 
Db  T0ENO8,  will  be  found  a  valuable,  instructive,  aad  eatcrtaining  read- 


ing-book for  Spanish  classes.  .  ^ 


The  JV'atlonal  Series  of  Standard  School-^ooks. 

PujoPs  Complete  French  Class-Book. 

TESTIMONIALS. 
From  Trof.  Elias  Peissnee,  TJiiion  College. 
I  take  great  i)lcasai"e  in  recommeiKling  Pujol  and  Van  Norman's  French  ClaeS" 
Book,  as  there  is  'U)  yrench  grammar  or  class-book  which  can  be  compared  with 
it  in  completeness,  system,  clearness,  and  general  utility. 

F'-om  Edwaed  Nouth,  President  of  Hamilton  College. 
I  have  ca'i'pfully  examined  Pujol  and  Yan  Norman's  French  Class-Book,  and  am 
satisfied  jf  its  superiority,  for  college  purposes,  over  any  other  heretoiore  used. 
.We  shall  i'  jt  fail  to  use  it  with  our  next  class  in  French. 

Fr^?r  A.  Cuutis,  Preset  of  Cincinnati  Literary  and  Scientific  Institute. 
I  am  confident  that  it  may  be  made  an  instrument  in  conveying  to  the  student, 
'n  fr'jir,  six  month:?  to  a  year,  the  art  of  speaking  and  writing  the  French  with 
ftlmost  native  fluency  and  propriety. 

Frotn  UrRAiii  Oecutt,  A.  M.,  Prin.  Glenwood  and  Tilden  Ladies'  Seminaiies. 

I  have  used  Pujol's  French  Grammar  in  my  two  seminaries,  exclusively,  for 
2iore  than  a  year,  and  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  I  regard  it  the  best  text- 
book in  this  department  extant.  And  my  opinion  is  confirmed  by  the  testimony 
of  Prof  F.  De  Launay  and  Madcmci::cllo  Mariuuin.  They  assure  me  that  the 
book  is  eminently  accurate  and  practical,  as  tested  in  the  school-room. 

From  Pegs'.  Tdeo.  F.  De  Fusiat,  Hebrew  Educational  Institute,  Memphis,  Tenn. 
M.  Pujol's  French  Grammar  is  one  of  the  best  and  most  practical  works.  The 
French  language  is  chosen  and  elegant  in  style— modern  ard  easy.  It  is  far  su- 
perior to  tlie  other  French  class-bocks  in  this  country.  The  t  election  of  tlie  con- 
versational part  is  A'ery  good,  and  Avill  interest  pupils  ;  and  beirg  all  complet(  d  in 
only  one  volume,  it  is  especially  desirable  to  have  it  introduced  in  our  schools. 

From  Peof.  James  II.  Woeman,  Bordeniovm  Female  College,  N.  J. 
The  work  is  upon  the  same  plan  as  the  text-books  for  the  study  of  French  and 
English  published  in  Berlin,  for  the  study  of  thotev.ho  have  not  the  aid  of  a 
teacher,  and  these  books  are  considered,  by  the  ^iveX  authorities,  the  best  books. 
In  most  of  our  institutions,  Americans  teach  the  modcrji  languages,  and  hereto- 
fore the  troitble  has  been  to  give  them  a  text-book  that  would  clispoFe  of  the 
difficulties  of  the  Frencli  pronunciation.  This  difficulty  is  successfully  removed 
by  P.  and  Yan  N.,  and  I  have  every  reason  to  believe  it  v.  ill  soon  make  its  way 
into  most  of  our  best  schools. 

From  Pkof.  Chaeles  S.  Dod,  Ann  Smith  Academy,  Lexington,  Va. 
I  cannot  do  better  than  to  recommend  "  Pujol  and  Yan  Norman."    For  compre- 
hensive and  systematic  arrangement,  progrcfsivo  and  tkorciigh  dc\clopmcut  of 
all  grammatical  principles  and  idioms,  v.itli  a  duo  admixture ortbcoictical  knowl- 
edge and  practical  exercise,  I  regard  it  as  superior  to  any  (other)  book  of  tie  kind. 

From  A.  A.  Foester,  Prin.  PineJiurst  ScJiccl,  Toronto,  C.  W. 
1  have  great  satisfaction  in  bearing  testimony  to  M.  rnjcl's  System  of  French 
Instruction,  as  given  in  hi  ?  complete  cl'^cs-book.  For  dcarness  and  comprehen- 
siveness, adapted  for  all  classes  cf  pnpil:^,  I  have  found  it  superior  to  any  other 
vvork  of  the  kind,  and  have  nov/  used"it  for  some  years  in  my  establishment  Mith 
great  success. 

Fi'om  Peof.  Otto  Feddee,  Ilcpleivood  Lisiitutz,  Pittsfidd,  Mass. 
The  conversational  exercises  will  prove  an  immense  saving  of  the  hardest  kind 
Di  labor  to  teachers.  Thcie  is  scarcely  .iny  thing  mord  trying  in  tlic  way  of 
teaching  language,  than  to  rack  your  bf.ain  "for  short  and  easily  intcllin-ible  bits 
of  conversation,  and  to  repeat  them  time  and  again  with  no  better  re-  ult  than 
extorting  at  long  intervals  a  doubting  '•  oui,"  or  a  hesitating  "  non,  monsici:r  " 

2:3?"  For  further  testimony  of  a  similar  character,  sec  Fpccl-i)  circular,  and 
currcxit  numbers  of  the  Educational  Bulletin. 

41 


The  J^ational  Series  of  Standard  School-Sooks, 

GERMAN. 

A  COMPLETE  COUESE  IN  THE  6EEMAU. 

By   JAMES   H.  WORMAN,   A.  M. 

Worman's  Elementary  German  Grammar   ei  no 
Worman's  Complete  German  Grammar      .  2  co 

These  volumes  are  designed  for  intermediate  and  advanced  classes  respectively. 
The  bitterness  with  which  they  have  been  attacked,  and  their  extraordinary  suc- 
cess in  the  face  of  an  unprincipled  opposition,  are  facts  whicLhave  stamped  them 
as  possessing  unparalleled  merit. 

Though  following  the  sime  general  method  with  "Otto"  (that  of  'Gaspey'). 
our  author  differs  essentially  in  its  application.  He  is  more  practical,  more  tyji- 
tematic,  more  accurate,  and  besides  introduces  a  number  of  invaluable  features 
which  liave  never  before  been  combined  in  a  German  grammar. 

Among  other  things,  it  may  be  claimed  for  Prof.  Worman  that  he  has  bceo 
the  first  to  introduce  in  an  American  text-book  for  learning  German,  a  system 
of  analogy  and  comparison  with  other  languages.  Our  best  teachers  are  also 
enthusiastic  about  his  methods  of  inculcating  the  art  of  speaking,  of  understanding 
the  spoken  language,  of  correct  pronunciation  ;  the  sensible  and  con-s'enient  origi' 
nal  classification  of  nouns  (in  four  declensions),  and  of  irregular  verbs,  also  de- 
serves much  praise.  We  also  note  the  use  of  heavy  type  to  indicate  etymological 
changes  in  the  paradigms  »nd,  in  the  exercises,  the  parts  which  specially  illustrate 
preceding  rules. 

Worman's  Elementary  German  Reader,     •    i  so 
Worman's  German  Reader i  75 

The  finest  compilation  of  classical  and  standard  German  Literature  ever  offered 
to  American  students.  It  embraces,  progressively  arranged,  selections  from  tlie 
masterpieces  of  Goethe,  Schiller,  Komer,  Seume,  Uhland,  Freiligrath,  Heine, 
SclJegel,  Holty,  Lenau,  Wieland,  Herder,  Lessing,  Kant,  Fichte,  Schelling,  Wiu- 
kelmann,  Humboldt,  Ranke,  Raunier,  Menzel,  Gervinus,  &c.,  and  contains  com- 
plete Goethe's  "  IpLigenie,"  Schiller's  "Jungfrau;"  also,  for  instruction  in  mod- 
ern conversational  German,  Benedix's  "  Eigensinn." 

There  are  besides.  Biographical  Sketches  of  each  author  contributing,  Notes, 
explanatory  and  philological  (after  the  text),  Grammatical  References  to  aU  lead- 
ing grammars,  as  well  as  the  editor's  own,  and  an  adequate  Vocabulary. 

Worman's  German  Echo l  25 

Consists  of  exercises  in  colloquial  style  entirely  in  the  German,  with  an  ade- 
quate vocabulary,  not  only  of  words  but  of  idioms.  The  object  of  the  system  ("c- 
Teloped  in  this  work  (and  its  companion  volume  in  the  French)  is  to  break  up  ll.c 
laborious  and  tedious  habit  of  translating  the  thoughts,  which  is  the  student's 
most  efi'ectual  bar  to  fluent  conversation,  and  to  lead  him  to  think  in  the  language 
in  which  he  speaks.  As  the  exercises  illustrate  scenes  in  actual  life,  a  considera- 
ble knowledge  of  the  manners  and  customs  of  the  German  pcoplo  13  also  acquired 
from  the  use  of  this  manual. 

42 


2-he^aHoual  Series  of  Sta7idard  SchoolSooks. 


Worman's  aerman  Grammars. 

TESTIMONIALS. 

From  Prof.   R,  W.  Joxics,  Pctcr.lnrg  Female  College,  Va. 
thfs'£uu«on.''"''''"°'*'^"°^''"  ''  ^^™-^  '=«^*-»  ^  *'-^^  -^-c/uc.  it  int. 

^^^^^«;«..W.  addzUon  to  our  school-books,  aM  will  find  :many  friends,  and  do  yroat 

I  am  better  pleased  with  them  than  any  I  ha^  ever  tiiiMiV     T  ),„^,  „i       j         ^       , 
through  our  booksellers.  ''^  '^    taught.    1  liave  already  ordered 

From  Prof.  R.  S.  K.ndall,  Vernon  Academy,  Conn. 
i  at  once  put  the  Elementary  Grammar  into  tha  h.m.ic  «f  «  „i  e  r.     ■ 

have  used  it  .6-iYA  great  sati.factilm  "  "^'^^"^  °^  beginners,  and 

i^ro»i  Pro/:'  D.  E.  Holmes,  Berlm  Academy,  Wis. 
clalS"'"  '  '''™'"  ""'•^^  "'•^  *"^^^""'"--     I  ^'^^»  -^'  *hom  hereafter  in  my  German 

From  Prof.  Magntts  Buciiiioltz,  Hiram  College,  Ohio 
it  'JlTeSdhet.'^'  ''""^^^^^  ^'•^-°^^^'  -^  ««^  ^^  ^--^^-^^-     You  may  rely  that 

rv^   o  ^'T?  ^'■'"-  '^"'''-  ^-  '^"^'=^'  ^^'^«««^^^^^«^^^<^»^^-««/'y,  A> 
«.^S»!55;?SS^:S^;;:^ili;^Ji-  -te..ive  circulation.     It  is  «.. 
From,  Prof.  Alp.x..  Eosenspitz,  ^o^.^^^w  Academy,  Texas 

rvy.    r        w  ^r"'  ^'■"•^'  ^-  ^^^^^"'^■'''  ^t^i/«sta^er>n-««n/,  Maine. 
1  he  Complete  Grammar  cannot  fail   to  mw3  areat  K'ih\f,'-f!n,.   i,  ,  m        •      ,•  •. 
ofits  arrangement  and  by  its  completeness  «^<;iS/a,iio?i  by  the   simplicity 

iJ'ro^Ji  Prtu.  Oval  Piukey,  Christian  University,  Mo 

wSt5;:^^^^:ifSSL'J^?S.n^^^^°^«  th.author.iU   succeed  as 

P>07)i  Pro/.  S.  D.  IIiLLMAx,  Dickinson  Collr.je,  Pa. 

P/-o;«  P/-in.  Silas  Liver.voue,  Bloomfield  Seminary,  Mo 
proptrto  mlu'  Serm"Sru"c?cr"?f  ^'''1^  educated  Prussian  gentleman  .horn  I 
?Ietas  expressed^/^:,yii.:i:;;r  o/ui'^^  ^Z^  ""''''  ^^"^  ^*^^'"=^"  ^'^^^ 

Vro^n'c^uTiT^o^^^^^^  I  ^ave  no  hesitation  in 

present  i:i  use  in  this^un?ry?  ^''decided  tmprovement  on  the  te.^t-books  at 

P/-o;ji  P/-^/.  Lewis  Kistler,  Northwestern  UnivtrsUy,  III 

gramnVvr  promotes^  the  fadlit/ of  le  mH^i.^-Tr^'^p^  ''''''  '!'^'  gratification-that  your 

acquainted  with  its  rich  Sture.  ^'•''^'""-  ^'"^  ^'^""^^  language,  and  of  becoming 

i^/-o;7i  P/.fs.  -J.  p.  Rous,  ^toc--?-?/7eZ^  (7.>/;6^iV,<6  Tn^t,^  j„,f 

Jle.te  Grammar  eqLilySia'ctiVc"'^  ^'''  "'"'""^^  ^''"^^«-    ^  '^'"^  '^^  Com 

43 


JVatlo7ial  Se7'lcs  of  Standard  Schoot-Doo^s, 

THE   CLASSICS. 

LATIN. 
Silber's  Latin  Course, $i  25 

The  book  contains  an  Epitome  of  Latin  Grammar,  followed  by  P.cadin'^  Exercises, 
vitli  explanatory  Notes  aad  copious  References  to  the  leading  Lati.i  Grammars,  and 
also  to  the  Epitome  which  precedes  the  work.  Then  follow  a  Latin-English  Vocabu- 
lary and  Exercises  in  Latin  Prose  Composition,  being  thus  complete  in  itself,  and  a 
very  suitable  work  to  pat  iu  the'  hands  of  one  about  to  study  the  language. 


Searing's  Yirgil's  ^neid, 2  25 

It  contains  only  the  fust  six  books  of  the  ^neiJ.  2.  A  very  carefully  constructed 
Dictionary.  3.  Sufficiently  copious  Notes.  4.  Grammatical  references  to  four  lead- 
ing Grammars.  5.  Numerous  Illustrations  of  the  higliesh  order,  G.  A  suiierb  .Map 
of  the  Mediterranean  and  adjacent  countries.  7.  De.  S.  IL  Taylor's  "  Questions  ou 
the  .iEneid."'  8.  A  Metrical  Index,  and  an  Essay  on  the  Poetical  Style.  9.  A  piioto- 
graphic  fae  simile  of  a  i  early  Latin  M.S.  13.  The  text  according  to  Jahn,  but  para- 
graphed according  to  Ladewig.     11.  Superior  mechanical  c::jcL:lio.i. 

Blair's  Latin  Pronunciation, i  oo 

Hanson's  Latin  Prose  Book, 3  oo 

Hanson's  Latin  Poetry, 3  oo 

Andrews  ik  Stoddard's  Latin  Grammar,  i  50 

Andrews'  Questions  on  the  Grammar,     •  'O  15 

Andrews'  Latin  Exercises, *i  25 

Andrews'  Viri  BomaBs *i  25 

Andrews'  Saliust's  Jugurthine  'War,  &c.  *i  50 

Andrews'  Eclogues  &  Georgics  of  Viroil,  *i  so 

Andrews'  Caesar's  Commentaries, ....  "^i  so 

Andrews'  Ovid's  Metamorphoses,     .    .    .  n  25 

Gf-REEK. 

Crosby's  Greek  Grammar, 2  oo 

Crosby's  Xenophon's  Anabasis, i  25 

Searing's  Homer's  Uiad, — - 

MYTHOLOGY. 
Dwight's  Grecian  and  Roman  Mythology. 

School  edition,  $1  25;  University  edition,     "3  00 

A  knowledge  of  the  fables  of  antiquity,  thus  presented  in  a  systematic  form,  is  as 
indispensable  to  the  student  of  general  literature  as  to  him  who  would  peruse  intelli- 
rently  the  classical  authors.  Tlie  mythological  allusions  vo  frequent  yj.  literature  are 
readily  understood  with  such  ti  Il-y  as  this. 


%W%  Utafknialics, 


^^     And  Only  Thorough  and  Complete  Mathematical  Series. 


13Sr     THI^EIZ:     E>.A.I^TS- 


/.   COMMON  SCHOOL    COURSE. 

Da  vies'  Primary  Arithmetic— The  fondamental  principles  displayed  in 

Object  Lessons. 
Davies'  Intellectual  Arithmetic— Ueferring  all  operations  to  the  unit  1  as 

the  only  tangible  basis  for  logical  development. 
Davies'  Slements  of  Written  Arithmetic— A  practical  introduction  to 

the  whole  subject.    Theory  subordinated  to  Practice. 
Davies''  Practical  Arithmetic*— The  most  successful  combination  of  Theory 

and  Practice,  clear,  exact,  brief,  and  comprehensive. 

//.  ACADEMIC  COURSE. 

Davies'  University  Arithmetic*— Treating  the  subject  exhaustively  as 

a  science.,  in  a  logical  series  of  connected  propositions. 
Davies'  Elementary  Alg-ebra-*- A  connecting  link,  conducting  the  pupil 

easily  from  arithmetical  jn-ocesses  to  abstract  analysis. 
Davies'  University  Algebra  »*— For  institutions  desiring  a  more  complete 

but  not  the  fullest  course  in  pure  Algebra. 
Davies'  Practical  Pffiathematics-— The  science  practically  applied  to  the 

useftd  arts,  as  Drawing,  Architecture,  Surveying,  Mechanics,  etc. 
Davies'  Elementary  Geometry.— The  important  principles  m  simple  form, 

but  with  all  the  exactness  of  vigorous  reasoning. 
Davies'  Elements  of  Surveying-.— Re-written  in  1870.     The  simplest  and 

most  practical  presentation  for  youths  of  12  to  16. 

///.  COLLEGIATE  COURSE. 

Davies'  Bourdon's  Alg-ebra»*— Embracing  Sturm's   Theorem,  and  a  most 
exhaustive  and  scholarly  course. 

Davies'  University  Alg-ebra.*- A  shorter  course  than  Bourdon,  for  Institu- 
tions have  less  time  to  give  the  subject. 

Davies'  Legendre's  Geometry-- Acknowledged  ^A^m/y  satisfactory  treatise 
of  its  grade.    300,000  copies  have  been  sold. 

Davies'  Analytical  Geometry  and  Calculus.— The  shorter  treatises, 
combined  in  one  volume,  are  more  available  for  American  courses  of  study. 

Davies'  Analytical  Geometry-  IThe  original  compendiums,  for  those  de- 

Davies'  Diff-  &  Int-  Calculus-    >     siring  to  give  full  time  to  each  branch. 

Davies'  Descriptive  Geometry »— With  application  to  Spherical  Trigonome- 
try, Spherical  Projections,  and  Warped  Surfaces. 

Davies'  Shades^  Shadows^  and  Perspective-— A  Bucdnct  exposition  of 
the  mathematical  principles  involved. 

Davies'  Science  of  lYIathematics-— For  teachers,  embracing 

I.  Grammar  op  Arithmetic,  III.  Logic  and  Utilitt  op  Mathematics, 

XL  Outlines  op  Mathematics,  IV.  MATHEMATicAii  Dictionap.x. 


KEYS  MAY  BE  OBTAINED  FROM  THE  PUBLISHERS 

BY  TEACHERS  ONLY. 


JiU  pot,  all  planners,  aurt  all  ®imf.s. 


NATIONA! 
SERIES. 


HISTORY. 


STANDARD 
TEXT-BOOKS. 


^^ History  is  ^Philosophy  teaching  by  Examples" 


THE  UNITED  STATES 


I.  Youth's   History  of   the 

UNITED  STATES.  By  James 
MoNTEiTH,  author  of  the  National  Geographical  Series.  An  elementary  work 
upon  the  catechetical  plan,  with  Maps,  Engravings,  Memoriter  Tables,  etc.  For 
the  youngest  pupils. 

2.  Willard's    School    History,   for  Grammar  Schools  and  Academic  classes. 

Designed  to  cultivate  the  memory,  the  intellect,  and  the  taste,  and  to  sow  the 
seeds  of  virtue,  by  contemplation  of  the  actions  of  the  good  and  great. 

3.  Willard's    Unabridged     History,    for  higher  classes  pursuing  a  complete 

course.  Notable  for  its  clear  arrangement  and  devices  addressed  to  the  eye,  with 
a  series  of  Progressive  Maps. 

4.  Sum  mary  of  American  H  i  story.    A  skeleton  of  events,  with  all  the  prom- 

inent facts  and  dates,  in  fifty-three  pages.  May  be  committed,  to  memory  ver- 
batim, used  in  review  of  larger  volumes,  or  for  reference  simply.  "  A  miniature 
of  American  History." 

FNRI  fiNn      '•  ^srard's  School   History  of  England,  combining 

■■llU&aHliU"  an  interesting  history  of  the  social    life  of   the  English 

people,  with  that  of  the  civil  and  military  transactions-  of  the  realm.  Eeligion, 
literature,  science,  art,  and  commerce  are  included. 

2.   Summary  of  English  and  of  French   History.     (-RANPE- 

A  series  of  brief  stat^iments,  presenting  more  points  of  '  IIMIIIjLbb 
attachment  for  the  pupil's  interest  and  memory  than  a  chronological  table.  A 
well-proportional  outline  and  index  to  more  extended  reading. 

R  n  RS  F       R'COrd's  Histor  "  of   Rome.    A  story-like  epitome  of  this  inter- 
llvlll^e        esting  and  chivalri  is  history,  profusely  illustrated,  with  the  legends 

and  doubtful  portions  so  introduced  as  not  to  deceive,  while  adding  extended 

charm  to  the  subject. 


GENERAL 


V/illard's  Universal  History.   A  A-ast  subject  so  arranged 

and  illustrated  as  to  be  less  difficult  to  acquire  or  retain^.  Its 
whole  substance,  in  fact,  is  summarized  on  one  page,  in  a  grand  ''Temple  of 
Time,  or  Picture  of  Nations. 


2.  General  Summary  of  History.  Being  the  Summaries  of  American,  and 
of  EnglisH  and  French  History,  bound  in  one  volume.  The  leading  events  in 
the  histones  of  these  three  nations  epitomized  in  the  briefest  mauner. 


A.   S.   BARNES   &   CO., 


